Essays on Voltage

Introduction

The purpose of this project is to outline a framework to ensure the sustainability of UK aircraft carrier. It outlines some of the challenges that face the industry. Additionally, it presents a framework which can be used to address these challenges. The project also highlights a measurement regime which can be used to assess the proposed framework. Mainstream media have repetitively documented the impact of seaway transport and their eco-efficiency concerning a sustainable future. By minimizing operation and manufacturing impacts, airbus aims at optimizing their services and product towards an eco-efficient technology to minimize their environmental impact. Throughout the ...

A magneto is small generator formed from a permanent magnet, which uses electricity to give outputs such as pulses of high voltage. A magneto has a transformer, switch and distributor, which give alternating current the direction to the plug that produces sparks. Timing in magneto is the interval in which the breaking point occurs after producing the sparks. Therefore, the purpose of magneto timing is to actualize high voltage used to produce sparks at the right time. It is achieved through the internal and external timing. Internal timing takes place mechanically on a bench. There are two adjustments in ...

Lab Report

Introduction The piezoelectricity concept was first used approximately 80 years ago. For the piezo effect to apply, quartz is essential. When pressure is applied to quartz electrical fields and electrical charges result. This was found to be very essential as it lead to a wide range of applications. A scientist by the name Langevin was the first to find a suitable application for the technology. Langevin, a Frenchman used quartz in an ingenious way to develop the first ever sonar. He was able to send and receive sound under water. The present day technology borrowed a lot from this ...

* Names of Group: 1. .. ID #: 2. ID #: 3 ID #: * Date: / / .

Results:

Based on measurements, complete the table below: Discussion: Discuss the application of common collector transistor circuit. The common collector configuration of the BGJ amplifier is mostly commonly employed as buffer or emitter follower. The voltage gain of the common collector amplifier is nearly unity and provides large current amplification. It is used in applications where current sourcing is required without modifying the voltage. The input resistance is quite high so it draws negligible current from source. Moreover, the load circuit will not interfere ...

Aims and Objectives of the Experiment

The main objective of this experiment is to determine the concentration of different substances. This is achieved by determining the end point(s) of different titrations using the automated potentiometric titrator. These points are known as equivalence points. The units of measurement are the standard units used in titrations i.e. Molarity (moles/liter) of substances used while the quantities of these substances are measured in mL (milliliter).

Theory and Principles

Potentiometric titration is a volumetric method which measures the potential between two electrodes, namely reference and indicator, with the change in the volume of the reagent that is added, known as the titrant. ...

* Names of Group: 1. .. ID #: 2. ID #: 3 ID #: * Date: / / .

Discussion:

Using the measurements made in the procedure, calculate the quiescent current IE, and the internal emitter resistance re. The quiescent current IE and internal emitter resistance re can be calculated using the DC analysis carried out in Step#1 and Step#2 of the procedure. The DC voltage measured across RE is used to measure the biasing current across the emitter of BJT. The voltage is measured to be 793mV. Since RE = 1KΩ, so: IE=VERE=0.7931000=0.000793A=0.793mA.

Now, we can calculate the internal resistance of emitter using the formula provided in the procedure. So:

re=0.026IE=0.0260.000793=32.786Ω

Using the values obtained in the experiment; draw the small-signal ac equivalent circuit for the amplifier.

In this part, we will draw the small scale ...

A DC circuit consists of a source (e.g. battery or power supply) and a load (e.g. light bulb or electronic instrument). The electrons move from the negative terminal of the source, towards the load and then return to the positive terminal of the source, i.e. the electrons flow in only one direction . This movement of electrons will continue as long as there is a closed circuit. In contrast, the source in the AC circuit is constantly changing. The voltage of the source builds up and electrons flow through the circuit in the same way as for the DC circuit. ...

