Essays on Contaminants

Abstract

The document considers the use and conservation of energy in domestic dwellings using heating systems, specifically water heated boilers, which is the cheapest solution in the market for home heating systems in Ireland and Europe. The document starts with a literature review of the available home heating systems and focuses on boilers due to its availability and price. The literature review includes a standard boiler array for a typical house, the radiators materials, and key concepts to understand the use of boilers for heat generation in homes. Later, it is necessary the calculation of heat transference for a given ...

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Groundwater contamination by toxic metals and organic compounds is a serious environmental and public health problem (Crini 39). Many of the common contaminants in wastewater are known to be toxic or carcinogenic. Common groundwater contaminants include heavy metal ions, aromatic compounds, and dyes. Additionally, heavy metals are not biodegradable and tend to bioaccumulate, leading to various diseases and disorders. Mercury and cadmium are among the most toxic metals and are very damaging to the environment. Additionally, chromium (VI) is a wide-spectrum toxin, as it is toxic to bacteria, plants, animals, and humans. Organic compounds in groundwater are ...

Landscaping can make our home or university attractive and increase its value. It is also a way of investment. However, there are repercussions if landscaping is not properly done like its effects on the environment and the natural habitat. Costs for landscaping will depend on the taste and financial capability of the university. Landscaping projects can be as simple as a home garden or as complex as a city park, with trees and plants lining up that can be as costly as those in a luxury hotel. There can be landscapes that need a lot of water or a ...

Lab 2 – Water Quality and Contamination

Abstract In this lab, the water quality, contamination, and treatment were investigated. The ability of contaminants (oil, vinegar, and laundry detergent) to remain in the water after passing through the ground was examined. Also, the simple filtering procedure was assessed for its effectivity in purifying water contaminated with soil. The quality of tap water, Fiji, and Dasani bottled waters by the content of ammonia, chlorides, iron, phosphates, total alkalinity, total chlorine, total hardness, and pH was analyzed and compared. All of the studied contaminants proved to remain in the volume of water after passing through the soil; the proposed ...

Abstract

Environmental pollution is among the hotly debated topics in the field of environmental studies. Contamination of this kind ranges from that of water, soil, and air. Industrialization and large organizations have been reported to be the primary sources of pollution across the world. Chevron, a leading multinational energy corporation, has in the recent past been accused and charged for heavy soil and water contamination through oil spills. Such environmental pollution has substantial consequences on the human health, safety, and well being. Van Duzer et al. (2015) assert that one of the most affected nations through the company’s activities ...

An Assignment Submitted by

Abstract This research paper studies the problem of choice between tap and bottled water, and the reasons why most people in the developed countries prefer bottled water over tap water. For this research paper 5 external sources of information were used. "Most Plastic Products Release Estrogenic Chemicals: A Potential Health Problem That Can Be Solved" by PubMed Central (PMC) presents the results of a study of plastic bottles in which bottled water is contained after packaging. Under certain circumstances like hot weather such plastic bottles can release dangerous chemicals into the water. “Thirst for bottled water may hurt environment” ...

The insurance agent was correct that the seafood was contaminated with the fumes that resulted from the fire. Toxic fumes quickly diffuse through the air. The toxic fumes were absorbed by the polyethylene curtain which covered the food despite it being thick (Brook et al. 2660). Therefore, the seafood needed to be thrown away since it had the toxic fumes.

What chemical(s) may be present causing the symptoms in the workers?

The two employees are affected by the phosphine gas which leaked into the room and made them experience the symptoms such as nausea and headache. The scenario shows that they were the only people who were affected by the ...

Executive Summary

The results of the recent studies among U.S. pregnant women prove that fish consumption during pregnancy benefits the cognition of the offspring in infancy but at the same time, high levels of mercury that fish contain have adverse effects on the cognition of little children. So, it is recommended to pregnant women to look for the fish species with a low level of mercury. The issue whether pregnant women harm their babies or on the contrary benefit the child’s brain development while consuming fish is ambiguous. There has been a great quantity of researchers who have been studying ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]} Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) commonly referred as garbage or trash includes waste from durable good (such as furniture, tires), non-durable goods (like plastic and paper cups, newspapers, etc.), packaging waste (cartons, plastic wrap, etc.) and yard and food wastes. MSW is the common wastes from household, office and retails spaces. MSW does not include industrial and hazardous waste. The handling of MSW is a growing concern across all the countries, in United States Food and Yard Waste constitute of approximately 28% of MSW followed by paper waste ( ...

