Essays on Microscope

Raman spectroscopy is dependent on scattering of light. When light interacts with matter, energy exchange can take place through absorption, simulated emission, Raman scattering or spontaneous emission. In Raman scattering, the emitted photons have less energy and lower frequency in comparison with the absorbed photons. Some energy of the emitted photons is transferred to the molecules. Raman spectroscopy is a method which collects the chemical fingerprints associated with molecules. Every molecule has different levels of vibrational energy and the emitted photons experience shift in their wavelengths. The wavelength shifts are collected,examined and analyzed for sample identification. Raman spectroscopy ...

Abstract

In the field of medicine, histopathology process is undertaken by pathologist.The aim of undertaking histopathology is to examine the existence or the possibility of a disease in the body tissue of a living thing. In addition, the process of histopathology is best practiced on the specimen of body tissue taken during the surgery of a patient. Here, the process involves a series of activities where surgery helps to remove body tissues for examination. After the surgery, the body tissue removed is placed in a fixative place where no external toxicities can contaminate the specimen. This forms the basis for ...

Introduction: All most all metals are unstable when exposed to air. This is because of the tendency of the metal to be converted into its oxidized form on reaction with air. When compared to zinc, iron has a greater tendency to form oxidized form and thus has greater susceptibility to corrosion. The ability of metals to react with air varies and this determines their relative stability. As zinc is much stable when compared to iron, it is used to galvanizing iron pipe, thus preventing contact of iron with air and water that contains dissolved air. Brass is an alloy ...

Abstract

This examination paper acknowledges the spectacular diversity of reproductive adaptations for survival of various categories of land plants. It describes a typical life cycle of a land plant that reproduces via spores. It also identifies the different parts of Plant organs and their functions such as cell organelles, parts of a land plant, and epidermal cells. A microscope is an important tool for examination of biological specimens, including cell’s internal structures called organelle and is important in magnifying the focused area. Plants are classified into four main groups, namely, ferns, mosses, flowering and confers. This paper finds that ...

The article “A Brief History of Medical Diagnosis and the Birth of the Clinical Laboratory”, by Darlene Berger, is an interesting read, which thoroughly explores the subject at hand. This article, which is Part 1 in a series of four articles, discusses medical advances from. “Ancient times through the 19th century.” Berger makes very succinct observations about advances in medicine and the advent of the clinical laboratory. She does an excellent job of objectively discussing many of the important discoveries in medical history, providing stirring examples of success and of failure in the context of medical history, and cites ...

Introduction

There are different perspectives that are being peddled concerning fracture processes, this has led to confusion on what actually this term means. In this review, a deeper understanding is sort by analyzing different aspects of the nomenclature of the fracture process. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the failure processes several aspects are put in consideration key among them will be discussed below and include; the energy of fracture, macroscopic structure path and microscopic fracture mechanisms.

Energy to Break

The toughness of a material is the measure of the absorbed energy during and before fracture. The toughness of the material ...

Teeth are considered to be among the hardest substances in the human body, its’ essential function is to aid the process of food digestion. Through chewing, teeth break down food materials in the mouth to smaller substances that can be swallowed for further digestion and absorption in the stomach. Besides being vital in digestion, teeth also play a significant role in providing structural support to the facial muscles that are responsible for different facial expressions such as smile and frown. Teeth are also an important component in speech, functioning together with the tongue and lips. The human tooth is ...

Identification of the Unknown Microorganisms

Unknown #1 Unknown #2 1. The identification of bacterial strains is a common practice in clinical and medical fields. The ubiquitously present microorganisms can be both, beneficial or harmful to the host they attack or inhabit. Since times, several biochemical characteristics have been identified for many bacteria that commonly are related to humans. These characteristics and morphology have been arranged in a systematic way to identify the targeted unknown microorganism along with ruling out the ones giving negative results for the characteristic tests. This way the search was narrowed down for each of the two unknown microorganisms. The Gram ...

