Essays on Pollutant

Eutrophication is the phenomenon caused by the increasing amount of nutrients in the water bodies which results to the decrease in the oxygen concentration and death of aquatic animals. The main nutrient which commonly caused eutrophication in some of the water bodies is the phosphates. In this process, nutrients from soil are carried to the water bodies through erosion (Chislock et al., 2013). The high amounts of nutrients in the water bodies results to the increase in aquatic plants and algae such as the phytoplankton. The decay of these plants and algae converts oxygen to other by-products resulting to ...

Abstract 3

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Properties and Uses 4

Sources of CO Emission and Toxicokinetics 4

Exposure Limits for CO, Sampling and Analysis 6 Protocols for Industrial CO Sampling and Analysis 6 Carbon Monoxide in Substance Priority List (SPL) 7 CO Contaminated Superfund Site 8 Carbon Monoxide Explosion Case Study with Recommendations 8 References 10 Abstract Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas, which results from incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels, and has several applications such as effective reducing agent and manufacture of various hydrocarbons. CO is a major indoor air pollutant, and is released when combustion is carried out in confined spaces such as mines ...

Fuel Cell Technologies in Passenger Cars

Fuel Cell Technology The last decade is characterized by the rapid development of research activity in the field of fuel cells, thus, creating the conditions for their uptake in electric systems. The basic fuel cells’ operating principle has been known for 150 years. However, a variety of technical and financial problems had kept them on the margins of technological applications (Brandon & Hart, 1999). The basic difference between a fuel cell and batteries is that while batteries store energy, fuel cells directly convert a fuel’s chemical energy into electricity by an electrochemical reaction (i.e. Without requiring combustion or movement ...

11.1 The perspectives of individuals about food safety activities and operations may be different. This differential gap may be widened by whether an individual works within a local government organization that deals directly with food safety activities or not. According to Figure 11.1 local government organizations innately include food safety activities and operations as an example, they often involve a systematic procedure of registration, compliance assessment (e.g. business inspections and sampling), education, and prosecution. For non-compliant parties, for example, they are often prosecuted for violating the food safety codes. This applies to both local governments in Australia, New Zealand, ...

Material Extraction of Dry Battery AA:

A typical alkaline dry AA cell comprises a cylindrical external case, cathode, anode, and electrolyte and separators. The external casing is made from nickel-plated steel and is lined with a separator to divide the anode and cathode. The separator is made of either a porous synthetic material or layered paper. On one end, the battery canister is sealed with an epoxy or asphalt sealant underlying a steel plate and at the other end with a brass rod driven through the cylinder. The rod is welded to a metallic end cap and passed via an outer plastic seal. Inside the ...

Global warming refers to a system of climate changes that are responsible for causing an increase in the average temperature of the lower atmosphere which affects the average thermal gradient of the Earth. Global warming may have a great variation among the causes, but it is most principally associated with human interference, specifically with the release of excessive amounts of greenhouse gases”. The most popular and common definition of the global warming is “Warming caused by human activity.” (Weather Street) There are several gases in the Earth’s atmosphere which are responsible for the increase in the global temperature ...

Abstract

This paper examines the case of Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency, a 5-4 Supreme Court decision that combined the substantive, environmental law question of whether the Environmental Protection Agency erred in its initial decision not to regulate greenhouse gas emissions for motor vehicles with the procedural issue of whether states, cities, and environmental organizations had legal standing (defined as the right to use the courts as opposed to Congress to force governmental action) for the environmental claims at issue in the case. This paper begins with a brief overview of the political, legal, and cultural context for assessing the ...

The debate on the negative effects of global warming on the weather has been gaining momentum over the past few decades. Many scientists firmly believe that global warming is transforming the world, and with time, it will cause significant disruptions to the ecological setup. Such fears inform the calls for a reduction in the greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide, across the globe. However, many scientists have disputed these claims. They argue that carbon dioxide is not a pollutant. In fact, some scholars indicate that it does not have anything to do with global warming. Moreover, some scientists dispute ...

