Essays on Circuit

ORIGINAL

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) remains the key technology for more complex cardiac operations. Despite tremendous progress since its introduction into clinical practice, CPB is still far from perfect and hence continuous efforts to study and improve hemocompatibilityof both conduct and components of CPB are crucial. The problem is cardiac surgery in conjunction with cardiopulmonary bypass in its current form restricts the patient to exit the hospital in 5-7 days. We know that conventional standard bypass triggers the release of inflammatory mediator which elongates patient’s length of stay. The Pinnacle System tricks red blood cells, platelets, proteins and ...

1.1 Introduction
In typical industrial applications, the machines and equipment involved require high electrical ratings, like high voltages and high currents. Different machineries have varying voltage and current ratings. These ratings should be followed in order that the equipment operates properly whenever needed. However, undesirable conditions, like voltages and currents above the prescribed ratings (usually called as faults), are not totally unavoidable. In these conditions, damages on the machinery might occur which can cause production issues and problems, and may even be hazardous to humans. These conditions can be avoided by integrating protective circuitry within the electrical systems.
Two ...

Lab Report

Objective: To explore the characteristics of three single-phase transformers in a three-phase configuration.
Figure 1: Lab 1, Diagram.
- Star- Star (Y-Y) Connection
In star- star or Y-Y connection, each phase is 120° out of period with the extra two periods. In the same way, each secondary winding is 120° out of phase with the other two phases. Every primary winding is magnetically connected with secondary winding using the common leg. When talking about primary to secondary phases we will see that there is no phase difference in primary-secondary connections. It simplifies that both, primary and derived are in-phase ...

ARITHMETIC CIRCUITS AND COMPARATORS

ELEC201
Digital Electronics
Partner Name:
Excelsior College
Objectives
This experiment seeks to:
- Examine how addition and subtraction are performed by the use of logic gates.
- Examine how binary numbers are compared using logic gates.
- Understand the working principle of comparators.

Introduction

It is possible to implement binary arithmetic in hardware through the direct application of basic logic gates. This is through the manipulation of binary numbers using simple gates such as the AND and OR gates, for example, the AND gate can be used to realize a multiplication operation in the simplest form. On the hand, OR ...

- Linear and Non-linear devices
A linear electrical component is an electrical element that has a linear relationship between current and voltage in a circuit. Examples include resistors, capacitors and inductors.
Non-linear electrical elements do not have a linear relationship between the current and voltage. An example is a diode where the current is a non-linear function of the voltage.
The load line analysis is a graphical analysis of the characteristics of non-linear electronic circuits to show the constraints that is placed on the non-linear devices by the rest of the circuit.
Using a simple diode (a non-linear electronic device) ...

Abstract

The effort that the has been put in the field of complex computation has been brought a lot of changes. The issue of proving or disapproving whether a set of binomially verifiable problems is equal to a set of bounded problems. The paper gives a detailed overview of the myth surrounding the quantum complexity and the implication that has brought to the world of quantum physics. To better understand the concept, it is crucial to introduce a Turing machine which is based on the quantum mechanical concept. In addition, the relationship between quantum oracle and Turing machine is exploded. ...

Lab Report (Kirchhoff’s Laws)

Introduction
This lab experiment was intended to learn and apply Kirchhoff’s Rules in calculating the current and voltages in a circuit. To achieve this, a circuit is built consisting of resistors that are in parallel and series which will aid to test the different aspects of Kirchhoff’s Rule.

The simplest circuit is that which can be reduced to an equivalent circuit having a single resistance

and a single voltage source. Many circuits are not simple and require the use of Kirchhoff’s

Laws to determine voltage, current, or resistance.

Objectives:
forecast by Kirchhoff’s Laws.

Theory:

A junction is a point in a circuit where more than three wires join or where a current gets divided.
A loop is a path which ...