Three phase induction motors

Introduction The three-phase induction machine is the most widely used among the rotating machines. An induction machine offers an almost constant speed within its normal operating range when operated off a constant-voltage, constant-frequency, and with the electric power source. The cost of purchasing these machines is very low, and they require little maintenance. However, speed control is difficult and very expensive. Therefore, the rotor current of the three phase induction motors is not induced by electrical connections, but rather the rotation of magnetic field.

Squirrel Cage Rotor construction

The rotor type of the motor is made up of a laminated core which is ...

LAB REPORT-CONTROL SYSTEMS

Abstract Filters are widely applied in many fields and are found in most of the devices. Such areas include low-pass filters installed in the landline telephones, a high-pass filters that are installed in the DSL modems with high-bandwidth and a band-pass filter installed in the cell-phone. The latter enables one to hear only the person to whom you are speaking, but not any other person around you even if they too are on their calls. Finally is the band-reject filter that helps to reject any AC power signal with a frequency of 50Hz or 60Hz when operating the sensitive ...

ENGINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Introduction This study evaluates the operating principles of vehicle fuel systems, vehicle ignition systems and pressure charging of engines. The report attempts to evaluate the operating features of actuators and sensors used in the ignition systems and engine management system of vehicles. It also analyzes the types of pressure charging systems, its shortfalls and how it affects the enhanced power of the engine. The secondary sources which form the bulk of this report are primarily research from various sources. The paragraphs below look into the sensors and actuators and the pressure charging systems.

Sensors and Actuators

Types of Sensors and function The ...

Solar energy harnessing through the use of solar panels installed in small homes presents better alternative to the hydroelectric provided through the national grid. While the use of solar panels may provide several advantages over the use of hydroelectricity, its usage presents several pitfalls to the user. It is imperative to investigate and outline the possible costs and advantages associated with the use of solar panels as a source of harnessing solar energy before installation is started. In most cases, the decisions concerning the installation of solar panels as the primary source of electricity are normally based on the ...

Report for Voltaic Cell Project (Lemon)

The purpose of the experiment is to demonstrate the production of electricity through the use of Zinc, Copper and Lemon. The experiment explores the electrochemical reactions that take place between the two metals in the presence of citric acid provided by the lemon to generate electricity. It highlights the oxidation and reduction reactions that occur within the lemon battery before electrons are released to generate electricity.

Background

The electrochemical reaction that occurs to generate electricity from chemical energy takes place between tow metal pieces, known as the electrodes, and a liquid known as the electrolyte. It is imperative that the ...

at Rex Hill Winery

Management of Rex Hill Winery has been highly concerned about climate change. They have heard about the Solar Sprint campaign to go solar now before the federal tax credit expires at the end of 2016. They also knew about the other incentives available on installation of solar electrical systems. Considering environmental benefits, they desired to install a PV solar panel system at their property. However, they wished to take a final decision on the project based on a feasibility study. As Rex Hill’s consultant, I have been entrusted the job of preparation of a ...

1.Diaphoresis is a medical condition of the body that an individual often sweats because of a drug side effect or symptom of a disease. Motor dysfunction has associations with the nerve and muscle center responsible for movement; this term defines the improper functioning of the muscle. Cyanosis is a condition related to the low supply of oxygen in the blood where the skin color of an individual as well as mucous membranes appears to have purple or blue coloration. The peripheral nerve connects the central nervous system and the brain to the entire body neurons; any damage or pressure ...

Lab Experiment #4: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

Goals The main objective of this laboratory practice is to gain understanding on the basic laws that describe electric circuits and their application.

Background and Theory

Ohm’s Law. According to Alexander and Sadiku (2013), “Ohm’s Law states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly proportional to the current i flowing through the resistor” (p. 31). The constant of proportionality is the element’s resistance, R, which depends on several factors that will not be analyzed in this report. The equation for Ohm’s Law is then: v=iR (where v: voltage, i: current and R: resistance). The units for ...

