Essays on Malaria

The Panama Canal is a 77.1 kilometer international waterway constructed by United States of America which was one of the largest public investments of its time. France started the project of the canal in 1881, but had stopped due to engineering issues and high mortality due to diseases like malaria. Later on the US took over the project and started construction in 1904 and was completed in 1914. This waterway links the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The objective behind this project was to reduce shipping distance. The average time taken to traverse the canal is between 20 Continue reading...

Introduction

King Tutankhamun also known as King Tut or Tutankhamen was an Egyptian pharaoh who ruled between the period of 1336 and 1327 BC. He is believed to the 12th ruler of the 18th Dynasty of Egyptian history (Carter and Romer 2008). His precious mummy discovered in 1922, in the Valley of Kings by Howard Carter and George Herbert first brought king Tutankhamun to light.. It is the discovery of Tutankhamun’s mummy that first made Tutankhamun and his lineage a subject of public interest worldwide. A lot of facts have been uncovered about him ever since, and all these Continue reading...

1. Observation and background information
One of the major agents of global environmental change is deforestation. Deforestation is a consequence of land use change which is often affected by both biophysical and socioeconomic factors. Human decisions heavily influence land use in response to global markets.
Geist and Lambin (143) noted that tropical forests are disappearing because of pressures coming from both local and regional scale having synergistic effects in different parts of the world. Human activities such as agricultural expansion, human population dynamics and agricultural policies have direct and indirect impact on forest cover change. Deforestation in the tropics Continue reading...

Economics

How can they justify this policy? Give at least two reasons and explain them
The need for the policy justification before delivering treatment and malaria vaccines is critical since the receiving nations might perceive the cheap and subsidized vaccines as rejects and they may end up not embracing them. Hence, the first way of justifying is consider the world health Organization statistics (Robert, 34). The level of the need and poverty of the nations to be assisted should be first discussed with the concerned parties. This will ensure that the need for the vaccines is widely analyzed based on Continue reading...

Mummies are bodies that have been frozen and well-preserved over a given period of time. The mummies of Egypt are well known and have been the subject of many scientific experiments over the years. An example is the DNA analysis of the mummy of King Tut that found out he died as a result of malaria and certain bone abnormalities. The practice of conducting experiments has elicited much debate in the recent years. Scientists have argued that this practice will enable solving some of the current world diseases while the opponents of this practice have cited the lack of Continue reading...

Abstract

The aim of the paper is to provide practical details in using health care research resources effectively and the need of public health partnerships. Global health problems require global solutions based on public–private partnerships. With limited financial resources, complex behavioral problems, as well as reduced state responsibilities, have led the organizations to realize the importance of public health partnerships to achieve the long-term goals, and shoulder the broader view of social responsibility.

Public health partnerships

Introduction
The rising costs of health care are forcing the health care industry to look for ways and means to lower those costs without compromising on Continue reading...

Imogene Thompson

JERSEY COLLEGE SCHOOL OF NURSING
THERESA REBOLI
Abstract
The issue of malaria and its effect on the world is one of grave concern. Many organizations have come together to find ways to eradicate the mosquitoes that cause this deadly disease. Nearly half of the population in the world is at risk of contracting malaria. However, most of the fatal cases of malaria occur in the sub-Saharan Africa, while countries in Latin America, Asia, and the Middle East record a smaller number of deaths from malaria. The statistics are alarming, and with the advance in travels, war, and changes in Continue reading...

Asepsis

Microorganisms are the tiny microscopic structures that cannot be seen with naked eyes. They are present on all the living things and also in the environment. Some of these microorganisms are non pathogenic that is they do not cause any disease. However, many of the microorganisms are pathogenic in nature. The pathogenic microorganisms can cause disease or infections. Absence of these pathogenic microorganisms is known as asepsis.

Importance of asepsis

Asepsis is usually carried out in the laboratory mostly while dealing with microorganisms. The techniques used to carry out asepsis are known as aseptic techniques. If aseptic conditions are not maintained in Continue reading...