Module 6

Study of Sequential Sequence Detectors
ELEC201
Digital Electronics
Partner Name:
Introduction
Circuits whose state transitions are controlled by a clock pulse are called synchronous sequential circuits. Other circuits whose state transitions are not controlled by a clock signal are called asynchronous circuits. This lab aims at equipping students with knowledge on synchronous sequential machines.
These are machines designed to solve a problem, which requires the output, to be some specific value after a given sequence of input values has been observed. This problem led to the development of two types of machines in the mid-1950s. These machines are Mealy ...

Group Number:

ABSTRACT
The RLC resonance in a circuit is a circuit in which the arrangements follow or consist of a resistor, inductor and capacitor. This lap report is not a confined order. It can take a different order, i.e. an inductor, a resistor and a capacitor thus LRC. This arrangement can be connected in series or parallel depending on the topic in question. In this circuit, RLC circuit resonance, form a harmonic oscillation for current in seen in the cathode ray tube, oscilloscope. This laboratory work or experiment tries to determine the behavior of an RLC resonance circuit in terms ...

Introduction

Exercise or training occurs as one of the most comprehensive factors that enhance the performance of athletes across various settings all around the globe. As such, there exists various resistance training methods that have been devised by sports professionals of various cadres. Speaking of resistance training methods, these connotes to exercises that are streamlined to assure that an athlete can endure prolonged periods of athletics performance (s). While much has been hypothesized regarding the various resistance training methods that have been devised for use in coaching of athletes, it is of immense significance to note that every athlete has ...

Abstract

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are one of the next generation’s renewable energy sources for our world energy demand. PV modules are highly reliable. However, in polluted environments, over time, they will collect grime and dust. There are also limited field data studies about soiling losses on PV modules. The study showed how important it is to investigate the effect of tilt angle on soiling. ...

Abstract

The main aim of performing this experiment was to study the behaviour of the voltage across a capacitor as it charge and discharge through a known resistor. From the experiment, it was seen that charge/ discharge of a capacitor follows an exponential function. We also studied about the time constant RC of the circuit.

Introduction

We carried out a lab experiment on an RC circuit recorded and calculated the results so as to determine the time constant. We found out that as capacitance decreases, time constant also decreases and increase in resistance lead to increase in time constant

Objective

Investigating the ...

Report: The Federal Court System

Introduction
As well as research on the history and evolution of the U.S. Federal Court system, and the various responsibilities of the courts and their jurisdictions and functions, this report also researches the basic organizational principles of the courts and the responsibilities of the various associated agencies affiliated with those courts.

The Research

History and Evolution of the Courts.
As described in “History of the Federal Judiciary” (n.d.), the American courts system originated in 1789, following what was just an outline of a courts system in Article III of the U.S Constitution as drafted in 1787. Then in September 1789, the ...

Group Number:

TA’s Name:
ABSTRACT
In an LRC circuit where a resistor, capacitor and inductor are connected in series is an example of a resonant circuit. Such a circuit can be tuned in order to achieve resonance. At resonance the phase angle of the input voltage in the circuit is zero. When an AC input voltage is applied to such a circuit the phase angle will be affected since the impedance of the capacitor and inductor are dependent on the frequency of the input voltage. For this experiment the phase difference between voltage and current for components in a series ...

[Date (May 26, 2013)]

Objective
Theory overview
A resonant circuit which is in series consists of a capacitor, a resistor and an indicator connected in a loop. At some frequency the inductive and capacitive reactances magnitudes becomes equal and since they are opposite each other they effectively cancel each other. This makes the circuit to be purely resistive as it only ‘sees’ the resistor. Therefore at the resonance frequency the current becomes maximum. At any lower or higher frequency, the net difference between XC and XL should be summed with the value of the resistor; this produces higher impedance ...