Abstract

Further experiment is devoted to an adjustable air damper coefficient measurement. To calculate this coefficient, a flexible air damper is used in the experiment. Three integrative components of the experiments were applied: Lab View, air damper, and the potentiometer. First, test focuses on the equation ratio between the position and the voltage (d = -0.3504 V + 1.8397). Further, the experiment considers velocity measurement with the help of different weights. The main statement of the experiment is that the Damping factor Value is 2.8111lb*s Incp. Based on this value, further experiment is conducted. This value means a constant nature of ...

DC Power Supply

DC power supply is a significant element in most electronics and electrical work. Its main function is to supply a desired value of direct current to a specific load. It is imperative that the appropriate amount of DC power is supplied to electrical load for correct functioning without damage. As a consequence, DC power supply is significant in supplying the desired amount of direct current power. In this project, a 5 V DC switching power supply will be designed. The power supply will be designed to drive a 50 ohm load with less than 5 percent ...

Fuel Cell Technologies in Passenger Cars

Fuel Cell Technology The last decade is characterized by the rapid development of research activity in the field of fuel cells, thus, creating the conditions for their uptake in electric systems. The basic fuel cells’ operating principle has been known for 150 years. However, a variety of technical and financial problems had kept them on the margins of technological applications (Brandon & Hart, 1999). The basic difference between a fuel cell and batteries is that while batteries store energy, fuel cells directly convert a fuel’s chemical energy into electricity by an electrochemical reaction (i.e. Without requiring combustion or movement ...

The function of golli-MBP is less understood than that of the classic MBP. However, golli-MBP is believed to play an important role in various physiological activities such as the regulation of calcium (Ca) homeostasis especially in oligodendrocytes (OLs) and in T-cells ( Paez et al., 2007). The latter authors investigated this particular property of golli-MBP using fluorescent protein clones, cell lines and imaging techniques. It was revealed that when overexpressed in OL cell lines (N19), the golli proteins activate the elaboration of processes and sheets which retract rapidly following a depolarization with high potassium ions (K+). Simultaneously, a substantial augmentation ...

The current growing dependence on electric infrastructure accompanied by a rapid change in generation side as well as demand-side technology ensures a reconsideration of the mandatory design principles as well as the operational concept of the grid (Kok and Steve 38). In its current state, the grid is accompanied by central generation connected with high voltage transmissions and one-way power flows along distribution feeders, providing electricity that meets transportation and the need for additional personalized energy options hence creating the need for more resilient as well as modular design and agile operational impression. The dramatic decrease in prices of ...

1. 2. A. Yes, there is an electric field inside the box. Electric fields exist as a consequence of a charge body, and electric field is present at a point even if there is no charge at that point of space as long as there are nearby charged bodies.

F=8.988 ×109 N∙m2C22 C×0.01 C3 m2 F=1.9973 ×107 N C.E=kq1r2 E=8.988 ×109 N∙m2C22 C3 m2 E=1.9973 ×109 NC 3. A. The direction of the force would be downwards, or pointing towards the negatively charged plate. B. C.E=FC E=9×10-6 N-3 ×10-9 C=-3×103 NC D.Vab=Ed Vab=-3×103 ...

Introduction

For centuries they have been tormented, tortured and isolated, considered as outcast of the society. Witches, sorcerers, shamans or magical doctors have been misunderstood and burned at the steak for heresy, because their practices overpassed the human understanding. Through a combination of herbal mixes or psychedelic substances plus a thorough understanding of the human mind, the magical methods of these traditional practices have been analyzed across centuries (Haule 17). While in the modern societies the conventional science, medicine or human psychology are largely preferred, discoveries show that shamanic, witchery, sorcery or magical practices have pragmatic basis and scientific value ( ...

Electrical power in New Zealand is generated majorly from renewable energy sources such as wind, geothermal and hydropower. Renewable energy sources contribute 75% of the total power generated in the country. As a result, New Zealand has one of the greenest energy infrastructures in the world. Energy demand in the country has been steadily rising by an annual margin of 2.1% from 1974 to 2010. However, energy demand fell by a margin of 1.2% in the period spanning from 2010 to 2013. New Zealand is above average in global energy intensity ratings. However, it has also been ranked among ...