Abstract

Purpose: To determine the extent to which the silica levels are above the safety levels outlined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration in areas proximal to the natural gas development sites. Background: While studies have shown that the silica levels in the hydraulic fracturing sites are very high, there is paucity of information as to how far away from the sites the silica levels in the air are dangerously high. Methods: The study will employ a longitudinal design with the data being collected over a ten-year period. The samples will be collected in a linear direction. The samples ...

I. Introduction Advances in recombinant DNA technology and bioinformatics-based data analysis have driven the explosion of structural biology in the last two decades (Kelly, Jess, and Price 119). This has resulted to the identification of at least 2000 proteins annually and a growing need in performing structural studies in these new proteins. The current trend involves the concern of analyzing protein structures close to its natural conditions (and other conditions) and of measuring their rates of structural changes, an essential factor in their biological functions. The technique of circular dichroism (CD) has gained an increasing popularity in addressing these ...

Uranium (U) element was discovered by a German chemist, Heinrich Klaproth, in 1789. Uranium is a radioactive element with an atomic weight of 238.02891 and an atomic number of 92. The uranium element initially discovered by Heinrich was an oxide, uranium oxide. A French chemist, Eugène-Melchoir Péligot, was the first person to produce pure uranium by reacting it with potassium in a heated platinum crucible. The element’s radioactive properties were established in 1896 by a French physicist known as Antoine Henri Becquerel. Currently, uranium can be extracted from various ores such as carnotite (K2(UO2)2VO4· ...

There are various trade barriers in the food retail industry in the United Arab Emirates. Most of these trade barriers are usually directed to the foreign multinational companies trying to enter the market. The first barrier is the food standards set by the United Arab Emirates. In the year 2008, UAE joined the gulf standards, which is an organization that develops the various food standards (Anderson et al., 2010). The organizations set standards and rules relating to labelling standards and shelf life. These regulations are normally made possible through the various committees such as the organic food and biotechnology ...

Literature Review on Fracking

Introduction The extraction of natural gas has been seen the much-needed reprieve in the face of increased energy demands globally. The natural gas present unexploited energy reserves that can be used to meet the energy deficits in the countries where there are natural gas deposits. Its extraction requires the use of advanced technologies. Fracking the main technology used in the exploitation of natural gas from the rocks beneath the earth’s surface where it is trapped. The biggest proportion of the new wells for the exploitation of natural gas (90%) utilizes hydraulic fracking as the technology of choice. While ...

Introduction

Many countries across the world are faced with the problem of water and soil contamination. The contaminations are caused by industrial effluents, military actions and agricultural activities among others. Human carelessness and ignorance also contribute significantly to water contamination. As a result, new biological, chemical and natural activities have been invented in order to control water contamination. One of the most successful measures used in control of water contamination is phytoremediation. It involves the use of plants to absorb pollutants from contaminated water found on the surface of the land and in the soil. This paper discusses the biological ...

Background information

The need for clean water for use by humanity has since time immemorial been an area of concern with scientists and scholars inventing methods that prove to be more efficient than their predecessors. The ultimate goal has always been the removal of undesirable chemicals and pathogens that would, however, render the water unfit for human and industrial consumption. In today’s contemporary society, human activity has culminated into pollution of the natural environment including water catchment areas. This has therefore made water unfit for consumption thereby prompting for more cost-effective and efficient methods for purification of this natural resource. ...

Overall the film King Corn was really interesting; it was fascinating to see the entire process of growing corn, but also to see that corn is actually everywhere in our diet. Besides eating corn in its natural form, corn is added to everyday foods in the form of high fructose corn syrup; corn is also used to feed our cattle that we eventually eat.

Corn is used to feed our cattle because when the cattle graze on grass it takes much longer for them to reach the weight required to reach market rate. This is because if they were ...