This paper seeks to determine the reasons why integrated circuit boards are preferred than individual control components especially in HVAC components. The integrated circuit can be defined as a piece of microscopic array of electronic components that have been integrated on the surface of a crystal semiconductor material such as silicon. Integrated circuits are usually referred as chips or ICs. The term integrated is used because it contains more components, circuits and base materials are put together to make a single piece of material. The components in an IC may be single or multiple transistors, resistors, diodes or capacitors.
...

Introduction

The British Grand Prix is an annual racing event held at the Silverstone Circuit, England and which is part of the Formula One World Championship. The event is widely renowned for being the first F1 race ever upon the introduction of the F1Championship in 1950. Governed by the International Automobile Federation (FIA) under the F1 World Championship, the British GP has had a wide range of economic, social, and cultural implications on England (BBC, 2013). This paper reflects on the history of the event as well as the contributions it has made not only to England but also to ...

- Introduction
The dc circuit theories of Norton and Thevenin are investigated in this practical. The Thevenin theorem states that any network of resistors and sources (voltage and current) when viewed from any two points in a network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit of a single resistance (Thevenin Resistance) in series with a voltage source (Thevenin voltage). Similarly, Norton’s theorem is aimed at replacing the network of resistors and sources with an equivalent circuit of a constant current source in parallel with a resistance.
- Results

Experimental data

The Thevenin resistance of the circuit is calculated by replacing ...

Graph Theory Assignment

- The sum of the degrees of all vertices of the graph = (2x3) + (6x4) = 30
- The edges in this graph are: AC, AF, AD, AB, CF, CD, BD, BF, BE, DH, EG, EH, FG, FH and GH. Therefore the total number of edges = 15
- Relationship between the sum of degrees of vertices and the number of edges in the graph:
Sum of degrees of vertices = 2 (number of edges)
2)
- No. An Euler path does not exist for a graph with more than 2 odd vertices, by Euler’s Theorem. The explanation is as follows: Assume ...

MULTIPLEXERS AND DEMUMULTIPLEXERS

ELEC201
Digital Electronics
Partner Name:
Objectives
The objectives of this lab include:
Introduction
A multiplexer is a crucial digital circuit that is capable of selecting a single digital signal out of a set or group of signal at its input and passes that signal to its output. It functions as a more as a rotary switch that switches connects one input to the output at a time. On the other hand, the multiplexer does the exact opposite function; it passes multiple digital signal inputs through one of a set or group of outputs. Through multiplexers, several signals can be ...

TA: Your TA's name

Partner: Your partner's name
Thevenin and Norton Circuit Theory
Introduction
This experiment is aimed at putting to practice the Thevenin and Norton theories of dc resistor networks. These theories provide for techniques that make circuit analysis easier. In order to achieve this, a network of resistors connected to active sources is reduced to a single resistance which is connected in series with the voltage source. The single resistance is the Thevenin resistance of the network while the voltage source is the Thevenin voltage of the network. Norton’s Theorem also helps us simplify circuit analysis by replacing the network ...

Grounding connection design

The two most important impacts of correct grounding layout are the following.
- The circuit has a zero voltage reference point, the ground. (Green, 2014, para. 1)
- The ground is critical for safety.
If a heater’s insulation wears out, then touching the metal of the heater gives a shock unless the heater has been grounded. The metal heater housing is where the conductor is installed. The conductor is then connected to a ground. The ground may be in the building or far away from the location of the heater. The ground can be a panel or an ...

The petitioner in this case, Sherry Burt, a Warden at a Michigan correctional facility moved to the Supreme Court challenging the decision of the United States Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals and seeking a writ of certiorari against the decision. The matters that came up for consideration at the Supreme Court involved weighty constitutional issues namely whether the Sixth Circuit gave an appropriate deference to the state trial court decision in Michigan as enshrined in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996. The second constitutional issue that was subject to determination by the court in this case ...

The Mobile Phone: Parts and Choice of Materials

The mobile phone is one of the greatest inventions of all time (Guthrie, 2008). It has revolutionized the way people communicate and perform their day to day activities. Cell phones allow remote communication with people in far-away places, including those in other continents. Initially, cell phones were only meant to people to call and send short messages in the form of SMSs. However, cell phones have now advanced and are being used for a wide variety of purposes including taking pictures and videos, listening to music, browsing the ...