Water Pollutant - Phosphate

Phosphates are nutrients essential for plant as well as animal growth. But, when their concentration exceeds certain limit they pose serious problems to water bodies, and adversely affect water quality. Major sources of phosphates are non-point sources that include agricultural run-off and sewage or domestic effluent (West Cumbria Rivers Trust, 2015). Phosphate fertilizers used in agriculture are washed off during rains, and they reach nearby water bodies. Sewage receives phosphates from detergents and food or drink additives (West Cumbria Rivers Trust, 2015). Excess phosphates in the water body lead to algal bloom or “eutrophication” that completely destroys the quality ...

Sun cities such as Phoenix and Bullhead experience the problem of air pollution like many other cities in both the developing and developed countries. Reports from World Health Organization indicate that most cities have a high concentration of pollutants such as Sulphur (IV) and Nitrogen (IV) oxide. Ideally, pollutant concentration in A-Z cities has jeopardized the quality of air thus affecting the life of the town dwellers (Moussiopoulos 10). In essence, the congestions witnessed in urban areas have contributed to multitude challenges that include air pollution. Consequently, the impacts of air pollution have been felt in A-Z cities. Studies ...

Background information

The need for clean water for use by humanity has since time immemorial been an area of concern with scientists and scholars inventing methods that prove to be more efficient than their predecessors. The ultimate goal has always been the removal of undesirable chemicals and pathogens that would, however, render the water unfit for human and industrial consumption. In today’s contemporary society, human activity has culminated into pollution of the natural environment including water catchment areas. This has therefore made water unfit for consumption thereby prompting for more cost-effective and efficient methods for purification of this natural resource. ...

It is estimated that the world produces over 500 million tons of paper with writing and printing papers which are mostly found in offices accounting for the largest percentage of the total paper consumption. In 2011 alone, the world saw approximately 400 million tons of paper being produced and consumed (Statista.com). Big contributors of paper consumption are the United States, China and Japan. The three countries alone account for almost half of the world’s paper production and consumption. The United States is the leading country in as far as paper export is concerned while Germany is the world’ ...

The laws that people live by are designed and put into effect as a means of protecting people from harm. One of the harms that people face that can be considered the most dangerous is when the environment we live in is polluted. Pollution can make it impossible for our earth to sustain human life if nothing is done to protect people from the harmful effects. Since laws are designed to protect people from harm it only makes sense that laws be put into place to protect people from the effects of corporations that cause pollution however. In the ...

Sulphur Dioxide and Our Planet

Sulphur Dioxide is a colourless pungent gas which is highly soluble in water. Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gases contain sulphur. When burnt in motor vehicles, power stations and in other industrial applications, sulphur reacts with oxygen and its compounds in the combustion process to form Sulphur Dioxide. These are the artificial sources of Sulphur Dioxide. Apart from these, Sulphur Dioxide is produced naturally in huge quantities during volcanic eruptions and forest fires. It is the most chemically active compound produced by volcanoes. Apart from natural sources, Sulphur Dioxide is also produced in anthropological activities like ...

Air pollution is a national problem. Due to the massive industrial establishments and various chemicals and substances that are used by man in his day to day activities, the air is populated with various chemicals and particulates emitted into the air causing the air pollution. In the US, Long Beach and Los Angeles, are among the most polluted regions. Majority of the industries in this area are dependent on diesel and other fuel powered machines, ships, vehicles, and trains that sustain its day to day operations. The ports of Long Beach is considered as one of the biggest sources ...

Smoking Ban

Smoking is a dreadful habit that not only affects the person doing it but the set of people related to the person as well the set of people that are around that person while smoking. Smoking is an addictive disease that causes damage to the liver as well as the other major organs of the body. Seeing that there are many hazardous effects of smoking, most of the countries have a ban on smoking in public places. This rule has been laid forward because smokers are ruining their health by choice but if they are allowed to smoke in public, they ...

Desonie (131) indicate that a developing solution for decreasing pollution is the use of hybrid cars. The author notes that the developing solution that will pave wave way for the reduction in pollution is from gas engine cars. Hybrid cars make use of an electric motor, a battery that can be recharged, and an internal ignition engine. In terms of pollution, it is indicated that the gas engine car has to burn gasoline to produce energy in the internal ignition engine. Once the motorists applies the brakes, it losses the kinetic energy with which it had while in motion. The result ...

