Essays on Microorganisms

Introduction

An organism whose genome has been contrived in the laboratory in order to favor the expression the production a desired biologically products is known as Genetically Modified Organism (GMO). In crop farming, livestock production and pet breeding, it has long been practiced to breed selected individuals of species in order to produce offspring’s that have desirable characters (F. J, 2012). This kind of production is through the use of scientific methods including recombinant DNA technology and reproductive duplicating. In generative cloning method a nucleus is removed from a cell of the individual to be cloned and inserted into ...

Crude oil is obtained from layers of sedimentary rock that are formed by materials which are eroded and carried away from the land surface by flowing water bodies. The water flows and drains into oceans, depositing sedimentary rocks in the ocean beds. Pools of crude oil, are present underground, trapped between layers of sedimentary rocks. Crude oil and natural gas are organic hydrocarbons. Petroleum in particular, is a complex mix of organic compound and contains traces of porphyrin. The structure of porphyrin is similar to that of chlorophyll and hemoglobin of plant and animal origin respectively. While natural porphyrin ...

Benefits of probiotics to the health of the aquatic species; the probiotics a modifies the host associated or the ambient microbial species by enhancing an improved nutritional value, use of the feed or also by increasing the response of the host towards the threat of a disease and also by ensuring an improved quality ambient environment of the aquatic species. The probiotics have been associated to treating many health problems and this can only be related to their influence on aquatic species. Probiotics are important for growth/survival of aquatic species. They can regulate growth because of their function in ...

Subjective Data:

Patient’s demographic and social information Jnr. is a 10 year old African American Male patient brought into clinic by his mother who reports that Jnr. was recently discharged from hospital for acute asthma exacerbation. The boy presented with cough and difficulty in breathing combined with a running nose and elevated temperature which has now been resolved with over the counter Tylenol. The mother also says that her son has a history of multiple admissions to the hospital for acute asthma exacerbation. His mother reports child repeatedly loses inhalers. She also states that she does not check for inhaler ...

The Importance of Microbes to Animals from Eating to Evolution

Microbes are any living organism that throughout its lifespan is too small to be seen with our naked eye. Most microbes are single-cell organisms. Microbes are the oldest form of life on earth – dating back over 3.5 million years ago when the Earth was still covered with boiling oceans. While microbes are typically thought of as bacteria, microbes can include protists, fungi and microscopic animals. Without microbes, animals could not eat, breathe, or possibly even have evolved at all. Without animals, well, they would probably be just fine. Microbes are important to animals in numerous ways, from eating to ...

I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the program of study leading to the award of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING HONOURS (MANUFACTURING AND DESIGN ENGINEERING) is entirely my own work and has not been submitted for assessment for any academic purpose other than in partial fulfillment for that stated above.

Signed

Hussein Al-Tuhoo ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have been indebted in the preparation of this thesis to my supervisor, Dr Maura Kelleher of Dublin Institute of Technology College, whose patience and kindness, as well as her academic experience, have been invaluable to me. I am extremely grateful ...

Microbial Genetics

This is an area of study within microbiology and genetic engineering that studies the inheritable characteristics of microorganisms. It is an area of study of great significance in the field of health and medicine. In this essay I will be focusing on this significance both positive and negative as it relates to the field of health and medicine and the new ways in which genetic engineering is finding its application. HIV infection usually infects cells with CD4+ markers. The other markers that are essential in making infection of these cells possible are CCR5 and CXCR4 without which cell entry ...

Condition such as a disease, before and after a diagnostic test, respectively. The result of the diagnostic test could be either positive or negative. In reality, the subjectivity of the probabilities is merely based on a piece of information, whether an individual has a condition or not. The condition is regarded as a psychological phenomenon to those who go through a certain diagnostic test. In addition, the probability is always a 0 per cent or a 100 per cent result. The difference between the pretest and posttest probabilities on a certain condition is a major ...

More often than not, globalization is associated increase in development due to the interdependence between economies. Increased flow of information and technology as a result of globalization has led to the emergence of new economies. From one place to another, globalization has also been associated with the degradation of the moral fabric in some societies. This is especially when more liberal lifestyles from developed nations impact on the conservative lifestyles that people in less developed nations lead. It is surprising that as much attention has not been given to globalization and disease.

Owing to globalization, diseases travel faster than ...