Question 1 (Word Count = 332)
Is there a difference in hemoglobin concentration at enrolment between women with detectable peripheral malaria parasites and those without detectable parasites?
In order to test whether hemoglobin concentration recorded at enrolment is different in women with detectable peripheral malaria parasite from those without detectable parasites, a Student t-test is required. Using the student, the mean of two samples are compared to determine whether there is any significant difference between the two samples.
Analysis of the data for “Hb at enrolment visit” variable and the “Malaria at enrolment” variable was done using SPSS to obtain Continue reading...

Abstract

There has been a very big difference between alternative medicine and modern conventional medicine in terms of use, diagnosis treatment and most of all promotion. Alternative medicine has been disadvantaged over the years with lack of promotion because of its basis on beliefs and indigenous knowledge rather than evidence and proof. For this reason, most of its products have been operating in the black market with major implications on conservation of animals such as rhinos and elephants because of rampant poaching activities. However, in the recent past promotion has increased because it is cheaper and readily accessible. Also there Continue reading...

Introduction

Malaria is major life threatening disease, transmitted through mosquitoes and caused by parasites. Plasmodium virus causes malaria in humans. A recent study and WHO Statistics revealed that around 625,000 individuals died because of Malaria in the year 2012. Malaria has affected more than 200 million people in over 75 countries in the past 50 years. The sub-Saharan Africa covering to about 50% of malarial cases alone. DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) was introduced in the year 1874. The insecticidal properties of DDT was discovered in the year 1935 and has been used worldwide ever since. Many early studies had revealed the Continue reading...

Introduction

The insecticide DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) has been very successfully used for many years in the prevention and control programmes of malaria all around the world. However, it is one of the drugs that has been facing an immense level of controversy since its discovery back in the year 1874 (Casman and Hadi 17). It has been previously banned for human use, then reaccepted for continued use and still its survival is not guaranteed. Generally, DDT is an organochlorine insecticide that has been used as a pesticide for pests and insect control in the United States until it was banned in Continue reading...

A reality that has been always considered a hoax by many as they believe global warming is because of the changing nature of the Universe and how the planet rotates. Global Warming is real because while it could be naturally influenced, the concentrations of the greenhouse effect emmissions causes the rays of the Sun to remain on earth, further influencing climate.
The dispute that rages over this issue is unresolved because “experts” have shown “proofs” (for and against) based on scientific data. Supporters of the non-existence of Global Warming, basically offer the arguments as that the climate has changed Continue reading...

Literature review

Measures of preventing malaria in the sub-Saharan region are important perspective as well as an initiative that should be embraced. Owing to the fact that in the sub-Sahara region in Africa has a lot of mosquitoes, and then the possibility to prevent malaria from spreading is an honorable thing. Basing an argument on the global perspective, there is an enormous problem with reference to health as a result of infections with malaria (Okumu, 2011). Taking into consideration the fact that women who are pregnant are prone to getting malaria faster, the use of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) is proposed. Continue reading...

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of human beings as well as other animals that is caused by parasitic protozoans belonging to the genus Plasmodium. This disease is prevalent in tropical as well as subtropical areas in a wide circle around the equator, including a large part of Sub-Saharan Africa, the Americas, and Asia.
Even though the agent for P. falciparum malaria has existed for 50,000 to 100,000 years, the population of the parasite did not rise until approximately 10,000 years ago, at the same time with progresses in agriculture (Harper and Armelagos) together with the Continue reading...

It is public that malaria was a key factor in changing history of America. We will try to focus on this topic, having in mind Wikipedia sources and book called ``1493: Uncovering the World Columbus Created``, by Charles C. Mann.
Mann dedicates attention to the fact that malaria played big role in re-shaping the America`s history as the instant result of European arrival. Nevertheless, in 1493, he shots to malaria, and presents several surprising instances of how malaria have predisposed key happenings in the history of the America, with consequent knock-on special effects on Europe as well. Mann Continue reading...

Article Review: The Malaria Virus

Introduction
This paper reviews and analyzes a published article that deals with the malaria virus. The subject article was published in the Guardian newspaper on 5 May 2013 and was entitled: “Climate changes could bring malaria to the UK”, by Jamie Doward.