Introduction

Currently, coal-fired power plants account for more than 80% of carbon dioxide emissions in the electric power industry of the United States and 33% of all the carbon dioxide emissions in the United States. Consequently, reducing carbon dioxide emissions that come from the coal plants is the focus of most proposals that intend to cut on the greenhouse gas emission. The options to do this include capturing and sequestering carbon dioxide that emitted by the coal power plants, replacing the coal power plants with the low or zero carbon dioxide sources of power like the nuclear and wind energy.

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The environment is under different types of threats. Environmental pollution has been a key issue of concern in the last two centuries. The sustainability of human activities is something that the government has tried to look at in a detailed manner. Air pollution has been one of the most dangerous pollution in the environment. The human activities have contributed much to air pollution. The impacts of air pollution in the environment are massive and hazardous especially to the future generation the human activities especially industrial emission and automotive emission has been the main source of air pollution (Ackerman and William 1468). ...

Abstract

Recently, attention has been diverted to clean, alternative and renewable technologies due to the depletion of petroleum resources and increase of the green house gases from the combustion of fuel resources. Fuel cell is the fore-runner of these technologies and has received immense impetus due to its relatively clean source of energy. Fuel-cells are devices that produce electrical energy from chemical transformation reactions. Electrodes are placed within an electrolyte medium that facilitates oxidation of fuel. In these electrochemical reactions, ions are generated that generate electricity. This electrical energy can be effectively harnessed to carry out a myriad of functions. Since ...

Introduction

Water pollution is a term that refers to the contamination of water in water bodies. These water bodies include the oceans, lakes, rivers, aquifers, and groundwater. Ideally, water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged in a direct or indirect way into the water bodies without appropriate measures of treatment to eradicate them (Goel 14). Some of these pollutants are categorized as chemicals, as well as, other foreign substances that are deemed to be detrimental to the general plant, animal and human health. Precisely, some of these substances include fertilizers, pesticides that are evolved from the runoffs in the agricultural field and ...

Assignment 10 Questions & Answers

Assignment 10 Questions & Answers. - Guangzhou has one of the poorest air quality ratings of major Chinese cities. With high levels of nitrogen oxide, its air quality is rated as III 1, which means slightly polluted according to china.org.cn - The following cities are ranked as per their sulphuric acid concentration levels, with the highest level on number 1: - Calcutta, India. - Kiev, Ukraine. - Athens, Greece. - Copenhagen, Denmark. - Montreal, Canada. - Vancouver, Canada. - Oslo, Norway. - About Carbon Monoxide (CO): a. CO ...

Debra Dutton

BIO 201 Pollution and the Human Body The human body has an incredible defense and healing system. It uses the various senses like smell, sight and taste to filter the food, air and water as they get into the body. The skin safeguards the body tissues and internal organs from environmental hazards. The skin also senses the variations in environmental temperatures and acts as the body’s stimuli in controlling the body temperature. The brain and the nervous system are part of the complex response and flight mechanism that responds to emergencies and dangers. An army of ...

Organization

Introduction In America, one of the most important matter of national concern is clean water. Almost half the Americans believe that clean water is one the fundamental rights of every citizen. Thousands of Americans take part in the local and state water protection group. The Clean Water Act or the Federal Water Pollution Control Act is the principal law that governs the pollution of the surface water of United States of America. The act was originally enacted in 1948 but it underwent certain amendments in 1972 to come to its present form. The 1972 act laid out ambitious ...

AIR POLLUTION

Public Policy Issue: Air Pollution Since ancient times, man has struggled to find clever ideas to make life easier for the sake of progress. The struggle proved fruitful, leading to the advent of the Industrial Revolution in the 17th century and the establishment of industrialized capitals that continue to grow across the globe. Man’s continuous struggle for development is not without consequence. Populations themselves continue to grow, most notably near industrialized areas and highly urbanized areas. In the highly urbanized areas, it is affected by pollutants caused by the by-products of industrialization (outdoor air pollution) and consumer ...