The debate about whether organic food is better than conventionally grown foods has been a questions asked by many people. Organic foods are known to be a healthy option and it is recommended by doctors, dietary and fitness experts. Organic foods do not have any special nutrients in them that conventionally grown foods do not have, rather organic foods are seen to be better because of the farming practices and the way that the foods are grown. Farmers of who grow organic products use different farming practices which that allows their foods to grow at their natural rate and time without ...

Biology is pertinent in studying about life. The subject has assisted me in understanding of the world and its inhabitants. Often, many people fail to comprehend the importance of species diversity. Some people are not able to understand the role played by microorganisms such as bacteria. There is much emphasis on the problems that fungi and bacteria cause. It is not easy for most people to visualize the positive role played by microorganisms. There is scarcity of resources in the planet. This means that organisms must compete for such resources. Perhaps, man fears competition. Maybe, I was once one ...

Before the 16th century, the existence of micro-organism had not been discovered. It was until a microscope was invented that micro-organism become a subject of discussion (Barnett 2003). Microbiology is the study of microorganisms or microbes. Microorganisms are the smallest living organisms that cannot be observed with our naked hence they need to be magnified using magnification tools such as microscope. Examples of micro-organisms are bacteria, virus and fungi. Fermentation in simple terms is the conversion of sugar into acid, gases and alcohol by enzymes that act as catalysts (Pumphrey and Julie 1996). Fermentation is a process that occur takes place in ...

Introduction

This report is a summary of Sections 3.1 to 3.10 of Chapter 3 – “Infectious Diseases and Treatments” – of “Biology of Disease” (Ahmed, Dawson, Smith & Wood, 2007). Section 3.1: Introduction. A small number of pathogenic microorganisms can cause systemic disease – affecting the entire body. This chapter looks at selected examples of major body systems infections, including microorganisms that can cause generalized infections.

Section 3.2: Infections of the Skin. As an important part of the body’s immune defense system, the skin is normally populated by various microorganisms, which effectively prevent access by invading microorganisms such as Papillomaviruses ...

Food poisoning at any age is very dangerous. Hence, it is important to avoid consuming contaminated food as it may be harboring toxins from microorganisms that are responsible for food poisoning. Generally, the way to avoid food poisoning is by not eating contaminated food. As such, preventing food contamination is the most effective way of avoiding food poisoning. This presentation will highlight different ways of avoiding food poisoning.

- Avoid cross contamination: - Cross-contamination is culpable for food poisoning. In order to avoid food poisoning through cross-contamination, ensure that ready-to-eat foods are kept separate from raw foods. Additionally, ...

Executive Summary

In this report, the discussion explains the controls required to prevent physical and chemical contamination of food. It compared the characteristics of food borne infections and food poisoning. It further discussed how to control food borne illnesses. It categorized the food spoilage agents and discussed methods of food preservation. It highlighted the importance of effective prevention systems in control of food contamination with two case studies. It also constructed a food hazard assessment, a food safety control system and a food safety guide.

The given is the report that was sent by the Compliance Officer of the hotel when the incident of a ...

Microbial nutrition is essential in the survival and growth of microorganisms. Talaro and Chess considers several factors which are key players in the survivability of microbes in order to adapt or “inhabit all parts of the biosphere.” Among these factors include nutrients, temperature, pH, water availability, atmospheric gases, light, pressure and other organisms inhabiting the earth. Nutrition in essence is that which chemical substance in the form of nutrients are ingested inside the body such that when assimilated leads to the formation of energy to be used for metabolic activities.

Organisms require organic forming compound elements such as ...

Chapter 4: Prokaryotic Cells and microorganisms

This chapter looks at the morphology, and pathogenic mechanisms of prokaryotic cells and microorganisms respectively. It discusses in detail the structural components, functions of the different organelles of prokaryotic cells as well as feeding and survival mechanisms of prokaryotic microorganisms.

Prokaryotic cells have a specialized cellular structure. Prokaryotes are unicellular and their cells have no cellular organelles, that is, a membrane does not surround their nucleus. These cells contain intricate phospholipids, sterols, and sphingolipids. They are typically 1-5µm in diameter .

Their outer surface is covered by glycocalyx, which is a gel like cellular envelope that provides prokaryotic cells with protection against ...

