Essays on Waveform

ENGINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Introduction This study evaluates the operating principles of vehicle fuel systems, vehicle ignition systems and pressure charging of engines. The report attempts to evaluate the operating features of actuators and sensors used in the ignition systems and engine management system of vehicles. It also analyzes the types of pressure charging systems, its shortfalls and how it affects the enhanced power of the engine. The secondary sources which form the bulk of this report are primarily research from various sources. The paragraphs below look into the sensors and actuators and the pressure charging systems.

Sensors and Actuators

Types of Sensors and function The ...

Tele-Medicine in a Satellite Facility

Telemedicine is an old concept but new technology that enables a healthcare provider at one location to provide basic healthcare services such as diagnosis, intra-operative assistance, and medical consultation to patients, physicians or paramedical staff in a satellite or remote facility. Most researchers and scientist believe that there is no substitute for patient-doctor face to face interaction; however, telemedicine could be used to manage a few medical cases efficiently and remotely. In first prototype of telemedicine was introduced in the 1980’s in the form of slow-scan images, facsimile machine or telephone (Hsieh, & Hsu, 2012).The mode of communications ...

Introduction

This experiment aims to examine the transient phase of a second order circuit. By definition, a second order circuit consists of circuit elements which are a resistor, an inductor and a capacitor connected either in series or parallel. The transient phase of the second order circuit used in this experiment was investigated by measuring the voltage across the capacitor and the resistor. The measured voltage will help determine whether the transient phase is; overdamped, critically damped or under-damped.

Equipment’s used in the Experiment

An oscilloscope, a function generator, resistors, an inductor and a capacitor. Procedure The voltage v(t) of the circuit 8.2 was ...

REPORT NUMBER 3

PRACTICAL 3: LOGIC GATE CHARACTERISTICS The report presented is the sole work of the author. None of this report is plagiarised (in whole or part) from a fellow student's work, or from any un-referenced outside source. PRACTICAL 3: LOGIC GATE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:

INTRODUCTION: This experiment is about the hardware implementation and analysis of the operation of TTL and CMOS logic gates. The type of logic gate tested in this experiment is the inverter. The TTL inverter logic gate is the 74LS04 Hex Inverter; the CMOS inverter logic gate is the 74C04 Hex Inverter . In the analysis part, the TTL and ...

Introduction:

This is the ninth experiment in which we will be doing a few experiments that involve inductors and capacitors in order to gain a deeper insight into these elements. We will carry out a few experiments that concern open-close switch circuits and the first order circuit. We shall determine the R(internal) value for the inductors as well as the capacitors in the first order circuit.

Theory:

A capacitor is an element with two terminals that models a device that contains two plates capable of conduction, with the plates being separated by a material that is a non-conductor.

The relationship between voltage and current for a capacitor is-

Vc(t) ...

Oscilloscopes and Graphing Multimeters

An oscilloscope is a visual voltmeter that shows a timer on voltage change. There can be different types of Oscilloscopes like analog, digital. Analog uses a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) screen to display the electrical signals. A digital Oscilloscope uses liquid crystal display and works through storing the incoming signals over a period, therefore, it is also known as a Digital Storage Oscilloscopes (DSO). The data in DSO is presented in a waveform by mapping all the data stored by the DSO. DSO can also be connected to an output device and help in the diagnosis of problems. DSO ...

PURPOSE

This experiment is about the isolation of the three harmonics that is included in a non-sinusoidal waveform. The non-sinusoidal waveform here is a square wave, and the harmonics being isolated are the fundamental, third, and fifth harmonics. The experimental amplitudes and frequencies will be compared to the theoretical computations.

EQUIPMENT

Oscilloscope Digital Multimeter Function Generator COMPONENTS 10 mH Inductor 10 kΩ Resistor

PROCEDURE AND RESULTS

Figure 1. RLC Circuit Diagram

PART A: Obtain the scaling factors

1) Build the circuit shown in Figure 1. Throughout the experiment, connect the input voltage to channel 1 of the oscilloscope. This input voltage is used as a trigger source for the oscilloscope. ...

Aims

Studying the vibrational modes of organ pipes Introduction Sound is a vibration that arises from a mechanical wave of pressure and displacement, through a medium like air or water (Berg and Stock, 23). The reception and perception of these waves by the brain is referred to as sound. On the other hand, acoustics deals with the study of these mechanical waves in matter (pg. 40). In this experiment, the organ pipe is the main target of discussion. This is a sound producing wind instrument that resonates at a specific pitch when pressurized air is driven through it. A complete ...