Implications of Erecting Additional Transmission Lines

Introduction Auckland is one of the regions in New Zealand. Auckland does not have many power generation sites like the other regions in New Zealand. However, the demand characteristics for Auckland are still high and are projected to increase due to population growth and economic development. Given that many of the energy production sites have been developed and the development of the remaining sites faces opposition from environmental groups, the viable options for easing the supply issues in Auckland include the development of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy, the optimization of the current transmission network ...

Introduction

Taking measurements may require the conversion of the measured quantity to electrical quantity. Transducers are devices or elements that perform this function by transforming physical quantities such as quantities like sound, light, or temperature into electrical signals like current, voltage, or capacity. Transducers consist of inputs, sensing elements, transduction elements, signal processing, and electrical outputs. The inputs known as the measurands are the quantities, states, or properties that are to be translated into electrical outputs. The sensing elements accurately measure these input energies and sends the information to the transduction elements to be transformed into the desired form. The ...

Introduction:

Kansas State University is one of the strongest universities in the Mid-West. It has a beautiful campus filled with many green trees and breathtaking views. However, when it turns dark the campus’s unique features are changed into dangerously dark corners, and hard to navigate dim sidewalks. The reality is that the lighting infrastructure used on the campus has not been adequately updated to reflect the campus’s growth, the increase in on-campus activity after dark, or the changes in society that demand light in order to ensure safety. I, therefore, propose that the campus needs to double the ...

Introduction

A refrigerator is an electrical device used in temperature maintenance below ambient temperatures. To achieve this function, the refrigerator should be able to create a heat sink at cold room temperatures a temperature that should be lower than the ambient temperature while at the same time also rejecting heats having higher temperatures than the ambient temperatures. To achieve this refrigerant is forced to undergo evaporation at temperatures lower than the ambient temperature(Griffiths, 1937). When the refrigerant is compressed at high pressure and condensing temperatures above the ambient temperature results in the loss of heat and condensation back to ...

Polymers cells are the next-generation class of photovoltaic since they promise realization of light weights, mechanically flexible, larger area devices. The room temperature solution processing can be used in fabricating these devices. High-efficiency conversion power of about 10% has recently been obtained in tandem polymer cells (Huo et al., 2015). In single-junction, it’s achievable through lowering the density state to a level lower than the electron acceptor and the conduction band of the semi-conductor. Photovoltage is electromotive force obtained by a photosensitive material due to inducing radiant energy; photovoltaic relates electric current produced at a junction of two ...

Introduction

Power quality is an essential factor as far as performance of the electrical machines and equipment are concerned. Quality plays an integral role in ensuring reliability and satisfactory service by improving the transmission and distribution of electric power. In order to serve a huge section of the world with electrical power, quality is paramount in order to reduce losses during transmission and distribution. IEEE defines power quality as the deviation of current and voltage from the ideal to the actual realization. It factors in the concept of ensuring high standard powering and grounding of the electrical equipment for the ...

Signal filtering is one of the most fundamental practices in signal processing. The filters are widely incorporated in the signal processing circuits due to their indomitable role in data acquisition and also to get rid of all the unnecessary signals and frequencies which interfere with the quality of the main signal. These unwanted signals are commonly referred to as noises. Once the signal has been filtered, they are then processed as either analog or digital depending on the signals application. Some signals are however weak and thus require an amplification circuit so that the filtering circuits can be consistent. ...

The invention of the scanning tunnelling microscope, in 1982 resulted in the emergence of a whole new category of microscopic techniques. All these techniques fall under the family of probe microscopy, which basically involves the interaction of a sample with the sharp tip of a probe at distances of the order of a few μm to a few nm. The atomic force microscope (AFM) is one such scanning probe microscope that builds an image that describes the surface topology of a sample based on the atomic forces of interaction between the tip of the probe and the sample surface. ...