Question One

A theory is a logical explanation to the existence of a given phenomenon or situation. It acts as a basic principle that to explain why something is in existence or is happening. For any explanation to be approved as a theory there has to be evidence and a level of truth to support a theory. Theories act as the basic explanation towards getting deeper knowledge as to why certain scenarios are in existence. In many cases for any explanation to be termed as a theory, it must have some truth. One of the most notable theories is the evolution theory. Charles Darwin developed the Darwin’s ...

The journal article was written to provide an overview of physical and chemical processes affecting changes in coral reef ecosystem. These changes are influenced by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission (Hoegh-Guldberg, Mumby and Hooten 1737) that triggers physical processes involving laws of thermodynamics. The journal article also shows how the basic principle and theory of thermodynamics occur at global scale over a long period of time. Consequently, the physical processes influence the chemical processes that eventually lead to further changes in ocean ecosystem. The article introduces reader to the existing phenomena of warming and acidifying of the seas (Hoegh-Guldberg, Mumby ...

InstructorDate

Introduction Pathogenic microorganisms cause diseases by infecting the body through various ways, such as by entering through cuts on the skin, through the pulmonary route by inhalation, and through the digestive tract by ingestion. Because we consume food on a regular basis, it is important to determine that whatever we eat is free from pathogenic microbes. This is a particularly serious issue especially in the food industry, whose components must strictly abide by regulations set up by regulatory bodies, especially for microbiological counts (i.e. quantitation) in food products (Jay, 2000; Alcamo and Warner, 2010). Population numbers of microorganisms are ...

In the United States, the mobile phone is a device that you can find adults using in communication as well as their children. Roughly, 60 percent of teens and ninety-three percent of adults use cell phones in the United States (Barnes and Meyers 13). Regardless of the model, Blackberry, Android, iPhone or a basic flip phone, it is obvious that every user checks the phone for alerts, calls or messages especially when the device is not in a vibrating or ringing mode. Admittedly, the convenience of communication that the mobile phones provide is central to the increasing number of users. Notably, an ...

Article #1: Becker, R., et al. (2011). “Functional dysphagia therapy and PEG treatment in a clinical geriatric setting.” Dysphagia, 26, 108-116. 1). Summary: The article by Becker et al. delves on the outcomes of two Functional Dysphagia Therapy (FDT) with one group using percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), and another group of non-PEG users. 2) Element: The victims of stroke and those with cerebrovascular diseases have neurogenic dysphagia, 50% and 30% respectively. The result of this study revealed a mortality rate of 19.7%, and lower for the second group of non-PEG users which is at 8.6%. 3) Outcome: Those ...

Certain elements involved in the geochemical and biogeochemical cycling are of great concern due to their limited availability both naturally or through industrial manufacture of the compounds involved in the cycles. Some of the processes involved are chemical reactions with other elements or substances. Some of these reactions are irreversible chemical reactions. This implies once the reaction has taken place, the elements are removed from natural cycle and they cannot be replaced again. As such, the more the cases of irreversible reactions, the greater the rate of reduction of these elements from the environment. Ultimately, there could be less ...

Hand hygiene entails the action of cleaning hands, and it is one of the easiest and effective methods of preventing the spread of microorganisms across the health care setting. There are two ways that healthcare providers can use in cleaning hands that are by using alcohol hand swabs or by use of soap and running water. Effective hand washing is an important practice for the health care providers as it has a significant impact in reducing the spread of hospital-acquired infections (Allegranzi & Pittet, 2009). It is important to note that hand hygiene enhances patients safety and care and should ...

There exists about 300,000 plant species on earth, and every individual plant hosts one or more endophytes. However, it is just a few of these plants that have been researched relative to their endophytic biology. Hence, the chance for isolation of new, as well as, interesting endophytic bacteria in plants are important. Endophytic bacteria can be referred to as bacteria that can be isolated from tissues of a surface-disinfected plant or bacteria extracted from inside of a plant, which cause no visible negative effects to the plant. Almost every plant is populated by varied bacteria referred to as endophytes. Majority of ...

Introduction:

Clean non-polluted water is a major basic requirement for all the living things. Nowadays, its availability becomes a major problem in the ecosystem. This problem is expected to increase in the future due to population growth and industrialization processes. The processes discharge of domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes contribute largely to the contamination of existing natural waters in the environment. Therefore, at the present moment, it is important that the pathogens and pollutants are completely removed from the waste water to cater for the needs of domestic use, industrial use, and irrigation purposes. This paper discusses two processes of oxidation and ...

