Essays on Electrons

Raman spectroscopy is dependent on scattering of light. When light interacts with matter, energy exchange can take place through absorption, simulated emission, Raman scattering or spontaneous emission. In Raman scattering, the emitted photons have less energy and lower frequency in comparison with the absorbed photons. Some energy of the emitted photons is transferred to the molecules. Raman spectroscopy is a method which collects the chemical fingerprints associated with molecules. Every molecule has different levels of vibrational energy and the emitted photons experience shift in their wavelengths. The wavelength shifts are collected,examined and analyzed for sample identification. Raman spectroscopy ...

A DC circuit consists of a source (e.g. battery or power supply) and a load (e.g. light bulb or electronic instrument). The electrons move from the negative terminal of the source, towards the load and then return to the positive terminal of the source, i.e. the electrons flow in only one direction . This movement of electrons will continue as long as there is a closed circuit. In contrast, the source in the AC circuit is constantly changing. The voltage of the source builds up and electrons flow through the circuit in the same way as for the DC circuit. ...

Introduction: All most all metals are unstable when exposed to air. This is because of the tendency of the metal to be converted into its oxidized form on reaction with air. When compared to zinc, iron has a greater tendency to form oxidized form and thus has greater susceptibility to corrosion. The ability of metals to react with air varies and this determines their relative stability. As zinc is much stable when compared to iron, it is used to galvanizing iron pipe, thus preventing contact of iron with air and water that contains dissolved air. Brass is an alloy ...

Solar energy harnessing through the use of solar panels installed in small homes presents better alternative to the hydroelectric provided through the national grid. While the use of solar panels may provide several advantages over the use of hydroelectricity, its usage presents several pitfalls to the user. It is imperative to investigate and outline the possible costs and advantages associated with the use of solar panels as a source of harnessing solar energy before installation is started. In most cases, the decisions concerning the installation of solar panels as the primary source of electricity are normally based on the ...

Report for Voltaic Cell Project (Lemon)

The purpose of the experiment is to demonstrate the production of electricity through the use of Zinc, Copper and Lemon. The experiment explores the electrochemical reactions that take place between the two metals in the presence of citric acid provided by the lemon to generate electricity. It highlights the oxidation and reduction reactions that occur within the lemon battery before electrons are released to generate electricity.

Background

The electrochemical reaction that occurs to generate electricity from chemical energy takes place between tow metal pieces, known as the electrodes, and a liquid known as the electrolyte. It is imperative that the ...

Iridium organometallic complexes

Introduction Iridium organometallic complexes are applied as catalysts, light-emitting diodes, dye-sensitized solar cells, and luminescent agents for cells imaging.1 Due to the wide application area, the scientists perform research on preparation, characterization and physical and chemical properties of iridium organometallic complexes.

The oxidation state in complex compound refers to the charge of the metal, which it would have in a simple ionic compound. The configuration of d-orbitals (dn) indicates the number of valence electrons in free metal of the same oxidation state. The iridium electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f145d76s2, yet the s-electrons transfer to d-orbital to form 5d9. The ...

at Rex Hill Winery

Management of Rex Hill Winery has been highly concerned about climate change. They have heard about the Solar Sprint campaign to go solar now before the federal tax credit expires at the end of 2016. They also knew about the other incentives available on installation of solar electrical systems. Considering environmental benefits, they desired to install a PV solar panel system at their property. However, they wished to take a final decision on the project based on a feasibility study. As Rex Hill’s consultant, I have been entrusted the job of preparation of a ...

Cellular respiration equation:

C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+38ATP. Glucose+Oxygen→Carbon dioxide+Water+38ATP.

Photosynthesis equation:

6CO2+6H2O+sunlight, nutrients→C6H12O6+6O2. Carbon dioxide+Water→Glucose+Oxygen. Respiration and photosynthesis are opposite processes. It means that products of cellular respiration are reactants of photosynthesis and vice versa: the products of photosynthesis are reactants for cellular respiration. It is known that plants are autotrophs. Thus, they have to realize cellular respiration because they need energy for their existence. Due to cellular respiration, they receive energy, which is used to make organic compounds (glucose) and oxygen during photosynthesis. From the other side, people are heterotrophs. They ...