Introduction

Advanced electronics labs use both oscilloscopes and function generators. A function generator produces signals that provide a specifiable voltage applied over a particular time, such as sine wave or triangular wave signal. Signals generated by the device are used to control other devices to, for instance, vary magnetic field, send radioactive source back and forth, or act as a timing signal. An oscilloscope is used as a signal analyzer: they show the picture of the signal usually in the form of voltage versus time. The experimenter learns about the amplitude, frequency, and the shape of the signal. The tow ...

Abstract

Z-source inverter refers to a DC-AC converter that is unique in various ways. It consists of a companion of the regular voltage source inverter and Z-source impedance that acts as Buck-Boost converter. The DC-DC boosting leads to the Z-source having the buck-boost converter properties, rather than having two separate devices. In this design, the system is simplified by having one device that can do both the DC-DC boosting and DC-AC conversion. It also has the voltage source properties. The Z-source is said to be a three-phase inverter. In this design, an SPWM technique will be used to control the ...

Introduction 5

Background Information 5 RC circuit 6 RL Circuit. 6 Objectives 8 Experimental Procedure. 8 Experiment 1: The Capacitive Circuit (RC Circuit) 9 Step response. 9 Sinusoidal Response. 11 Experiment 2: The RLC circuit 12 Step response 14 Sinusoidal Response 16 Conclusion 18

Bibliography 19

This is an experiment up that shows the electrical response of different types of built circuits. Three different circuits consisting of different components which are capacitors, inductors and resistors are made. All the components are connected in series. The two types of circuits under investigation are listed below. Resistor-capacitor circuit. Resistor-capacitor-inductor circuit. Background Information The lab manual ...

White noise entails a sound frequency that a person can hear in the form of a gentle hiss (Proakis, 2013). In essence, white noise resembles the sound heard from an ocean surf, waterfall, radio static or wind rustling through vegetation or trees. White noise affects the signal because of the electron activity, which occurs in a given medium. More specifically, the electron activity tends to increase with an increasing temperature, and this raises the noise. Too much white noise often makes it cumbersome to interpret a signal and can sometimes lead to loss of a signal.

What Is Impulse Noise And Why Is The Most Disruptive?

According to White (2013), impulse noise entails the common ...

According to the University of Rhode Island (URI, 2014), time series graphs compare the variable under observation on the vertical (Y) axis against time on the horizontal (X) axis. Cycles reveal the trend of the collected data over time through plotting points on the graph which in turn produces the highs (peaks) and lows (troughs). The cycles reveal the variations in performance. When a scientist plots two lines (waveforms) on the same graph, the two waveforms provide a graphical comparison of performance between two subjects under observation. 1) When peaks and troughs align, does this mean the data is more ...

What is CVSA?

Computerized Voice Stress Analyzer (CVSA) is a lie detection software program that is designed to measure the changes in a subject’s voice patterns caused by physical efforts or stress as he tries to hide deceptive responses when speaking during an investigative interview. The CVSA program is among lie detection technologies that purport to work by analyzing voice stresses (Damphousse, 2014). During testing process, a subject will be speaking as the microphone plugged into the computer taps his voice patterns for analysis. When the subject speaks, frequencies of his voice patterns will form dynamic graphs on the computer screen. They are these ...

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ABSTRACT The RLC resonance in a circuit is a circuit in which the arrangements follow or consist of a resistor, inductor and capacitor. This lap report is not a confined order. It can take a different order, i.e. an inductor, a resistor and a capacitor thus LRC. This arrangement can be connected in series or parallel depending on the topic in question. In this circuit, RLC circuit resonance, form a harmonic oscillation for current in seen in the cathode ray tube, oscilloscope. This laboratory work or experiment tries to determine the behavior of an RLC resonance circuit in terms of the resonance frequency as displayed in ...

Part 1 Analyzing a Simple RC Circuit

1-2. A snapshot of the circuit built in Multisim is shown in the following figure: 3-6. The function generator’s output is set to the following: sine wave, frequency of 1 kHz, and amplitude VPK = 5 volts. Then, an oscilloscope is added to measure the input and the output voltages. The circuit in Multisim is shown in the following circuit diagram:

Upon running the simulation and adjusting the oscilloscope settings, the following output waveform is displayed in the oscilloscope interface:

7-11. The oscilloscope cursors are adjusted such that the time difference between the two traces are measured. This is done by setting the first cursor to the maximum of the first waveform, and then setting the second ...

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TA’s Name: ABSTRACT In an LRC circuit where a resistor, capacitor and inductor are connected in series is an example of a resonant circuit. Such a circuit can be tuned in order to achieve resonance. At resonance the phase angle of the input voltage in the circuit is zero. When an AC input voltage is applied to such a circuit the phase angle will be affected since the impedance of the capacitor and inductor are dependent on the frequency of the input voltage. For this experiment the phase difference between voltage and current for components in a series LRC resonant circuit. ...