Introduction

China’s air pollution crisis is currently a topic of concern at national and international based. It is indicated that the growing stages of pollution, more than 24 times the WHO-suggested limits, make long and short-term health threats containing of high sterility rates, and make threats to both the internal city areas and external neighboring state’s solidity. Growing fears on the impacts of pollution grows a new query: will China’s air crisis directed to more enclosed cities.

Discussion

Nowadays pollution arises from day to day. Air pollution is very awful for our well-being so illnesses increase gradually. In the past, ...

Soils are an effective medium of treatment for septic system effluent because they contain complex biological communities. A tablespoon of soil may contain over a million of microscopic organisms including protozoa, molds, fungi, bacteria and other creatures. The microorganisms and bacteria in the soil purify the water before it reaches the underground water. The septic effluent must pass through the soil gradually enough to provide adequate contact with microorganisms. One of the major components in wastewater effluent is nitrogen which exists in different forms. These forms include nitrates (NO3), ammonia (NH3), and nitrites (NO2). Nitrates are essential plant nutrients, but ...

Introduction

Most of the microorganisms naturally present in the human body are harmless commensals. However, there also exists other disease causing microorganisms known as pathogens and the mechanism by which they cause disease is known as pathogenesis. These pathogens persist or multiply within the host causing infection. Some pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa are considered as opportunistic pathogens that cause disease only in patients with compromised immunity and only under certain conditions. The infectious diseases may be treated with antibiotic drugs. However, it is important to know the different types of pathogens and the virulence factors by which they cause disease ...

Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is an infection that affects the meninges, the cerebrospinal fluid and the spinal cord that causes death and disability in a number of people worldwide. This is a highly contagious airborne disease that is spread through the transmission of three organisms present in the respiratory secretions: Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The onset or origins of the disease varies among different age groups and geographic locations. According to estimates, 200,000 people die annually of meningitis. Case fatality rates vary with age at time of illness and also depend on the particular bacterial strain causing the infection ( ...

It is widely accepted that a sufficient food and water consumption is an integral part of living and health promotion. Food safety and quality are therefore considered to be a major concern for food manufacturers, policy makers and general public. Although there is a significant progress in advisory labelling practice, undeclared allergens can sometimes be added into food as a result of a manufacturing process. Allergens can be defined as a substance capable of triggering immediate hypersensitivity (AAAAI, 2014). Food Standards Agency (FSA) (2014) has calculated that each year approximately 10 people die from food-induced anaphylaxis. Poorly controlled production of food also damages socioeconomic status ...

The History and Modernization of Poultry Inspection Systems in the United States and the Food Safety Hazards that are Being Diminished because of Those Systems

Abstract

The accessibility, health benefits and low cost have kept the demand for poultry consumption up and poultry slaughter production plants moving forward; however, up until recent years there has been a lack of quality inspection standards leading to an increased amount of food safety issues. The pathogens that contaminate raw poultry products for human consumption are an issue in the United States. There have been new advances in technology which has led to an improvement ...

Canine Micro Biomes Affected by their Diet

Canines Micro Biomes Affected by their Diet Abstract Dogs and other cats alike suffer from similar maladies faced by humans. The similarity in the maladies between the two groups of organisms stems from the ability to suffer infections from microbiomes of the gut. However, most of the research and knowledge on canine microbiome is not comprehensive to enable the deduction of accurate and precise conclusions. Recently, the molecular studies conducted on the cat family indicated that there are complex microbiomes in the gastrointestinal tract of then organism. The family of microbiomes includes archaeal, fungal, bacterial, and viral ...

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms. Microorganisms are those organisms that are less than a millimeter in size and require the help of a microscope to view them. Microorganisms can be unicellular or multicellular but have very simple cell structure, unlike the highly developed, complex organisms such as larger animals and humans. Microorganisms are classified based on criteria such as their cell structure, pattern of growth, nutrition, reproduction method, etc. However, microbial classification is a challenging task due to the dual nature of some microorganisms that exhibit both animal and plant like characteristics. Some microorganisms are photosynthetic like plants but they also ...

Effect of lemon, garlic, and whole Jalapeño pepper on Bacillus

Introduction

Most of the commonly used fruits and spices have been studied for their possible antimicrobial properties. Spices can be defined as the plant substances that are used to increase the flavor. They may include leaves such as mint and coriander, flowers such as clover, bulbs such as turmeric and garlic, fruits such as pepper and lemon, stems such as cinnamon, and rhizomes such as ginger. These plants can have some bioactive molecules having both antibacterial and antifungal properties. Extracts from plants such as garlic and lemon are effective ...