Introduction

The field of medicine and pharmacy has over the recent past experienced tremendous growth with technological improvements making pharmacy and the analysis of drugs and characteristics of drugs much simpler. Drug analysis is a fundamental aspect of drug development. It is not confined to making improvements to drug but also assessing quality to ascertain their fitness for human consumption. Drugs are chemical compounds that are affected by a number of factors including temperature, moisture and contaminants among others. For this reason, technology has provided an analytical tool for analyzing the drugs.

Following the introduction of spectroscopy about half a century ago, ...

Introduction

A. American children living with birth defects continue to increase in this generation. For instance in Kettle man, California 11 babies were born with severe birth defects in 2012. Meanwhile baby boom generation people living in Camp Lejeune Marine Corps develop breast cancer. The residents from Wellington, Ohio are susceptible to develop multiple sclerosis than the rest of the country. A new report highlights some of the disease clusters defined as unusual aggregations real or perceived by the federal state.

B. Strengthening Protections for Children and Communities from Disease Clusters Act will develop Environmental Protection that serves the ...

The earth is considered to be a home for a billion people along with animals and another organism. A single person would take twenty thousand breaths a day. But is the air that we are breathing clean? Water is considered to be a source of life. But is the water that we drink clean? As children, we grew in a much safer and cleaner environment. But is the environment as clean and safe today? The growing population is considered to have direct impacts on the environment. Environmental pollution has increased 10-fold over the past decade. The grieving situation of planet earth is to be ...

Pollution of water catchment areas is a catastrophic trend that has engulfed the world’s population. Water is a natural resource which every human being cannot survive without. Like the old adage says, “Water is Life” .Therefore, it is the responsibility of members of the society to preserve and safeguard this resource from interference by human nature. In the effort to investigate the key factors that contribute to pollution of this scarce natural resource, I came across books, articles, newspaper articles on how human effort has invaded the flow of water and contaminated its purity. In addition, several environmental ...

Steingraber and Kingsolver wrote about their relationship with the natural world and described the places they preferred to live at. Steingraber traced the biological link man has with nature while Kingsolver explained the cultural and spiritual bond of human beings with the environment. In Steingraber’s essay she talked about the place her family moved to which provides an opportunity for her daughter to explore the trees and plants, and observe the animals that roam about in this rural community in Ithaca. Meanwhile, Kingsolver expressed awe and wonder of her favorite places, one is a log cabin in the Appalachian ...

SARS Disease Outbreak

The SARS disease outbreak occurred in 2003 when the World Health Organization issued a global alert on the disease that was similar to pneumonia (Wei et al., 2009). Similar cases were experienced in China, Vietnam, Thailand, Taiwan, Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand. Other countries affected included Germany, United States, and Canada. The disease spread from Beijing leading to an outbreak in Tianjin city. According to Wei et al., (2009), 175 probable cases of SARS were reported. This included 21 deaths. The transfer of patients from one hospital to another stimulated the spread of the disease. A patient that was suspected of ...

Hydraulic fracturing or fracking is the technology that helps to get non-conventional fossil fuels’ sources. They existed along with traditional fuel basins. But companies weren't interested in these sources until the traditional fuel stores started to dry out. “Fracking, is a drilling technique used for extracting oil or natural gas from deep underground” (Lallanilla, 2015). There are two types of technology: hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. The last one appeared only in 1990s, while hydraulic fracturing was used from 1940s. Both technologies have similar processes. The first stage is drilling a vertically or angled well to the depth of 1-2 ...

KU Version March 2011

At the end of the case study, the scholar will be able to: Identify the steps of the investigation of an outbreak; Describe the characteristics of an outbreak in terms of time, place and person; Use descriptive epidemiological data to generate hypotheses; Use analytical epidemiological data to test hypotheses; Formulate recommendations for the control of an outbreak. Part A cluster of acute hepatitis in Provo, Utah Provo is a large municipality located in the North of Utah, close from the border with Wyoming and Idaho. The population of Provo was 6,185 in ...

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The common argument in both Pollan’s and Steingraber’s essays is that the food sources consumed by humans are contaminated by pollutants or chemicals in an industrialized society. Steingraber mentions the fact that human breast milk contains a significant amount of “persistent organic pollutants (POPs)” (932). In fact, the high levels of contamination found in breast milk has allowed it to gain the reputation as being the “most contaminated of all human foods” (Steingraber 932). Steingraber mentioned the fact that researchers have identified “200 different chemical contaminants in the milk of U.S. mothers,” for instance, ...