Electricity still remains the most important energy source in the present world driven by information and communications. There are quite a number of energy sources but under two broad categories - renewable and non-renewable energy source. The non-renewable energy sources include coal, gas, crude oil etc. The renewable energy sources include solar energy, wind energy etc. Non-renewable energy sources are burnt and cannot be replenished but renewable sources are not diminished when they are used. One down side of non-renewable energy sources which have been widely used in the past centuries up till now is the air pollution they ...

Introduction

This experiment aims to examine the transient phase of a second order circuit. By definition, a second order circuit consists of circuit elements which are a resistor, an inductor and a capacitor connected either in series or parallel. The transient phase of the second order circuit used in this experiment was investigated by measuring the voltage across the capacitor and the resistor. The measured voltage will help determine whether the transient phase is; overdamped, critically damped or under-damped.

Equipment’s used in the Experiment

An oscilloscope, a function generator, resistors, an inductor and a capacitor. Procedure The voltage v(t) of the circuit 8.2 was ...

Introduction

The electricity industry is facing numerous challenges today including environmental pollution, increased demand, and aging infrastructure. Environmental issues are the primary concern of the power generation industry and have necessitated the inclusion of renewable energy sources in the generation of electricity. Renewable portfolio standard has set forth new requirements in the industry obligating electricity generation companies to generate a certain percentage of generated electricity to come from renewable sources. However, rapid integration of new energy sources on the old transmission and distribution infrastructure will cause quality, security and reliability challenges on the electric power supply. The good thing is ...

Synopsis

In this experiment, AC circuits, capacitors, and inductors are reviewed. Circuit analysis to cover sinusoidal signals is done. The experiment is drawn from lecture 5 and six learned on series and parallel configuration of RLC circuits, that is, Resistor –capacitor, RC; Resistor-inductor, RL; series Resistor-Inductor-Capacitor; RLC; and parallel RLC circuits.

Introduction

The three basic passive components, resistor, inductor, and capacitor have varied phase relationships when connected in a sinusoidal AC circuit. Analysis of a series RCL circuit is similar to dual series RL and RC circuit. Series RCL circuits are categorized as second order circuit because they have two energy ...

Surgical Anesthesia

Pharmacology and Indications Licocaine Licocaine is a type of medication used with an aim of numbing tissues and nerves within a given area of the body, which provides that anesthetic effect for the body. The most popular brand names for this particular drug are xylocaine and lignocaine. Some of the common effects associated with this particular medication include drowsiness, muscle twitching, nausea, and confusion (1). The severity of the side effects depends wholly on a patient’s reaction to the chemical composition of the drug. Regarding its mode of action, licocaine works by blocking the voltage-gated Na+ channels, which ...

Introduction

Energy is a key driver of any nation’s economy. The extent to which it contributes to the performance of all activities surrounding the human life is beyond measure. This is because energy contributes almost fully to the economic development of the economy. In its physical form, energy is classified either as renewable or non-renewable. Renewable energy forms the green energy that can be reused again and is less toxic to the environment. On the other hand, non-renewable energy is exploited once it’s used and mostly pollutes the environment. All this energy forms can be either used directly ...

REPORT NUMBER 3

PRACTICAL 3: LOGIC GATE CHARACTERISTICS The report presented is the sole work of the author. None of this report is plagiarised (in whole or part) from a fellow student's work, or from any un-referenced outside source. PRACTICAL 3: LOGIC GATE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:

INTRODUCTION: This experiment is about the hardware implementation and analysis of the operation of TTL and CMOS logic gates. The type of logic gate tested in this experiment is the inverter. The TTL inverter logic gate is the 74LS04 Hex Inverter; the CMOS inverter logic gate is the 74C04 Hex Inverter . In the analysis part, the TTL and ...