Article Summary:

Doward opens the article with the news that leading health experts are warning the UK government that diseases carried by mosquitoes – including malaria – are becoming a growing threat for the UK. Malaria is an infectious disease prevalent in tropical climates and is typically spread by parasites carried by mosquitoes (Mandal, n.d.), and according to Doward is becoming Continue reading...

Abstract

Fuligo septica, which is also known as the dog vomit slime mold or scrambled slime belongs to the class myxomycetes. It is abundantly found in a varied number of terrestrial ecosystems, especially in area with higher water content. Fuligo septica exist as a colorful mass between 2-20 cm (length) and 1-3 cm (thickness).

Fuligo Septica Dog vomit slime mold

Fuligo septica is a slime mold, also commonly known as dog vomit slime mold or scrambled egg slime. The common name for Fuligo septica has originated from its physical appearance. It appears as bile- colored yellow molds on mulch or tree barks at some point in Continue reading...

I’m particularly interested in the study of protein localization in parasites belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. This phylum consists of many parasites that have a great potential to cause serious illnesses in human beings as well as animals.

The plan interested to reveal concrete facts by analyzing the following:

- How do this parasites export proteins from their own cells into strategic positions within their hosts?
- What reasons enhance the intra or inter protein transfer?
- Which categories of protein are transferable and what are their effects on both the host and the parasite?
- What can be done to easily identify the subcellular locations of apicomplexan proteins?
Continue reading...

1.0 Introduction
Malaria has been one of the most devastating diseases in the last several decades with far reaching health and socioeconomic consequences . According to the Centre for Disease Control (CDC) (2010) report on mortality due to infectious diseases malaria ranks 5th as the cause of global mortality, while it is the 2nd cause of death from infectious disease in Africa after HIV/AIDS. The disease affects up to 10% of the world’s population. . An estimated 40- 50% of the world’s population lives in malaria endemic regions and a child dies every second due to the disease . 90% Continue reading...

1.0 Introduction
Malaria is a devastating public health problem in Benin and is the principal cause of mortality and morbidity among children under five. The annual malaria mortality in Benin is more than 1000. In addition, it is an enormous economic burden to households in Benin with many households spending up to 25% of their income on prevention and treatment of the disease. Given that in Benin, a person can contract the disease an average of 3-6 times every year, the direct and indirect economic implication of malaria is enormous. As matter of fact, Malaria is endemic in Benin Continue reading...

1.0 Description of the article
The paper will review an article published in the emerging infectious diseases journal on “Reduced Efficacy of Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITN) and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) for Malaria Control in Pyrethroid Resistance Area, Benin”. The study compared the effectiveness of pyrethroid insecticides used in ITN and IRS in two villages, Ladji and Malanville. In most of the malaria-endemic African countries, including Benin, ITN and IRS are the principal methods used in preventing malaria through vector control. In the two vector control methods, pyrethroid has been the preferred insecticides in the last decade due to the Continue reading...

Introduction

Malaria is a killer disease in Africa. It is estimated that over five million people succumb to malaria every year. Malaria is a disease commonly transmitted by the female anopheles mosquito. This parasite thrives where the sorroundings are bushy and also where there exists stagnant pools of water (Fosu &Mwabu, 2007). The stagnant pools of water form the breeding place of the mosquitoes while the bushes form the hiding place of the mosquitoes. It is from these bushes that the mosquitoes emerge later on in the evening to bite people. Malaria has been the number one killer in Africa Continue reading...

Malaria is a vector-borne communicable humans and other animals’ disease that is caused by a protest microorganism of the Plasmodium genus. It starts with an infected female Anopheles mosquito bite that inserts the organism via saliva into the circulatory system. Once in the blood, the organism moves to the liver to grow up as well as reproduce. Characteristically, malaria symptoms include headache and fever, which in harsh instances can proceed to death or coma. Malaria is widespread in subtropical and tropical areas in a broad band all over the equator, including much of the Americas, Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa ( Continue reading...

According to an article written on November 14th, 2011, in New York Times by Donald McNeil on recent research findings on sickle cell anemia element responsible for its protective nature when it comes to malaria, a lot could be deciphered. Donald first provides an overview of the prevalence of Sickle cell anemia in West Africa and how it can be inherited either resulting to sickle cell trait or sickle cell anemia (McNeil, 2011). The article begins by providing a summary of the morphological changes that occurs at the red blood cell level when a malaria parasite enters a given Continue reading...