Is it fair to restrict the growth of developing countries because of climate change?

Climatic change is a fundamental problem that is affecting developing nations, as well as developed nations of the world. However, as Nath and Behera pointed that developing nations are likely to be faced with a greater incidence of the outcome of climatic change than developed nations. This is because developed nations have the resources to deal with the outcomes of climatic changes and are already setting up mitigation strategies with respect to it. The earth has limited carrying capacity and therefore increased population growth is likely to do more harm than good. Restricting the growth of developing nations can be ...

English

It would be tough to choose between the positives and negatives of an electric car, because along with the number of positives it carries, it does have its share of negatives as well. However, going by the popular view that with gasoline depleting and carbon emission increasing, electric cars would be best suited for modern transport; the positives undoubtedly outnumber the negatives. As the world population grows, the need for housing and food has slowly by surely started eating into the forests, and man finds himself fighting for space with animals. As growth has to be supplemented by development, ...

Introduction

Emission of the toxic substance by industries is common all over the world. Toxic substances are emitted daily by industries and anthropogenic activities. Toxic substances are categorized into three categories namely organic, inorganic and metallic compounds. Examples of organic, inorganic and metallic compounds are methane, sulfate and mercury respectively. There have been reports of these substances having negative effects on the environment. Substances like methane are responsible for increased atmospheric temperature. Sulfates affect soil. Sulfates combine with atmospheric water to form acid water. Acid water has a negative effect of soil and microorganism living in it. Mercury, on the other ...

Abstract

Cars have always played an important role in the course of human development. In the past, man had a vision to introduce an invention to transport people along long distances. To turn the vision of a self-propelling automobile into reality, it took the development of a reliable combustion engine that operated on liquid fuel. In 1672, the first steam-powered vehicle as a toy for the Chinese emperor was built by Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China. As the automobile industry grew, so did the rate of environmental pollution. Car engines are considered to be the prime source of air pollution. The ...

Abstract

Generation of electricity using turbine technology is very popular around the globe since most of the processes such as hydro energy are clean and renewable. Additionally, some do not pose a huge threat in human life and the environment. The traditional method of using turbine technology is very popular and wanted in many countries due to the economical cost of building and maintaining the generation plant. Additionally, the turbine technology is more efficient. This is because it can employ a number of fossil fuels, water, geothermal energy or wind to generate electricity. Hence, the country has a greater variety to choose from ...

Different air pollutants are emitted from various sources. Different countries, in general, have their implementing rules and regulations that manage and control the emission of these pollutants. The following table shows the air pollutants emitted at different sources in Kansas and how these pollutants are controlled and regulated.

Source:

Idling Reduction Rule Johnson and Wyandotte Counties in Kansas, June 25, 2010, Retrieved from http://www.kdheks.gov/bar/download/idle_rule.pdf Kansas Department of Health and Environment, 2008 Kansas Nonpoint Emissions by Source Classification, Emissions Inventory Data, 2008, Retrieved from http://www.kdheks.gov/emission/data.html Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Proposed Ammendment of Permanaent Air Quality Regulations:K.A.R. 28-19-750, ...

The rationale of this report is to present results of the Emissions Inventory conducted for Northern Arizona University’s (NAU) criteria pollutant emissions. The report shall be in terms of both the emissions trends for the university and the resulting impacts these emissions have on the surrounding environment and human health. Emissions data collected by Northern Arizona University Industrial Hygienist, Jim Biddle, was used to create a comprehensive report of nine years of emissions data for NAU over a thirteen year time span (1999-2012). No data was available for the years 2000, 2002, 2004, or 2006. The four criteria pollutants that ...

The anthropogenic climate change refers to actions produced by human activity that generate greenhouse gases, which contribute to the global warming (McMichael, 2003). Studies indicate that post-industrial rise in greenhouse gases is not an outcome of natural processes, but they are the result of human activity (“Anthropogenic Climate Change”). Human actions that are causing the current global warming issues were generated decades, even centuries ago and the current actions destined to mitigate the global warming by properly managing the human activities that generate greenhouse gas might start to show results in several decades or centuries (McMichael, 2003). On ...