ABSTRACT

In the vibrating beam experiment, an aluminum cantilever beam was made to vibrate. An accelerometer transducer was used to convert the mechanical vibrations into a signal that was fed into an oscilloscope via a power supply. The oscilloscope mapped the signal into a sine curve and displayed it on the screen. The oscillations’ decay curve was studied and the beam’s damping ratio was determined. The decay curve’s logarithmic decrement was used to determine the beam’s damping ratio and its natural frequency. The beam’s damping ratio was observed to be underdamped at a damping ratio of 0.0066.

LIST OF SYMBOLS

E ...

***Your Name*** ***Institution***

Abstract 3

Introduction 4 Problem 1 4 Problem 2 6 Problem 3 7 Problem 4 9 Problem 5 12 Discussion 13 Conclusion 14

References 15

Appendix 17 Abstract Noisy audio signals are relatively common and unavoidable. An important task of digital signal processing is to tackle this problem, so as to produce an almost, if not noiseless audio signal. One way of doing this is to use Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters. Here we present our findings on different FIR filters, and their effects on an audio signal provided in ...

Lab Report

Objective: To explore the characteristics of three single-phase transformers in a three-phase configuration. Figure 1: Lab 1, Diagram. - Star- Star (Y-Y) Connection In star- star or Y-Y connection, each phase is 120° out of period with the extra two periods. In the same way, each secondary winding is 120° out of phase with the other two phases. Every primary winding is magnetically connected with secondary winding using the common leg. When talking about primary to secondary phases we will see that there is no phase difference in primary-secondary connections. It simplifies that both, primary and derived ...

This experiment explores the functionalities of the oscilloscope. In part 1, the oscilloscope is used to display a DC signal and an AC signal, and to measure the frequency of an AC signal. In part 2, the oscilloscope is used to display the exponential response of an RC circuit, and to estimate the time constant τ using the displayed signal. The results of the experiment are presented in this laboratory report. 1. Oscilloscope The oscilloscope is a device that measures electrical waveforms at any point in an electrical circuit. The waveforms are normally displayed graphically in a voltage versus time format, ...

Telecommunications and system networking are important in Major Corporation and business; this is because telecommunications technology is the basis for a digitalized economy where commerce is done electronically (Stallings, 2004). A present-day business networking banks has dependency on both public and private facilities to harbor the flow of information across various technological platforms. The platforms include local area network, wired telephone, mobile cellular gadgets, video conferencing system, intranet, internet, extranet, wireless network and corporate web site (Lenert, 1998).. All this systems above relies on the client to server computing, internet protocol (IP) or transmission control protocol (TCP) and packet ...

Introduction

In all moving parts of a machine, bearing failure forms one of the major causes of industrial breakdown for machines rotating at high or low speeds. The following paper provides a comparative analysis son the application of acoustic emission (EA) technique for condition monitoring of bearing element. The use of advanced signal processing and pattern recognition approach was established to monitor bearings conditions through automatic detection and diagnosis of localized defects in bearings. A short-time signal processing technique extracts two normalized and dimensionless features that establish linear discriminant functions used to detect defects on rollers of bearings and the outer race ( ...

3. What is the volts/div setting and the time/div setting after using auto scale? Answer: Volt/div setting= 1V, time/div= 2 µs 5. What is the new time/div setting? Answer= 1,340µs

Answer: Vpp = 4.71V Vp= 2.25 V, Frequency= 1/T =1/1340 = 0.75 kHz 7. t= 740 µs, Freq= 1/T =(1/740 µs) = 1.6 kHz 8. Vp=4.761V

Calculations

Percentage diff for Vpp (V) = (Vpp2-Vpp1)/Vpp1 = (4.76-4.71)/4.76 = (0.05/4.76) x 100 = 1.05% Percentage diff for time (µs) = (t1-t2)/t2 = (1340 – 740)/740 = (600/1340) x 100 = 44.78% Percentage diff for frequency (kHz) = (f2-f1)/f1 = (1.6 – 0.75)/1.6 = ...

Introduction

Signals that are periodic can be represented in time and frequency. In any analysis there are major signals which are used; these signals include sine, triangle and square. Additional signals can be derived from the three main signals. There is an important component in signal technology, the low pass filter. This is an electronic gadget that used in the filtering process of the signals. The filtering process is undertaken by allowing all the frequency components that come below the cut-off frequency to go through the circuit while all other frequencies that are above cut-off frequency will be bypassed. Noise ...