The “Green” Problem of Superfund (CERCLA)

The “green” problem did not start as a disaster. However, it spiraled into one of the worst environmental disasters in the history of the US (Hatfield, 2012). It all began with the Love Canal in 1880s. Love Canal was excavated by W.T. Love in 1890s and it was part of the hydroelectric power project in Niagara Falls, New York. The project was never implemented and Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Corporation used it as a landfill between 1942 and 1952. The surrounding areas were later developed with construction of an elementary school and residential homes. It was not until 1960s when odors ...

Anderson Air Force Base – Guam is a military port based in the United States of America located approximately 4 miles northeast of Yigo. Along with the Naval Base of Guam, they were placed under the Joint Region Marianas on the late 2009 that was in October. Anderson Air Force Base was established in 1944 as North Field and was a posthumous recognition in the name of the late of Brigadier General James Roy Andersen (Mulligan and Gibbs 2005). This base was built to serve as a bomber forward operating locations of the United States Air Force, which provides back-up support to the ...

Introduction

Water pollution is a term that refers to the contamination of water in water bodies. These water bodies include the oceans, lakes, rivers, aquifers, and groundwater. Ideally, water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged in a direct or indirect way into the water bodies without appropriate measures of treatment to eradicate them (Goel 14). Some of these pollutants are categorized as chemicals, as well as, other foreign substances that are deemed to be detrimental to the general plant, animal and human health. Precisely, some of these substances include fertilizers, pesticides that are evolved from the runoffs in the agricultural field and ...

Following the American Psychological Association's Guidelines

OTHER 2 Lt. Governor Spencer J. Cox-Utah and Emergency Response Lt. Go Cox, the Vice-president of a small telecommunications company, addressed some of the communications-related obstacles as well as problems with the management of volunteers, which needed to be overcome in Sanpete County after the fire at Woodhallow. He was able to help open communications lines for emergency responders. Furthermore, he pointed out the problem that community leaders and emergency responders have had with failing to use resources or "assets at their fingertips" without knowing who would incur a cost. He also mentioned social media's reach to the community-at-large, ...

Introduction:

Photoextraction uses plants to remove heavy metals and other contaminants from the soil. This can be a “two edged sword.” When animals consume them, can cause high concentration of contaminants on higher levels on up the food chain. Fortunately, they also present the potential for use as biomass in alternative fuel production. . Some species of plants are more effective as Photoextractants than others are. Other plant species are more effective when used as biomass. Ideally, plants used for Photoextraction should be capable of absorbing a spectrum of contaminants, and provide cost effective biomass. Testing is needed to determine if there are ...

Abstract

The present paper examined water quality and contamination. The three experiments were conducted to find the effects of different pollutants on groundwater, processes of water treatment, and quality of bottled water. The contamination of groundwater was observed to evaluate the result of vitiating environment that has to be protected to ensure a safe future for the progeny. Water treatment processes have to be effective as well as economical, so that people in general worldwide can be benefitted. Treatment method like filtration has researched out for the benefit of people at large. Bottled water was analyzed considering safe for drinking. The ...

Abstract

Water is one of the fundamental requirements for any form of living thing on earth. It is known for the many vital roles that it plays in the continued survival of animals and growth of plants. In animals, water plays an essential role in maintaining many processes that take place both in the system of the animal and the outside world as well. Water acts as a medium through which most chemical reactions take place within the body system of all animals. In plants, it plays several roles, mainly by allowing the absorption of dissolved nutrients and mineral salts present ...

Introduction:

Clean non-polluted water is a major basic requirement for all the living things. Nowadays, its availability becomes a major problem in the ecosystem. This problem is expected to increase in the future due to population growth and industrialization processes. The processes discharge of domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes contribute largely to the contamination of existing natural waters in the environment. Therefore, at the present moment, it is important that the pathogens and pollutants are completely removed from the waste water to cater for the needs of domestic use, industrial use, and irrigation purposes. This paper discusses two processes of oxidation and ...