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution to yield 4-Bromoacetanilide

Introduction Halogenation is a common process in organic synthesis. It is used in industrial and research synthesis as halogenated compounds are used for numerous widely used goods, including plastics. The lab aimed to perform monohalogenation of acetanilide. The reaction is specific since it is performed without catalyst. The typical halogenation is realized in presence of Lewis acid. Halogens molecules are electrophilic, and do not actively react. In presence of Lewis acid, the interaction is rather active.2 The lab used catalyst-free halogenation. The acetanilide molecule contains the acylated amine. As a result, the electronic density is shifted towards the amine ...

English astronomer W. Herschel discovered planetary nebulae in about 1783. Nebulae received the name "planetary" on account of their external similarity with the images of distant planets, light wheels of which are different from the point images of the stars. “A planetary nebula is a beautiful object created during the final stages of the life of a star whose birth mass was between 1 and 8 solar masses” (“Planetary Nebulae”). A planetary nebula is an astronomical object consisting of an ionized gas shell and the central star, a white dwarf. All planetary nebulae originate from stars that are in ...

The periodic table of elements, by far, stands among the most notable discoveries in the history of chemistry. Nowadays, probably everyone who has ever heard about chemistry heard about the periodic table of elements. Its implications on the scientific world are so enormous that it has even leaked out to the general public and have become associated with the chemistry itself. This is not surprising considering the scientific strength of this instrument. Using the periodic table, many characteristic properties of the elements can be predicted and many phenomena can be explained. This discovery put so much scientific knowledge together, ...

Abstract

DC motors are employed and used in various applications to perform various tasks which require the conversion of electric current to mechanical motions. In most cases, DC motors are used as actuators to convert the electric current from the output of a control system to a mechanical motion for a present function. This experiment employed the use of simple and easily available materials to construct a simple homemade DC motor. The project used basic components such as coil of wire, permanent magnet and simple dc battery to construct a simple device which demonstrated the operation of a simple DC ...

Polymers cells are the next-generation class of photovoltaic since they promise realization of light weights, mechanically flexible, larger area devices. The room temperature solution processing can be used in fabricating these devices. High-efficiency conversion power of about 10% has recently been obtained in tandem polymer cells (Huo et al., 2015). In single-junction, it’s achievable through lowering the density state to a level lower than the electron acceptor and the conduction band of the semi-conductor. Photovoltage is electromotive force obtained by a photosensitive material due to inducing radiant energy; photovoltaic relates electric current produced at a junction of two ...

Use of Fossil Fuels for Power Generation and the Need for Renewable Energy

According to Nelson (2011), more than 85% of the world’s energy consumption, which is estimated at 520 exajoules, is generated through the burning of fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural gas and coal (p.19). Electric power generation from non-renewable sources will, unequivocally, result in their exhaustion and creation of a major energy crisis. For this reason, it appears primordial to shift in a greater scale to alternate power generation, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, etc. Amongst these, Sorensen (2011) explains that though hydroelectric power does represent one of the major forms of power generation, its growth is stagnant ...

Benefits of Green Schools in Kuwait

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Kuwait is a country located in the Middle East, which is a region characterized by severe water shortages as its located in the middle of a desert. Also, nearly all the electrical energy consumed in Kuwait is generated from fossil fuels such as natural gas and diesel. This situation poses several challenges. For example, the lack of enough clean water for domestic use could lead to serious problems such as waterborne diseases, such as cholera or typhoid. Also, water shortages can affect businesses such as agriculture and hospitality businesses. On the other hand, over reliance on ...

Microbial fuel cells are devices that employ bacterial or other microbial cells to generate electricity (Singh, Pratap, Baranwal, Kumar and Chaudhary, 2010). Cells generally carry out electron transfer and oxidation-reduction reactions during normal metabolic activities. Electrons generated during these reactions can be made to flow through an external circuit to generate current. Fig 1. Depicts a typical MFC. The anodic compartment consists of microbial culture in glucose or other medium (Singh et al, 2010). Wastewater can also be used as a substrate source for microbes in a MFC intended for effluent treatment application. The microbial cells breakdown complex substrates ...