Lab report #

Introduction In recent times, synthetic antibiotics have caused resistance in microorganisms and also, have shown unwanted side-effects. This has demanded for alternate therapies to combat infections. Scientists have developed interest in plant extracts, especially the ones that are traditionally used as spices, for new antimicrobial agents. Spices are traditionally used to give a distinctive flavor to the food but, they also contain potential antimicrobials which are also documented in literature. Even Louis Pasteur demonstrated the antibacterial effect of garlic and onion extracts. Salsa contains three main ingredients which have potential antimicrobial compounds. First, Lemon (Citrus Limon) is reported to ...

Abstract

Solid waste and wastewater are primary sources of pollution from food processing industries. The wastewaters usually contain high suspended solids, organic starch and sugars that may contain toxic substances to the environment. Solid wastes come from organic materials while the mechanical preparation processes need biological treatment before releases into the environment. When untreated, they find their way into other water plants like lakes and streams. Since they have higher nutrient content, they result of eutrophication of the water systems hence causing algal growth. It, therefore, compromises the stability of the aquatic ecosystems as the water quality is changed. It ...

Literature review of CVL

Introduction The management of the sick with serious disease like cancer requires a stable central venous access to be used for a variety of treatment that includes antibiotic and blood samples or product. It also allows the resuscitation of fluid, hemodialysis and parenteral nutrition and cytotoxic chemotherapy to access blood-stream so that medical professionals can observe and microbial culturing of the patient. In addition, it is used to monitor the pressure of central venous. The importance of educating the patient was emphasized too so as to avoid keeping the patients in darkness and not knowing what is happening to them ...

Studies show that stroke survivors with poor oral hygiene have a poor quality of life (Armstrong and Mosher 2011). (Lam et al. 2014) have explored the effect of clinical oral health and socio-demographic factors on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in patients following stroke. Oral health-related quality of life results were received before and after provision or oral health promotion interventions. Eighty-one patients faced a stroke rehabilitation ward. OHRQoL have also determined the outcomes after in-hospital oral health intervention programme. They observed a significant association between the absence of regular daily brushing and majority of measurement scale items (6 out of ...

Abstract

Keystone XL Pipeline is a project proposed that is expected to offer energy security to the US and strengthen its economy. The crude oil pipeline is expected to cover 1,897 kilometers and estimated to be of 36 inches in diameter. The pipeline is expected to run from Hardisty, Alberta to Steele city in Nebraska. The pipeline is also expected to improve the American economy by opening up the American Midwest markets and the markets found along the Gulf Coast of the US. The Keystone system consists of different operational phases that include phase I, II and III, the Gulf ...

(Author)

Use of Restriction Enzymes in Pharmaceuticals Restriction enzyme, which is also referred to as restriction endonuclease, is a class of enzyme that is helpful in cutting DNA at restriction sites. Restriction sites are particular recognition nucleotide sequences on double stranded DNA having the length of 4-5 base pairs. Restriction enzymes are also known deoxyribonucleases (DNases). Presently, there are four different types of restriction enzymes: - Type I enzymes that are “classical” in nature, e.g. EcoKI, EcoBI, and EcoR124; - Type II enzymes that are “orthodox” in nature, e.g. EcoRI, HindIII, EcoRV; - Type III enzymes ...

Dissolved Oxygen

INTRODUCTION Dissolved oxygen is a useful parameter used to determine the level of effluent in waste water treatment. Living organisms in water bodies require oxygen to break down organic matter. These organisms consume the dissolved oxygen in water and give out carbon dioxide. Oxygen does not readily dissolve in water and gets depleted quickly by increased micro-organism activity. To maintain optimal oxygen levels in a water body, the oxygen replenishing rate from the air should be equal to dissolved oxygen use by micro-organism in the water. A curve drawn to represent dissolved oxygen levels down a stream from a point of effluent ...

Introduction

Food and beverages that sustain humankind are the driving force of human life. All human activities are directed towards getting food to eat and beverages to drink so as to live a healthy and happy life. As human civilization grows and develops, the need for more food and beverages increases and at the same time, the need to know about the quality and content enhances. The need for more food and beverages increases with the constantly growing human population. Hence, the food security is a great concern. Also, the increased awareness about health and happiness, the food security assumes added significance ( ...