Analysis of system diagram

Linear actuators favor movement of an object in an exact straight line. Now let us discuss about the system diagram of a simple molding machine. The simple machine has three linear actuators one being used for opening and closing of mould, the second being used for the barrel movement, the third for injecting polymers.
Fig1.1 represents the block diagram of a simple molding machine. As mentioned before, it has three linear actuators. The linear actuator1 as shown in fig1.1 controls the opening and closing of the mould. Once the mould is closed, the barrel can be moved forward or ...

INTRODUCTION

The protocols at the transport layer of the OSI reference model provides an end-to-end data delivery service for application processes to exchange messages over the Internet. Protocols operating in the Transport layer use the services of the Internet Protocol (IP) to deliver messages. Many protocols exist at his layer and one of the most important protocols at this layer is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) for the delivery of data between the Application Layer and the Internet Layer. The shortcoming of IP to guarantee the delivery of datagrams is overcome by TCP by setting up a virtual circuit between the ...

RE: Mr. and Mrs. Julio Zavala
I have reviewed the memo regarding the requests of Julio and Clara Zavala regarding their taxes. The couple is married. He has enough money at his disposal that he was able to quit his 9 to 5 job and travel extensively. Here is a summary of the four main tax issues according to the information you provided. The first issue to consider is whether or not Julio Zavala’s expenditures can be considered as tax deductions. These trips were combination of work objectives and leisure activities to entertain his potential clients who are ...

Line X

to the airplane’s engine

Each tank is fitted with a measuring gauge. Each tank is assigned a digital sensor which will be used to detect the fuel level in the tank.

SETUP SUMMARY

Floaters are used in the tanks. When the fuel level goes down, the floater moves down and then touches line X. line X is connected to an alarm. Once the floater touches line X, a circuit is closed hence the buzzer rings and an indicator is produced that the fuel level in a particular tank has fallen ...

Abstract

The voltage drop across sections of a circuit and the current can be determined using Kirchoff’s laws. For currents and voltages, the algebraic sum at any node should be zero. Using this basic principle, any circuit can be analyzed for current and voltage. This paper will present and experiment performed to validate Kirchoff’s laws. According to Thevenin, a complex circuit can be simplified into an equivalent circuit to obtain voltage and current. By Superposition theorem, effect of sources in a circuit can be considered singly and then summed up. It was determined that the laws are true.

Objective

...

Introduction

Signals that are periodic can be represented in time and frequency. In any analysis there are major signals which are used; these signals include sine, triangle and square. Additional signals can be derived from the three main signals. There is an important component in signal technology, the low pass filter. This is an electronic gadget that used in the filtering process of the signals. The filtering process is undertaken by allowing all the frequency components that come below the cut-off frequency to go through the circuit while all other frequencies that are above cut-off frequency will be bypassed. Noise ...

Differences and similarities of metropolitan area network and a wide area network

In terms of similarities, both the metropolitan area network and the wide area network use the services of the internet and the World Wide Web such as the hypertext transfer protocols, file transfer protocols, and other services. Both the two networks also use other technologies that are used in the Local Area Network (LAN). Both the network can also use either guided (wired) or unguided (wireless) transmission media for relay of data.
Differences: the wide area network covers a wide geographical area or space such as countries or continents by linking computers and other internet working devices such as ...

Part 1 Analyzing a Simple RC Circuit

1-2. A snapshot of the circuit built in Multisim is shown in the following figure:
3-6. The function generator’s output is set to the following: sine wave, frequency of 1 kHz, and amplitude VPK = 5 volts. Then, an oscilloscope is added to measure the input and the output voltages. The circuit in Multisim is shown in the following circuit diagram:

Upon running the simulation and adjusting the oscilloscope settings, the following output waveform is displayed in the oscilloscope interface:

7-11. The oscilloscope cursors are adjusted such that the time difference between the two traces are measured. This is done by setting the first cursor to the maximum of the first waveform, and then setting the second cursor ...