Introduction

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are vital reactions in living organisms since without the two; there would be no life on earth. Cellular respiration involves a set of metabolic reactions that take place in cells of living organisms thereby converting nutrients like sugar into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Osterhoudt & Barhydt, 2010). On the other hand, photosynthesis involves the conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compounds by the photoautotroph in the presence of sunlight. Most animals attain their energy requirements through cellular respiration while on the other hand; photosynthesis is performed by most plants that can make their food. These two reactions ...

The objective of this experiment was to get acquainted and study galvanic cells, Nernst equation, and electrochemical reactions and determine the experimental value for the Ecell vs. log Q for Cu/Zn cell. Galvanic cells are the systems which can produce electric current due to reactions occurring in them. In our common understanding these cells are the batteries. In these cells, the processes of electron transfer and corresponding chemical reactions occur due to the difference in tendency of different substances to gain electrons. The galvanic cell typically consists of two half-cells and a junction between them which is often a ...

Gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak nuclear forces. Gravitational force is an attraction between any two pieces of matter in the universe. Electromagnetic force is present in pieces of matter, which are able to carry electrical charge. Strong force is holding the nuclei of atoms together. Weak force is responsible for radioactive decay. Molecules are built from the atoms and atoms consist of protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and neutrons are built of smaller particles called quarks. Electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all the light in the universe. Depending on the wavelength and frequency there are radio, micro, infrared, ...

Solar Power Generation

Sustainable Technology – Solar Power Generation Power Generation from Fossil Fuels and Global Warming Global warming, as defined by Lineman, Do, Kim and Joo (2015), is the long-term trend of increasing average temperature of the lower atmosphere. It is widely known that this phenomenon is related to the concentration of greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, among others. Activities related to human development such as industrial processes, agriculture, cattle raising for meat consumption, transportation, deforestation and power generation are the major causes of greenhouse gases emissions. Specifically, power generation based on ...

Introduction

There are environmental chemical processes which require light to react. These processes are called photochemical reactions. Photochemical reaction is commonly initiated due to the absorption of solar energy or light. When molecules absorb energy in the form of light, the atoms are converted in a transient excited state (Larson & Weber, 1994). This transition state or excited has completely different physical and chemical properties with the initial state of the molecule. The excited states also have more tendencies to react since they are considered stronger acids and stronger reductants that the initial state of the molecule. The excited state of ...

Investigation of Solar cells

Introduction Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, rely on the photoelectric effect to convert the solar radiation into electric energy. Photoelectric effect refers to the tendency of materials to emit electrons when light is shown on them. The electrons dislodged from the surface of an object as a result of light being shown on the surface of such materials are referred to as photoelectrons. Not all materials exhibit the ability to emit electrons when placed along the path of light. Most with the ability to emit electrons are metals. Silicon is a key ingredient of a solar cell. ...

Health abnormlities of several kind require a thorough assessment in terms of management. With the technical advancements, medical field had evolved to simplify the complex assesssment tasks. For instance, medical imaging has come up to make feasible the analyis of body parts through the production of images. There is a need to know much about this particualr area. In such context, the present description deals with a topic Magentic Resonance Angiography (MRA) of the remal artery with a special emphasis on the 3D gradient echo sequencing in MRI. Briefly, magnetic resoannce angiography constitutes a kind of MRI (magnetic resonance ...

Scanning electron microscope uses a beam of electrons to form images that reveal the topography and composition of a body. Before being focused on the object, incident electrons have high amounts of kinetic energy. Incident electrons interact with the surface of the specimen, and this interaction is determined by the rate of the acceleration of the incident electrons. Energetic electrons are usually released from the surface of the sample when the incident electrons come into contact with it. The interaction results in the formation of scatter patterns that interpret into the shape, composition, size, and texture of the specimen. ...

Purpose

This experiment was intended for determining the thermal conductivity of aluminum metal. Apparatus The following materials were used in the experiment: Variac Timer Digital thermometer 2 digital multimeters

Beakers

Tin can Double throw switchers Mercury thermometer Heating plate Wire Ice cold water Introduction Heat flows from a hot region to a cooler region. However, the rate of heat flow varies from one medium to another. Heat travels through different media such as air, solid, and liquid. The mechanisms of heat transfer differ from one medium to another. For example, heat travels through a solid object by conduction while it travels ...