Literature Review and Resources

Surgical site infections (SSI) are the typical type of infections that occur in a wound caused by invasive surgical process. This type of infections is the prevalent causes of healthcare-associated infections. Most patients who undergo a surgical procedure always fall victim of surgical site infections. In minor cases, these infections do occur after the patient is discharged from hospital. It is of great significance to note that, surgical site infections can range from a normal trivial wound discharge without any apparent complication to an adversely complicated condition. This type of infection is related to morbidity, a considerable statistic of postoperative deaths is related ...

Introduction

Ciproflaxins (or simply Cipro) are a known second-generation of fluoroquinolones. Fluoroquilones, or more generally quinolones, are known as potent chemical agents against Gram-negative bacteria, widely used as a treatment of bacterial infections (Ball, 2000). Ciproflaxins have a wider spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activity and are effective in the treatment of many types of infection associated with Gram-negative bacteria, specifically respiratory tract infections. It is also known to treat anthrax in people (Hilts, 2001). In a livestock and other animals, a drug which is chemically similar to Cipro is commonly used, known as Baytril. The primary target of Cipro and Baytril and other ...

Introduction

A scientific study was conducted to evaluate the effects of crude oil on different nitrifying prokaryotes. The researchers utilized ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea to develop a bioassay. The study evaluated the ecological responses of these two groups of microorganisms on marine oil spills. Researchers found inhibition of nitrite production in all tested ammonia-oxidizing micro-organisms. The paper highlights the impact of crude oil spills on the environment. The paper also demonstrates the effects of phytoremediation to treat the oil spills. Many scientific studies had been conducted to evaluate the effects of phytoremediation (Using Nitrosopumilus maritimus and Nitrosococcus oceani) for crude oil ...

Background and significance of the problem

Salmonella species are a group of Gram-negative enterobacteria associated with human and animal infections. There are two types of Salmonella strains viz. Typhoid Salmonella and non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS). The former causes enteric fever that leads to significant morbidity and mortality, especially in the developing countries. The epidemiology of Salmonella infections vary considerably depending on the species involved. The enteric fever caused by S. typhi and S. paratyphi is severe and life threatening condition whereas NTS infections are self-limiting. Humans serve as the reservoirs for typhoid Salmonella that transmits predominantly through water. On the contrary, NTS strains harbor animals as reservoirs ...

Asepsis

Microorganisms are the tiny microscopic structures that cannot be seen with naked eyes. They are present on all the living things and also in the environment. Some of these microorganisms are non pathogenic that is they do not cause any disease. However, many of the microorganisms are pathogenic in nature. The pathogenic microorganisms can cause disease or infections. Absence of these pathogenic microorganisms is known as asepsis.

Importance of asepsis

Asepsis is usually carried out in the laboratory mostly while dealing with microorganisms. The techniques used to carry out asepsis are known as aseptic techniques. If aseptic conditions are not maintained in ...

1. Components and mechanisms of the respiratory system The respiratory system is the system that allow humans and animals to breathe. The main function of the system is to provide oxygen to the body through the blood. Breathing involves two main actions: inhaling and exhaling air. Inhalation brings oxygen into the body via the blood and exhalation chases out carbon dioxide. The respiratory system is composed of different tissues and organs, including the airways, lungs, bloods vessels and muscles connected to each other to assure a proper breathing process (National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 2012). The airways ...

1. Ecosystems. (10 pts) Provide a review of the process of succession and trends in biodiversity, productivity, and nutrient cycling. Ecological succession refers to the process of gradual change of the ecosystems. This is attributed to the fact that habitats do not remain constant and they keep changing over time. Succession is divided into two; there is primary succession and secondary succession. Primary succession refers to changes which occur on an environment that has never been colonized before, for instance, quarrying on land that has never been quarried before. Secondary succession on the other hand involves environmental disturbance ...

Introduction

The Polio virus was first identified by Landsteiner and Popper in the year 1908 as an etiological agent for poliomyelitis. The polio virus was the first virus to be grown in cultured cells which was in itself a great breakthrough leading to (1) development of a killed virus and a live attenuated vaccine; (2) physical and chemical characterization of the virion along with its assembly intermediates, and (3) the characterization of the virus life cycle within the infected cell . Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious disease which may be caused through a virus through the invasion of the nervous system. It is often spread through ...