Introduction:

This is the ninth experiment in which we will be doing a few experiments that involve inductors and capacitors in order to gain a deeper insight into these elements. We will carry out a few experiments that concern open-close switch circuits and the first order circuit. We shall determine the R(internal) value for the inductors as well as the capacitors in the first order circuit.

Theory:

A capacitor is an element with two terminals that models a device that contains two plates capable of conduction, with the plates being separated by a material that is a non-conductor.

The relationship between voltage and current for a capacitor is-

Vc(t) ...

The objective of this experiment was to get acquainted and study galvanic cells, Nernst equation, and electrochemical reactions and determine the experimental value for the Ecell vs. log Q for Cu/Zn cell. Galvanic cells are the systems which can produce electric current due to reactions occurring in them. In our common understanding these cells are the batteries. In these cells, the processes of electron transfer and corresponding chemical reactions occur due to the difference in tendency of different substances to gain electrons. The galvanic cell typically consists of two half-cells and a junction between them which is often a ...

555timer

Introduction The 555 integrated circuit (chip) is used in a variety of timer and oscillator applications. A 555 timer is used to provide time delays and oscillations and as a flip-flop element. The device has additional terminals provided to trigger or resetting purpose (Nair, 2006). During the time delay operation mode, time is precisely controlled by an external resistor and capacitor. While working as an oscillator, the duty cycle and the frequency are accurately regulated by two external resistors and a capacitor (Brumbach, & Clade, 2003). 555 is triggered and reset on falling waveforms. A typical 555 timer IC is ...

Oscilloscopes and Graphing Multimeters

An oscilloscope is a visual voltmeter that shows a timer on voltage change. There can be different types of Oscilloscopes like analog, digital. Analog uses a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) screen to display the electrical signals. A digital Oscilloscope uses liquid crystal display and works through storing the incoming signals over a period, therefore, it is also known as a Digital Storage Oscilloscopes (DSO). The data in DSO is presented in a waveform by mapping all the data stored by the DSO. DSO can also be connected to an output device and help in the diagnosis of problems. DSO ...

PURPOSE

This experiment is about the isolation of the three harmonics that is included in a non-sinusoidal waveform. The non-sinusoidal waveform here is a square wave, and the harmonics being isolated are the fundamental, third, and fifth harmonics. The experimental amplitudes and frequencies will be compared to the theoretical computations.

EQUIPMENT

Oscilloscope Digital Multimeter Function Generator COMPONENTS 10 mH Inductor 10 kΩ Resistor

PROCEDURE AND RESULTS

Figure 1. RLC Circuit Diagram

PART A: Obtain the scaling factors

1) Build the circuit shown in Figure 1. Throughout the experiment, connect the input voltage to channel 1 of the oscilloscope. This input voltage is used as a trigger source for the oscilloscope. ...

Abstract

This paper analyzes the importance of generator synchronization to the power grid, the required conditions to perform this procedure and the consequences of imprecise synchronization. For a generator to be synchronized to a grid, the voltage magnitude, frequency, phase sequence and phase angle must match. Manual synchronization depends on an operator to modify generator voltage and frequency, confirm phase sequences of generator and grid, and monitor phase angle difference to timely initiate breaker closure. Automatic synchronizers perform all these function through a computerized system that consists of complex algorithms and control systems, and are categorized in phase lock type ...

REPORT NUMBER 2

The report presented is the sole work of the author.  None of this report is plagiarized (in whole or part) from a fellow student's work, or from any un-referenced outside source.

AIM:

The purpose of this experiment is to: Investigate the voltage switch over the points required for logic high or low levels. Prove experimentally different Boolean laws and logic theorems. Use different logic laws and theorems, to simply a combinatorial logic circuit. INTRODUCTION: This level detector circuit is based upon a LM311 Digital Comparator. This digital comparator is a device that produces an output level, either high or low ...