Debra Dutton

BIO 201 Pollution and the Human Body The human body has an incredible defense and healing system. It uses the various senses like smell, sight and taste to filter the food, air and water as they get into the body. The skin safeguards the body tissues and internal organs from environmental hazards. The skin also senses the variations in environmental temperatures and acts as the body’s stimuli in controlling the body temperature. The brain and the nervous system are part of the complex response and flight mechanism that responds to emergencies and dangers. An army of ...

Analysis of Temporal Trends in Persistent Organic Pollutants in

Analysis of Temporal Trends in Persistent Organic Pollutants in Air, Water, Food Chain and Humans in United States Introduction Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are synthetic organic chemicals, which are persistent in environment. Its long-range transport leads to global pollution. These materials are lipophilic and they are accumulated in the food chain as they are found in fish and marine mammals (Arnot & Gobas, 2006). These toxic materials are spread in environment through different human activities. They pose adverse effects on air, water, food chain and humans. In United States, over the last two decades there has been a continuous ...

Abstract

All gas in the Qatar passes through National Grid’s national transmission arrangement on its way to consumers. The owners and operator of gas transmission substructure in Qatar, work with other companies to make sure that gas is obtainable where and when it is wanted. In Qatar Gas flowing that comes from higher to lower pressure is looked at as being the fundamental standard of the natural gas delivery system that involves, pipelines, gas stations. The essay explores the connecting of gas from the natural source such as bottom of the sea (Offshore) and underground (Onshore) to the transmission ...

Landfill mining and excavation is a process involving processing and excavation of previously landfilled solid wastes. Processing involves a cycle of mechanical processing operations that are premeditated to recover recyclable materials, landfill space, soil and a combustible fraction. Equipment used in landfill mining and excavation are screens, excavators, and conveyors. Therefore, landfill mining uses conventional soil excavating and processing techniques. The process used by landfill has six phases; excavate and separate landfill material into the soil, combustible and residual materials, recyclables, remove and disposal of wastes, remediate soil, refill to bring the intended site to reline or grade, and monitor after completion ...

Indoor Air Pollution: Diagnosing the Causatives and Effects

Indoor air pollution is the presence of physical, chemical and biological contaminants in the indoor air that are never present in the quality and environmental friendly atmosphere. These contaminants can be particulates, gases, moulds or radon which is the main causes of the pollution. The human immune system protects the entire body against the negative effects of these contaminants. The contaminants impair the immune system after prolonged exposure. A survey published on the metropolitan area of Toronto revealed that almost 2 percents of the annual deaths were caused by indoor air pollution (Tom, 1996). In this essay, we have ...

Smart water networks take advantage of real time data, pumps and other essential distribution points to automate the process control schedules and support real time operations decisions. It is well understood that the drivers for smart water networks is not resistible. There is a compelling need to develop smart water and energy efficient systems that are at par with the rising demand and the diminishing water resources. The fact that infrastructures are rapidly deteriorating and the fact that water loss and leakage are relentless means that there is a need for intelligent systems that would detect, report, and prevent associated water ...

INTRODUCTION

Baghouse filters are fabric filter units consisting of one or more isolated sections containing an array of fabric bags (Vatavuk, 1998). Shapes of these bags range from round, flat, tube-shaped, to pleated cartridges. In theory, gas containing high particulate matter level passes through the fabric bag surface. The particulate matter is retained while the cleaned gas is either recycled to the process or vented off the exhaust. This paper attempts to discuss the different concepts behind baghouse filters in relation to environmental engineering. Specifically, this paper discusses (a) particle pollution, (b) baghouse filter principle, (c) filter media selection, (d) types of ...

1.0 Introduction Categorically, there are approximations that nearly 30% of the overall globe land area comprises of occupied arid and semi-arid areas. Most importantly, water shortages prevent both economic and social development of the mentioned arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The cited economic and social development gets held back because they significantly rely on continuous water supply resources. Due to the constant and continuous interruption of the aquifers (V.E.A, 2005, p.122), the freshwater challenge gets motivated, because, the mentioned water is increasingly becoming salty. The report, therefore, aims at evaluating the feasibility of providing fresh water ...