Of principal concern is the prevention and control of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) by medical practitioners in intensive care units (ICUs). VAP is one of the most frequently reported infections acquired by patients under mechanical ventilation healthcare. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) persists to be a frequent and potentially deadly complication of ventilator care (Chulay, 2005), often occurring within environments characteristic of the intensive care unit (ICU) that are high-tech and high touch. Patients who are ventilated and intubated present the unique challenge for critical care registered nurses (RNs) to incorporate evidence-informed practices concerning the delivery of high-quality care (Crunden, 2005). Ventilator-Associated ...

Ventilator-associated pneumonia

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), defined as pneumonia that was absent or not developing at intubation, is the second most common hospital acquired infection (Bahrt, 2009, p. 49). It is the most prevalent hospital acquired infection amongst mechanically ventilated patients in critical care units with an estimated 10-20% incidence rate in some hospitals. It affects approximately 28% of patients requiring mechanical ventilation for >48 hours (Button, Culmer, Southard, & Donaldosn, 2005). Patients on mechanical ventilation for >24 hours are 6 to 21 times more likely to acquire VAP than patients not on ventilator support. VAP is the ...

Introduction

Through the years, circumcision of male infants occurs worldwide for a variety of reasons. The reasons range from; religious, medical, cultural and even personal preferences. Though it is a widely practiced ritual, recent debates have seen debates rise over its importance and necessity according to the Royal Australasian College of Physicians (2010), arguments arise on the ethical, and human rights issues, and health benefits of infant male circumcision. Circumcision is a safe procedure; however, in some cases, there may be minor or major complications. The process involves the surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis. Before the process, anesthetic cream is ...

Introduction

Architecture is very significant in people’s life. Hence, every building should be created correctly. The point is that people face buildings every day: we lie in houses created by architectures; we work in offices created by them as well; we shop in malls projected by architectures. However, some architectures do not strive to build correctly. Although, there is no clear cause for it, but there are many cases when “badly built” buildings cause different diseases. Doctors call it sick building syndrome. This research is devoted to the issue of sick buildings and the syndrome they cause. The peculiarity ...

Introduction

A comparative literature review was conducted as the first phase of our research projected and it main goals focused on the effects of terrorism in developing countries. The study area of literature review was carried out in Portland. The main aim was to determine the outcomes that the communities and effect of terrorism in one’s country. The study reveals that fire service agencies in the United States are facing new and more difficulties challenges in regulating. According to the review it is noted that terrorism creates fear and causes instability hence negative impact on the economy of Portland ( ...

The natural soil contains lots of microorganisms that are sufficient enough to naturally produce nutrients required for agricultural activities and benefit the plants; moreover, that improves the quality and quantity of the yield produce. In a situation where the soil fertility is deteriorated, natural and organic fertilizer should be added as they provide all the necessary nutrients required by the living microorganisms and the plants (Traina & Laperche, 1999). Artificially developed fertilizers are rich in nutrients that boost the yield quality and quantity but should be controllably used as they might kill all the microorganism transforming the productive soil into sand. ...

Deforestation is defined as the act of chopping down trees as well as clearing forests without planting others in their place (Debra 1). People cut down trees for different reasons. The increase in population worldwide has escalated cutting down of trees due to the increase in the demand for land for people to build houses to live in and also to obtain land for farming of both subsistence and cash crops, both by individuals and governments. People, particularly those living in rural areas where they cannot access electricity as well as gas, resort to cutting down trees for firewood, ...

Introduction: Prior to the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Flemming millions of people worldwide succumbed to common infections. The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed nearly 30 million people, which was higher than the population that succumbed to the First World War. Following the discovery of penicillin in 1928, a number of other antimicrobial agents were discovered from natural sources or synthesized in laboratories that led to treatment of many infectious diseases worldwide. It was believed at one point that these magic bullets could be used to target and kill any and all kinds of pathogenic microorganisms. However, soon after the ...

Epidemiological transition is a demographic transition during the Paleolithic phase, which was characterized sudden and stark increase in the human population because of significant improvement in medical innovation. Paleolithic archaeology was initiated by a need to change to suit natural dictates during the upper Paleolithic period. This was the prime phase for evolution of human beings. Omran, coined a theory on epidemiological transition, which he divided into three phases. Omran divided this period into an age of pestilence and famine, which was characterized by high yet fluctuating mortality rate. There was a very low life expectancy. In essence, humans at the time were ...