Re: extended definition of solar power and nuclear power

Purpose This memo is an extended definition of solar power and nuclear power as sources of energy. Introduction Solar power is energy from the sun. This energy is harnessed by collecting sunlight and converting it to electricity (Winter et al. 4). The cells found in the solar panels make this conversion possible. The conversion of sunlight to electricity can either be done indirectly by the use of a concentrated solar panel or directly by use of the photovoltaic cell. Nuclear power, on the other hand, utilizes nuclear reactions to produce nuclear energy (Murray 495). This energy is found in ...

An automotive engine is a propulsion system responsible for moving automobiles from one place to another. An engine converts energy from a fuel or a battery to the mechanical energy used to spin the wheels, thus setting a vehicle in motion. There are different types of engines used in the automotive industry today. These include internal combustion engines and electricity driven vehicles. The internal combustion engines burn fuels such as petrol, diesel, natural gas or propane. Electric engines are fitted with electromagnetic motors that are powered by electric currents from storage batteries on the vehicle. The sole purpose of ...

Introduction:

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) is the type of a microscope that uses a beam of electron rather than visible light to illuminate the specimen. Besides, while light microscope uses glass lens to focus light to the specimen, TEM uses electromagnetic lenses for focusing of the electron beam. TEM has a higher resolving power than the light microscope because the electron beam it uses for illumination has a much lower wavelength than visible light. During the operation of TEM, some electrons passing through the specimen get scattered and disappear from the beam. However, the unscattered electrons reach a fluorescence screen ...

Introduction

This proposal is about the physics of microwave oven. This includes the interaction of microwaves with metals and the generation of microwaves in magnetrons. The reason for choosing a microwave oven is because they are used common places like in homes and restaurants for warming food. A microwave is a wave that belongs the class of electromagnetic waves. They have frequencies ranging from 300 MHz to 300GHz and wavelengths ranging from 1 m to 1mm. (Bradshaw, Van & Swardt, 201)

Physics of the Microwave

A typical microwave oven consists of the magnetron, fan, power supply, waveguide, turntable and a base plate. The microwaves are ...

The ALARA principle is used in industrial radiography to protect workers during the testing of weld seams in a tank or pipeline. (ALARA) or “as low as reasonably achievable” is a phrase used in the United States to denote minimization of exposure to radiation. Workers exposed to radiation can maintain their radiation doses ALARA by reducing the time spent near sources of radiation, increasing their distance from radiation sources and establishing a shielding mechanism between them and radiation sources. A great way of achieving ALARA is to half the exposure time to radiation as this would reduce the radiation ...

Solving Social Problems: Solar Energy in Rural India

The developing world grapples with the lack of access to electricity. Third world countries have poor electrical infrastructure which is still in the nascent stages of development. As a result, majority of people, especially those living in rural areas, have no access to electricity. The reach of the electrical grid in countries is limited to towns, and the poor who have access to electrical power supply suffer frequent and prolonged power blackouts. As a result, people in such countries result to unclean and unhealthy means of lighting, such as kerosene and diesel generators. The kerosene lamps cause respiratory problems ...

Introduction:

Corrosion refers to the partial and gradual dissolution of materials used in water treatment and supply systems, pumps, pipes, tanks and valves. In most circumstances, almost all water is corrosive and this may lead to structural failure, water leaks, capacity losses and deterioration of the microbial and chemical water quality (WHO 2011). The pipes used in water distribution are made of different materials such as plastic, metals (galvanized steel, copper, lead and iron), and even concrete. Pipes made from concrete and plastic tend to be corrosion resistant. In piping systems, however, there are several water quality factors working singly ...

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Introduction

In the last few centuries, our understanding of universe has grown by leaps and bounds. Before seventeenth century, people generally believed that the Earth is at centre of the universe and all heavenly bodies move around the Earth. Galileo challenged the idea and published his papers in support of Copernican heliocentric theory that the Earth and other planets move around the Sun. Our understanding of universe grew further. We realized that the Sun is not unique and there are hundreds of billions of stars in the galaxy, which are brighter ...