This documentary consists of three episodes in which Professor Diamond from UCLA is trying to find answers to some of the most interesting questions of today’s civilization, its causes and roots. The suggested answer is a simple one and as we go through the documentary we realize its truthiness. He gives obvious answers, but simple at the same time. I strongly recommend everyone to watch this movie so that he/she could go into an epic and historic journey and acquire better understanding of the past and series of events that lead to where we are today.
The name Continue reading...

Article Review

This paper presents the present research state of modalities that could help achieve a natural form of immunity against malaria. Several previous literatures and research articles were reviewed to provide this journal review article. The article focuses more on the role of chemoprophylaxis and its effects on achieving or enhancing naturally acquired immunity against Plasmodium microorganisms (especially Plasmodium falciparum) which are the culprits of malaria infections.
The article provided a broad overview of the prevalence of malaria globally with certain areas marked as endemic having the highest number of deaths. The paper highlighted some of the challenges that have Continue reading...

INTRODUCTION

Lack of access to health care systems is believed to be a major cause of the high mortality rates, within all age groups in the world today. The case is true for children as it is for adults. It is also very evident among the poor lot. Although each state has put in place policies to enhance easy access of health systems, some factors such as race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and education cause a constraint to the access to this health care systems and facilities. Unaffordability of health insurance is also an obstacle that many people have to overcome Continue reading...

Article Summary

According to a Greece based aid organization, the cut on Greece’s health service budget, characterized by health service cuts and 40% diminution in hospital funding according to Reveka Papadopoulos, has hurled HIV/AIDS and Malaria incidences. Notably, the cut was further marked by a plethora of job losses. As Jon Henley reports from Athens, increase in HIV/AID incidences among intravenous drug users in Central Athens has hit a record 1,250% with malaria increasingly becoming endemical in Southern Greece only ten months after the budgetary allocation for health provision in Greece was cut; an increase that according to MSF Continue reading...

Summary:

The world today is characterized by inequity in terms of the distribution of resources and socio-economic growth. Many places in the world are extremely poor. These places lack adequate development in terms of health care, social empowerment, and economic stability. One of the areas that exhibit the characteristics above is the Wallo Rural area (WalloRA), which is located in Sub- Saharan Africa. This area has a population of about is 30,000 people. The high levels of poverty in this area make the Wallo Rural Area a closed society in terms of access to information and basic amenities. Due Continue reading...

Discussion question1

The world health organization and the center for disease control
The world health organization (WHO) is the agency of the United Nations (UN) whose function is to coordinate health issues at the international level. The agency was founded on the 7th of April 1948 with its headquarters located in Geneva Switzerland (Lee 2008). The agency received the responsibilities and resources of the defunct Health Organization, a League of Nations agency which was also a predecessor of the UN.
The constitution of the WHO was officially implemented on the 7th April 1948 which marked the first world health day. All Continue reading...

1.0 Introduction
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was first synthesized in 1874 and its insecticidal properties were discovered around 1939. It belongs to a group of chemicals referred to as organochlorine or chlorinated hydrocarbon. The chemical has since been used as an insecticide for a long time. It is crystalline, colorless, has a weak odor and, like other organochlorines, it’s hydrophobic with good solubility in most organic solvents, fats, and oils (lipophilic). The bio-magnification of DDT is attributed to its lipophilic property. It was widely used successfully used in the control typhus and malaria during the second half of the Second Continue reading...

Abstract

Plasmodium falciparum is the parasite responsible for the deadly disease, malaria. The parasite is transmitted through the injection of sporozoites into the human blood stream. These sporozoites are transported in the blood stream to the liver. The sporozoites invade the hepatocytes and differentiate into merozoites. The merozoites invade the RBCs of the host; starting the blood stage of infection. The trophozoite stage ingests and degrades approximately 80% of the hemoglobin in the host cell. The hemoglobin is broken down into peptides due to enzymatic action by a metalloprotease and cysteine and aspartic proteases. Haematin is first released as a Continue reading...