1.0 Introduction Water is an important component of life and without it life on earth will be non-existent. About ¾ of this planet is made up of water and it is a surprise, therefore, to find out that more than a billion people do not have access to clean water. According to the United Nations, the uneven distribution of water is endangering an increasing number of people although there is enough water in the planet to supply its entire population (2014). This situation is particularly true in areas that are classified as arid regions or regions with precipitation characterized as low, ...

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Abstract

This report delineates the water quality and contamination of groundwater based on different water samples in three experiments. The water quality was monitored by adding laundry detergent, oil and vinegar in one experiment. The effectiveness of filtered water was evaluated in the second experiment by passing the contaminated water through filter layers containing sand, gravels and charcoal. The filtrate showed clear water compared to raw water. The third experiment was conducted to make a comparative analysis of water samples obtained from tap water with two types of bottled water samples. The samples obtained from Dasani and Fiji bottled showed good ...

The article ‘A Rising Tide of Contaminants’ is about the alarming increase of chemicals and substances in the water bodies. The author, Deborah Blum, discusses the major reasons for the increase in the contaminants in the lakes and how the government should act for this issue. The two main reason for the increasing contaminants in the lakes is the unregulated increase of pharmaceutical and agricultural chemicals and the lack of federal government actions regarding chemical exposures. Scientists are suspecting that the production of the new pharmaceutical and agricultural chemicals are contaminating the water bodies through water sewage system. The ...

Water Supplies in Sun Valley, AZ

Sun Valley is located in Arizona. It is situated along interstate 40. It is 31.56 square miles. Sun Valley has different water supply options. Some of these options are groundwater, surface water and reclaimed water. Groundwater is water found beneath the ground. They are usually in rocks and pores of the soil. Sun Valley is supplied by Arizona’s water supply. Groundwaters that supply Sun Valley are aquifers and wells. Main aquifers in Arizona are stream alluvial and basins fill. Ground water can also be sourced from sedimentary rock. Basin Fills are of three type’s namely carefree formation, ...

Introduction

Pollution is the disposal of pollutants or contaminants which could alter and destroy the natural environment or even an ecosystem. Pollutants have many forms such as solid, liquid, noise and radiation. There are also many types of environment or natural resources that could be subjected to pollution. Pollution could also be naturally occurring although the main type of pollution which could result to major change is manmade (Helmer, 1997). There are many kinds of pollution, but there are three major kinds due to their size and effect which are water, air and soil pollution.

Water Pollution

Water is one of the ...

Research Report on Remediation Methods for Arsenic

Introduction Arsenic contamination of groundwater used for potable water supply is one of the serious problems plaguing the world today. Worldwide, a large number of people are unknowingly exposed to drinking water that has arsenic content higher than the safety level. A study conducted in 2007 reveals that more than 137 million people in over 70 countries are potentially affected by arsenic contamination of drinking water resources (USA Today, 2007). Though arsenic contamination is found in all the waters in the world, some of the places where the problem is a matter of concern is Bangladesh, Argentina, China, India, Chile, ...

Introduction

There are many instances in the modern world when a certain issue emerges and captures the attention of various stakeholders. These stakeholders include scholars of different subjects as well the media. The issue of interest is approached from all angles by these stakeholders and is exposed to extremely dissection as attempts are made to establish its core. The invasion of Iraq by the United States drew a lot of public interest but in recent years, one implication of this war has once again elevated public interest. There have reports of increased birth defects in the Iraqi regions subjected to bombings by ...

Water Quality and Contamination

Introduction Water is one of the basic needs of living organisms. Without water, life would be impossible. Humanity is dependent on water for their day to day activities. Basically, the foremost use of water is for drinking. Living organisms like humans have to take in water for their bodies to survive and sustain the various cellular activities. Aside from drinking, man use water for cooking, washing, recreation, cleaning, and keeping plants alive. Water used for drinking needs to be essentially clean. It must be free from germs and chemicals for the good health of man. Contaminated water ...

Geog 315: Assignment 2 Literature review

Introduction The Tohoku magnitude-9 earthquake occurred on March 11th 2011. Its epicenter was on the undersea floor of the Pacific Ocean, about 45 miles (72 kilometers) east of Tohoku in northeastern Japan, and at a depth of about 20 miles (32 km). The cause was the sudden movement at the junction of two tectonic plates – the Eurasian Plate rising over the Pacific Plate. The tremors lasted about six minutes, and caused a huge and devastating tsunami. Huge waves reached Japan’s coastline less than an hour after the earthquake itself, and in some locations travelled inland as far as six ...