Abstract

The most widely used fossil fuel around the world is coal. This is a component that carries both organic and inorganic components and hence its combustion over the years has led to environmental problems such as acid rain and sulfur dioxide emission. To combat this eco-system problem several combustion methods have been introduced and one of the most efficient means that has come to the attention over the years as a significant way is the Oxy alkalinolysis. In the past, there have been various desulfurization processes, which have been introduced. However, most of them have not given excellent results are ...

Abstract

- In the recent past the issues of industrial effluent have continued to be a great problem since it causes environmental pollution and destruction of the biodiversity. - A good example is coca-cola company, it has continuously increased the levels of carbon (IV) oxidized in the atmosphere and increased solid waste. - These wastes from these companies are of the concern to the community as it may result in climate change, and global warming. - The company can control its emission by use of appropriate technology such as recycling of solid waste to reduce pollution. - ...

Over the past few decades, a global awakening has been boiling up regarding the environmental issues of climate change that is posing a great threat in our planet. Experts agree that one of the major causes of global warming is the excessive greenhouse emissions into the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide which traps heat causing the rise on temperature of the whole planet. The consequences of global warming were believed to be created by human activities where these greenhouse emissions come from burning fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and oil that we primarily use as sources of energy and ...

Every event in our life depends on many factors. Some of these factors are predictable but the other can affect randomly. This makes our world stochastic and full of random values. Therefore, every measurement we take, every experimental data gives us not the precise but the most probable result. To estimate obtained results we use statistics methods. It gives us possibility to plan studies and experiments; to obtain, to summarize and to analyze results as well as to draw conclusions or to make predictions. On the first step we need to choose appropriate data for analysis. Sometimes researcher ...

Abstract

The number of worldwide issues concerning environmental safety and corporate social responsibility has been on an ever-increasing rate. This is why we can also see a significant growth in the demand for environment-friendly and self-sustaining buildings. The number of domestic and international organizations that monitor and facilitate the standardization by means of a tiered certification of such buildings has also been on an ever-increasing rate. The LEED certification program is one of the most prominent ones in the U.S. and the UC Davis Brewery, Winery, and Food buildings have received platinum grade certification under such program. The objective of this paper ...

Public administration is a broader discipline that is in most cases concerned with the implementation of government policies. Intergovernmental relations is one array of interaction in which different government agencies come together in discussions of various issues and factors that are considered to have certain degree of collective concern through which they are able to establish one possible solution to. Through federalism which involves separation of power through various government levels, seem to have been the best played mechanism through which Wichita is found to have confronted the contamination menace. Wichita confronts contamination case study is very important in the ...

Introduction

Air food and shelter are the three basic necessities of life where air is the most essential elements for a human body to live and survive. Air is nothing but a mixture of oxygen, vapors, inert gases, and nitrogen which make up to 99.9 percent of it. In turn, human releases carbon dioxide which can be harmful for all the living creatures that are plants, animals and human being . There are numerous kinds of pollution. Its causes and effects have been largely discussed in many platforms. Some of the effects that are well known are development of holes in ozone layer, ...

Executive summary

This article discusses the topic are there issues with revenue –neutral carbon tax as reported on the wall street journal of April 17th 2013.with increased campaign on the need for reduction on emissions that have caused an increase in the quantity of green house gases that have led to dramatic climatic changes. According to the Washington post of 25th April 2013, it’s depicted that, “For years it’s been obvious in policy-wonk circles that a carbon tax is a great idea.” Many nations especially the developed ones like those in Europe have in America have opposed this move ...

Air pollution results from the introduction of foreign particles in the earth’s atmosphere. It denotes the presence of chemicals, biological substances or other foreign particles in the atmosphere that cause discomfort, damage, death, infections or diseases to both flora and fauna. It is vital to note from the onset that the earth atmosphere is crucial to the existence of all living organisms on earth. It is made from a mixture of diverse and dynamic gaseous system that are essential to life systems. However, air pollution and emission of greenhouses gases has become a real threat to the atmosphere and thus a ...