ABSTRACT

Voice over IP is a communication service which uses packet based networks in order to communicate among internet users. This service has provided substitute of mobile telephony by implementing low cost communication services. In this research work, we have provided a brief introduction of architecture and implementation of VoIP. A cost and benefit analysis of this service is also explained and on the basis of this analysis, we have proposed the use of VoIP as beneficial as compared to other communication ways using mobile networks. A discussion on implementation of VoIP in different organizations will also be discussed in ...

Combinational logic circuits are the circuits that are used to implement Boolean functions. Combination circuits are the circuits where the output is represented as a function of the present input values alone. In this case, when the input values are changed, the previous input values are lost; this shows that combinational logic circuits do have memories. While designing a combinational circuit, the output levels are always dependent on the input levels of that circuit (Nazarian, Fatemi, & Pedram, 2011).
On the other hand, sequential logic circuits are the circuits where the output also depends on the values of past input ...

MSc Independent Engineering Scholarship (IES) Proposal

Personal Details
Dissertation Proposal
Background
This project is inspired by the need to utilize semi conductor technologies that have spiraled in the past decade to develop high efficient solar cell materials which are capable of utilizing higher degree spectrum light. The University of (University Name) Infrastructure development permitting the development of systems capable of measuring new solar cell performances has allowed the usage of a single chip with discrete components. The system is applicable in a host of functions including space, terrestrial and recycling of used Silicon wafers to produce solar cells.
The design consists of an easy circuit ...

The term computer has its roots in the Latin word computare, which means to estimate, count, reckon or compute. Computers have however evolved to perform far more functions than just computing numbers. Three centuries have gone by that have been dominated by major changes in technology and produced numerous devices that to date have made life for humankind much easier. The 18th century saw the start of the industrial revolution supported by great mechanical systems. The 19th century was the era of the steam engine that led to present day trains. The 20th century saw perhaps one of the ...

Introduction

There have been various occasions when employees are discriminated against in terms of promotion on the basis that they are not of the required sex, not that they are not qualified to be in those positions. Because of this, class action lawsuit has been formulated to be applied by the victims of promotional or salary discrimination to fight for their rights.

...

This experiment explores the functionalities of the oscilloscope. In part 1, the oscilloscope is used to display a DC signal and an AC signal, and to measure the frequency of an AC signal. In part 2, the oscilloscope is used to display the exponential response of an RC circuit, and to estimate the time constant τ using the displayed signal. The results of the experiment are presented in this laboratory report.
1. Oscilloscope
The oscilloscope is a device that measures electrical waveforms at any point in an electrical circuit. The waveforms are normally displayed graphically in a voltage versus time ...

Abstract

A hybrid car is a car used to drive the drive wheels more than one energy source.
Hybrid car called the vehicle driven by using the hybrid power plant. A distinctive feature of the hybrid power plant is to use two or more sources of energy and their corresponding engines that convert energy into mechanical work. Some sources of information used, the term "hybrid engine", which from a technical point of view is incorrect.
Despite the diversity of sources of energy (thermal energy of gasoline or diesel fuel, electricity, compressed air energy, the energy of the compressed liquefied gas, ...

Introduction:

A literature of the Academic papers regarding harvesting ambient Radio Frequency (RF) energy shows that there are a number of potential application extant if harvested in sufficient amounts and with practically sized apparatuses. This RF (Radio Frequency) energy lends itself to a wide range of potential uses including, but not limited to, recharging personal and business usage to recharge communication apparatuses , . The greatest amount of the Academic papers reviewed look at this RF energy source as a method of employing battery-less, low-energy devices without the further complications presently inherent in solar power that is only effective in daylight situations. , , . ...