Abstract

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) are a type of motors that have permanent magnets mounted on the rotors instead of the rotor windings. This particular design gives the motor a few advantages over ordinary induction synchronous motors. The magnets attached to the rotor do not require excitation, which reduces the power consumption in PMSM. This gives the motor high operational efficiency and reduces the motor active diameter. PMSM are therefore associated with applications that require high torque but have limited operation space. The permanent magnets suffer from flux leakage and are therefore aligned in a pattern that minimizes flux ...

ABSTRACT

Pilot uniforms, particularly in the commercial airline industry, conveys professionalism, competence, and experience. However, historically, uniforms started as a component of safety in aviation, which relied not just in their protective functions but as well in their capability to protect combat pilots from the natural elements of extreme heat and cold, particularly during the era of open cockpits. Protective flight clothing has evolved significantly through decades and even centuries. The sophisticated development in protected flight clothing, however, failed to influence adaption in the civil air transport industry. Using grounded theory through archival literature analysis, the Capstone Project revealed advantages ...

Investigation of Solar cells

Introduction Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, rely on the photoelectric effect to convert the solar radiation into electric energy. Photoelectric effect refers to the tendency of materials to emit electrons when light is shown on them. The electrons dislodged from the surface of an object as a result of light being shown on the surface of such materials are referred to as photoelectrons. Not all materials exhibit the ability to emit electrons when placed along the path of light. Most with the ability to emit electrons are metals. Silicon is a key ingredient of a solar cell. ...

Introduction

The Wide-Band Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) is a third generation handset system that achieves high data transmission by utilizing a wider spectrum frequency. Issues that arise in handsets such as a low spectral growth and maintenance of modulation accuracy require a low adjacent channel leakage power ratio (ACLR) especially in the case of the W-CDMA handset systems. High linearization in the portable W-CDMA systems can be improved by increasing the gain compression point that creates the AM-AM distortion. As such this can be achieved by using an on-chip linearizer. A new on-chip active bias circuit can be used ...

Abstract

In this article, a new bias current regulation circuit of a one-stage bipolar and Filed Effect Transistor amp is described. How the FET achieves high precision and simplicity by means of a combination of feedback error amplifier with a bandgap reference is explained.

Introduction

Regulating current through active devices sets the output level in a drive circuit. Figure 1. Below shows typical application of these active devices. Qo I used as a FET rather than a BJT. In a limiting amp, the Qo acts as a switch and the output signal level is proportional to the bias current. The gain ...

Introduction

Over time, the growth of a city of a locality leads to the increase in the demand for electricity. The growth in population and the commercial activity puts pressure on the national grid. Without commensurate investments in the generation of power, the increase in demand results in shortages. To supplement the shortage of electricity in the region, more power can be brought in from the generation sources. However, this is complicated if the power generation plants are located far away. This is because more high voltage overhead transmission lines would be required. The Ministry for the Environment (2010) finds ...

Background information

The need for clean water for use by humanity has since time immemorial been an area of concern with scientists and scholars inventing methods that prove to be more efficient than their predecessors. The ultimate goal has always been the removal of undesirable chemicals and pathogens that would, however, render the water unfit for human and industrial consumption. In today’s contemporary society, human activity has culminated into pollution of the natural environment including water catchment areas. This has therefore made water unfit for consumption thereby prompting for more cost-effective and efficient methods for purification of this natural resource. ...

PURPOSE

Design an active second order Low-pass filter and characterize its frequency response.EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS Oscilloscope Power Supply Function Generator UA741 or LM741 OP AMP 4.7 nF Capacitors

Resistors

PRELAB 1. The RC circuit is shown in the following figure. Node Voltage Analysis is done in order to generate a transfer function Tvs=V2sV1s. In the circuit, voltage at node A is also the input voltage (V1=VA), and voltage at node D is also the output voltage (V2=VD).