Introduction

Water is an amenity and indeed a necessity of the human being. Different epidemic waterborne diseases are due to scarcity of safe drinking water in the world. Water being essentially associated with the earth’s ecosystems can be studied in the context of its relative terms. The human rights emphasis on implementation of global environmental justice and force to adopt such approach that make sure the universal access of people to safe and potable water. That means water should free from contaminations including chemicals and hydrocarbon as detergents, oil and so forth. Ground water contamination is usually found in arid ...

Literature review

Introduction The Tokohuma earthquake in Japan occurred in 2011 on March. It occurred in the Pacific Ocean where it caused a huge tsunami that was very devastating. The earthquake was the largest ever recorded in Japan and the fourth largest in the world. It produced a tsunami of sixteen metres high. What’s more is that the tsunami hit Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan that caused an explosion which produced radioactive contamination which spread over Japan and the surrounding areas affecting the air, soil as well as the water. This disastrous event had adverse effects on Japan as a country ...

Introduction

How does the presence of ionic material affect a CMC? Amphiphilic surfactants have both polar and non-polar parts in their molecules. Whenever their concentration surpasses the crtitcal micelle concentration (CMC), surfactants molecules organize themselves in a special structures and form micelles. Micelles in aqueous environment are organized in the way that charged hydrophilic ‘head’ groups of surfactant molecules closer to the surface of a micelle and exposed to water. Whereas, hydrophobic ‘tails’ are directed inside a micelle to avoid contact with water molecules. There is electrostatic repulsion between charged head groups of the surfactant molecules. Therefore, the molecules tend to form a structure ...

1. What is the difference between a primary and secondary drinking water standard? Primary drinking water standard is a set of regulations mandatory for detecting contaminants in drinking water before consumption by the public whereas a secondary drinking water standard is a non- mandatory set for quality standards checking fifteen contaminants of water. 2. What is a benthic plant?

A benthic plant is one that lives around and sometimes inside its seabed.

List four benthic plants They include Chlorophyta, phaeophyceae, seagrasses and cyanophyte. Under what conditions do benthic plants thrive? Sea ice is a very good condition for survival of benthic plants and this is because it provides nutrients and enough light. Melting ...

INTRODUCTION

Water is an essential element of the ecosystem. In fact, it controls all processes related to the ecosystem. It acts as a base upon which all human, animal and plant life survives. The food consumed and the habitats of all animals and humans are all part and parcel of the positive impacts this natural resource holds over life. However, there have not been significant measures designed to protect this natural resource so as to keep it in its original form without placing an undue imbalance within the ecosystem (National Resources Defense Council, 2014). Environmental activists have come out several times ...

The congress of the United States has put legislation in the leather industry the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) (RCRA Nonhazardous 1).This act governs the generating, storage, transportation, and the treatment procedures as regards the leather manufacturing facility. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) controls and regulates the RCRA Act in the nation (EPA Reports on Progress 1). The EPA ensures that industrial and manufacturing industries such as those that prepare the basketball adhere to the laid down procedures as regards waste. The RCRA Act stipulates environment friendly ways of handling all industrial waste in the leather industry. ...

Introduction

Senegal is a western African country located 14 degree north of the equator and 17 degree west of the meridian. Senegal owes its name to the Senegal River flowing across the east and north borders of the country. The capital of the country is Dakar. As it was a French colony for a long time the official language of the country is French. Apart from that Wolof, Fula and Serer are the most spoken languages in the country. Senegal has a population of around 12 million. The GDP of the country is $26 billion with a per capita income of $2026 (CIA, 2013). The ...

The Hanford nuclear waste facility is an important US environmental cleanup project which has made many steps towards its ultimate goal. However, leakage of the billions of liquid waste, which leak out of the tanks into the surrounding soil and water, pose serious environmental, social and health risks to the people and the environment, with the greatest concern being the wastes reaching the Columbia River, which could have an array of serious consequences. This write-up explores the facility, with regard to the environmental in/justice problems it poses, as well as the social and environmental risks associated with the nuclear ...