Biodiversity and sustainability, two of the major factors to determine if an ecosystem is habitable and sufficient for any life form, may it be fauna, fawn or human kind. However, there are only a few sites left around the globe which can be considered sustainable and contains biodiversity as climate change continues to affect the planet. Some areas have become barren, while a few remained arable but in the risk of being converted into commercial lands for homes or businesses. In the United States, the problem of pollution not only affected its once diverse ecosystem, which is considered the home of ...

Air pollution

Introduction Air pollution can be defined as the introduction of particulate matter, chemicals or biological materials into the atmosphere that cause diseases, discomfort or even death to human beings and also cause damage to the other living organism like the food crops and the microorganisms. The atmosphere is a composite and dynamic gaseous system which is very crucial in supporting life on the Earth planet. The stratospheric depletion of the ozone layer that is caused by air pollution has been classified as a threat to the health of human beings and the ecosystems of Earth. According to the report on ...

The issue on having an abundant supply of clean water has been one of the major frontiers of environmental advocacy since the early 1950s as the globe now feels the consequences of man’s quest for technology and improvement. Global Warming and Pollution are two of the most prominent issues on the environment that affects two of the important resources human kind now slowly reduces – air and water. Water is the fountain of life as it sustains every living organism with nutrients needed for development. Like air, living organisms depend on water to provide nutrients and energy. In the ...

1. The human made and natural causes of climatic change visible in the computer simulation

On the computer model, there are quite a number of human activities that have been contributing to climatic change worldwide by producing heat-trapping pollutants in the atmosphere. The first human activity is running of industries in which companies emit heat-trapping pollutants in the global atmosphere (Harris, 2007). As can be seen in the computer model, gases emitted by industries during the daily running contribute highly to the formation of the heat-trapping blanket in the atmosphere. The second source of the heat-trapping pollutant is the general ...

Book Review: Environmental Science

Abstract

Davies and Mazurek (the authors of ‘Pollution Control in the United States’) have evaluated the activities that we have done that contribute to pollution in the past that affect as now and also in the future. The evaluation of past and the speculation of what will happen in the future will help us in coming up with measures to curb and reduce all or some of the activities that contribute to polluting our world. This book covers how the past environmental laws and regulations have worked or failed to work as, well as the analysis of the strengths ...

Clean air is one of the most essential needs for the life of a human being but unfortunately the air is heavily polluted and it is causing a number of serious problems to the health of the people and also it is hampering the environment badly. Air pollution is a severe menace to the residents, animals and environment of the New York City. The problem has been causing health related problems to the residents of the city and recently it has been revealed that air pollution is responsible for more than six percent deaths per annum in the New York City. The ...

Land and sea polluted with petroleum-based synthetic and natural substances have led to the development of techniques using biological organisms for clean-up. The technique is called bioremediation. “Bio” refers to biology and “remediation” to clean-up. The types of microorganisms used are bacteria fungi and actinomycetes. Bacteria can be used for bioremediation under anaerobic or aerobic conditions. Actinomycetes are generally anaerobic and grow from spores forming filaments and branches. The applications and environment for optimum bioremediation varies depending on the pollutant and the biological organisms. Different combinations work better depending on the temperature, substrata and other environmental variables. The goal ...

Abstract

A transient experiment using index cards was used to demonstrate outside air pollution. The simple experiment involved the usage of simple day-to-day materials in a bid to find out the levels of air pollution at different areas of the outside wall. Using a close door house as a control, the hypothesis of the experiment was proven. This report highlights the analysis of the experiment.

Introduction

Air pollution is a wide expression practical to all physical that is particulate matter, chemical, and biological instruments that transform the natural features of the atmosphere. Other definitions as well regard physical perturbations for instance light pollution, noise pollution, ...

Abstract

Hunan province is one of the largest provinces of china. It is a province endowed with many mineral resources. This region is characterized by intense Industrial activities. The Hunan province is plagued with several socioeconomic problems. These problems include pollution, unemployment, power shortages, health issues and drug abuse among others. The government of Hunan has put forward strategies and measures to counter these socioeconomic problems. The government has established ways of helping peasant workers to acquire employment. Laws and regulations are also put in place to deal with pollution and drug abuse. Hunan government has expanded the power production capacity ...