KCL at node B:

V1-VBR1=VB-V21/sC1+VB-VCR2 (1)

KCL at node C:

VB-VCR2=VC1/sC2 (2) V2=uVC→VC=V2u (3)

Simplifying (2):

VB=VC1+sR2C2 (4)

Then, substituting (3) to (4):

VB=V2u1+sR2C2 (5)

Substituting (3) and (5) to (1):

V1-V2u1+sR2C2R1=V2u1+sR2C2-V21sC1+V2u1+sR2C2-V2uR2 V1-V2u1+sR2C2R1=V2u1-u+sR2C21sC1+V2usR2C2R2 V1-V2u1+ ...

Role of GIS in Promoting a More Sustainable Future in Energy: A case study of theStädteregion Aachen in Germany In the last decades, the world has experienced unprecedented population growth. Populations in the cities have doubled up with more than 74% of the country’s population live inside urban centres in developed countries. In developing countries, approximately 44% of the population are living in urban settings. With the influx of people in urban areas, there has been an increase in the consumption of energy. With increased use of fossil fuel, there has been constant pollution by gases like ...

Biography

Nikola Tesla was born on July 10, 1856 in Smiljan, Croatia, as a fourth child to parents Milutin Tesla and Djuka Mandic. His father was a Serbian Orthodox Priest while his mother was an inventor of household appliances. Although pressured by his father to join the priesthood, Tesla was mostly interested in sciences. His calling was towards electrical engineering, for which he studied at the Polytechnic Institute in Graz, Austria, the Realschule, Karlstadt and the University of Prague. Tesla moved to Budapest and began his career working with a telephone company in 1881 and it was during this time ...

Summary

The neural network controls physical activities. Recently scientists have found out that the neural network can be observed to show different levels of activation depending on an organism’s mental activity. Scientists have gone further to devise actual methods that detect brain activity in particular instances. The brain and the neural network never stop working; however, certain tasks cause the brain and the neural network to work faster, harder and more intensely (Garcia). These unique activities usually register or appear as spikes or dips in the never-ending sequence of brain activity. Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicators (GEVIs) are a promising ...

Introduction

Numerous electrical applications require an inverter, which converts Direct Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC) power. Some of these applications require the stepping down of voltage levels when realizing this conversion, which signifies that the input DC power is greater than the AC power. Conversely, certain applications require the opposite: to step up voltage when performing the power conversion, which means that the input DC power is lower than the AC power. These requirements can be met through the use of Voltage Source Inverters and Current Source Inverters, respectively. However, some particular applications require to step down voltage for ...

Objective:

This experiment is about the implementation and testing of low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass filters. The frequency response of each filter is analyzed using Bode plots. The properties of passive devices will be used to explain the response.

Equipment List:

EQUIPMENT Oscilloscope 2 Function Generators

COMPONENTS

1µF Capacitors 1 kΩ Resistors

Relevant Theory/Background Information:

A low-pass filter is a filter that allows frequencies below a cut-off frequency while filtering out frequencies above this cut-off frequency. For a simple series RC circuit, a low-pass filter can be created by connecting the input signal to the resistor and taking the output from the capacitor. The cut-off frequency ...

Solving Social Problems: Solar Energy in Rural India

The developing world grapples with the lack of access to electricity. Third world countries have poor electrical infrastructure which is still in the nascent stages of development. As a result, majority of people, especially those living in rural areas, have no access to electricity. The reach of the electrical grid in countries is limited to towns, and the poor who have access to electrical power supply suffer frequent and prolonged power blackouts. As a result, people in such countries result to unclean and unhealthy means of lighting, such as kerosene and diesel generators. The kerosene lamps cause respiratory problems ...

Simply put, a three phase electric power transmission is a means of transmitting electric power using three wires. Transmission of an ac (alternating current) relies on this bit of technology. Also a type of polyphone system, it is the most widespread means used by electric power distribution grids all over the world to distribute power.

This method of power transmission was introduced by Nikola Tesla in between 1887 and 1888. The workings of this system are quite easy to grasp. There are three circuit conductors which carry three alternating currents that are of the same frequency and which also reach their immediate ...