Describe the Hemoglobin Digestive Process

P. falciparum, is the parasite responsible for the malaria, a disease that causes approximately one million deaths annually. It undergoes the process of erythrocytic schizogony which is responsible for the clinical manifestations of malaria. The trophozoite ingests and degrades approximately 80% of the hemoglobin in the host cell (Brayl 2005). As the trophozoite continues to develop, its endolysosomal system takes up the cytoplasm of the host cell using cytosomes which contains host hemoglobin. Cytosomes are formed by an invagination formed from the PVM (parasitophorous vacuolar membrane) and PPM (parasite plasma membrane) from which transport vesicles are pinched off. These Continue reading...

Abstract

In 1972, the United States government banned the use of DDT after the awful discovery of the effects of this insecticide on the environment. The United States government raised concerns over the toxicity of this insecticide stating that the concentration of the drug in animal tissues, thus end up harming the animals in the process. A report carried out on the issue indicates that this insecticide had contributed to the extinction of birds and the thinning of eggs. However, the WHO released a statement on the issue stating that DDT is a useful drug especially Continue reading...

Introduction

Malaria is a key public health predicament and cause of much distress and untimely death in the poorer areas of tropical Africa, Asia and Latin America. In many endemic areas it is becoming increasingly complex to control because of the resistance of the parasite to anti- malarial drugs and the failure of vector control measures. Malaria is mainly caused by plasmodium species of the Coccidia family of Parasites. The most pathogenic species of the plasmodium species is plasmodium falciparum which is responsible for almost 90% of malarial infections in the world. The Coccidia are intracellular parasites that reproduce asexually by a process called schizogony and sexually by sporogony. They are normally found in the liver and red cells, and are transmitted by anopheline mosquito vector.

Continue reading...

Good health is considered as being one of the most important aspects of quality life. Arguably, it can be said to be one of the propellers of a sound economy. For this reason, many countries and also non-governmental organizations have come up with a number of health organizations so as to promote health issues in different parts of the world. In this case, I will base my analysis on the World Health Organization (WHO).

Continue reading...

Objective 2

Introduction 2
General background 3
Resistance mutants 4
Hemoglobin mutants 4
Sickle Cell Anemia and Genetics: Background Information 5
Connection of Sickle cell with Malaria 6
Method: 7
Introduction of Recombinant DNA technology in diagnosing disease: 8
Discussion (implementation of recombinant DNA technology to solve the issue) 9
Conclusions 10

References 11

Objective
This report targets to study a group of people that has developed resistance to malaria. It will focus on the use of recombinant DNA technology to study this cohort and gain insights into the nature of this observation. This study targets the investigation of the evolution of such Continue reading...

Introduction 3

Definition and background 3
Structure and properties of Artemisinin 4
Structure 4
Properties of Artemisinin 5
Synthesis of artemisinin 5
Activation of artemisinin 7
Mechanism of Artemisinin action in the body 8
Side effect 10
Conclusion 10

References 13

- Table of Figures
Figure 1: Structure of Artemisinin2 4
Figure 2: A synthetic strategy of chemical synthesis from cyclohexenone. 7,9,10 6
Figure 3: Reductive scission model: Homolytic mechanisms of bioactivation of the endoperoxide bridge of artemisinin and derivatives 8
Figure 4: Proposed mechanism for artemisinin mediated lipid peroxidation of membranes 3 9
Figure 5: Acting mechanism between heme& Artemisinin.3, Continue reading...

Brittani Scott

Introduction
Sickle-cell disease is an illness that is multisystem, linked to episodes of progressive damage of organ and acute illness, and is among the most common dangerous monogenic disorders in the world (Weatherall, Hofman, Rodgers, Ruffin, & Hrynkow, 2005). The sickle-shape erythrocytes were initially described in the year 1910 by Herrick (Herrick, 1910) and understanding has slowly increased from that time. Together with his colleagues, Pauling (1949) keyed out electrophoretic abnormalities in sickle HbS and made up the word molecular disease in the year 1949. The genetics, as well as biophysics of hemoglobin behind the disease, have been widely studied Continue reading...