Introducing the Microorganism

Candida albicans is a human microbiome member. It is opportunistic in nature and exists as a non- harmful resident of the genitourinary tract in 70% and of oral cavity in 75% of humans. It has shown opportunistic behaviour leading to infections in case of individuals whose immune system is compromised (immunocompromised). C. albicans is mainly responsible for 2 types of infection: superficial candidiasis like vulvovaginal or oral infections and systemic life-threatening infections. C. albicans has been observed to cause vulvovaginal candidiasis in approximately 75% of women. C. albicans is an obligate and diploid organism possessing 8 pairs of chromosomes, ...

The invention of the scanning tunnelling microscope, in 1982 resulted in the emergence of a whole new category of microscopic techniques. All these techniques fall under the family of probe microscopy, which basically involves the interaction of a sample with the sharp tip of a probe at distances of the order of a few μm to a few nm. The atomic force microscope (AFM) is one such scanning probe microscope that builds an image that describes the surface topology of a sample based on the atomic forces of interaction between the tip of the probe and the sample surface. ...

Introduction

Osmosis is the process by which water molecules move from a region of low concentration of solute to a region of high concentration of solute through a semipermeable membrane (Van 3). Osmosis therefore can define the movement of water in and out of the cytoplasm of a cell. A solution with a higher concentration of solute molecules than that of the cell cytoplasm is said to be hypertonic to the cell. On the other hand, a solution with a lower concentration of solute than that of the cell cytoplasm is said to be hypotonic to the cell. Purpose: The ...

Scanning electron microscope uses a beam of electrons to form images that reveal the topography and composition of a body. Before being focused on the object, incident electrons have high amounts of kinetic energy. Incident electrons interact with the surface of the specimen, and this interaction is determined by the rate of the acceleration of the incident electrons. Energetic electrons are usually released from the surface of the sample when the incident electrons come into contact with it. The interaction results in the formation of scatter patterns that interpret into the shape, composition, size, and texture of the specimen. ...

The field of microbiology was very limited until the discovery of the microscope, though it did exist in a very practical sense. Though scientists were ultimately wrong about what actually carried and transmitted the plague, for example, they were correct in hypothesizing that it came from an outside source. Between then and now, the microscope was developed, and has been improved upon more and more. Now we have a great classification scheme for prokaryotes (assuming bacteria). It follows the standard domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. The standard for most eukaryotes is also the same for ...

Microbe-Host Analysis

Microbe-Host Analysis

Introduction

It is unknown how long Staphylococcus Aureus (S. Aureus or staph) has been on this planet. We have been too busy trying to conquer all of successful attempts that it has made to evade our weapons against to establish an intricate epidemiologic profile of it. We do know when it was discovered to be a harmful bacteria, though. One of the primary toxins of staph, PVL, was first discovered by an assistant in Belgium by the name of H. van de Velde in 1894. He was taking care of some rabbits in a laboratory and noticed a ...

Introduction

Bend (flexure) testing is often done in springs as well in brittle materials whose behaviors of failure are linear like concrete, wood, plastic, glass and ceramics. Bend testing is suitable for evaluating the strength of brittle materials where the results of tensile tests aren’t easy to interpret due to the breaking of specimens around the gripping (Schoffstall, Charles, and Robert 234). In bend testing experiment, smooth rectangular specimens without notches are recommended under three or four point bend arrangements. Figure I below illustrates three point and four point bend arrangements respectively. Figure 1. Bend testing of a smooth ...

Introduction:

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) is the type of a microscope that uses a beam of electron rather than visible light to illuminate the specimen. Besides, while light microscope uses glass lens to focus light to the specimen, TEM uses electromagnetic lenses for focusing of the electron beam. TEM has a higher resolving power than the light microscope because the electron beam it uses for illumination has a much lower wavelength than visible light. During the operation of TEM, some electrons passing through the specimen get scattered and disappear from the beam. However, the unscattered electrons reach a fluorescence screen ...

Before the 16th century, the existence of micro-organism had not been discovered. It was until a microscope was invented that micro-organism become a subject of discussion (Barnett 2003). Microbiology is the study of microorganisms or microbes. Microorganisms are the smallest living organisms that cannot be observed with our naked hence they need to be magnified using magnification tools such as microscope. Examples of micro-organisms are bacteria, virus and fungi. Fermentation in simple terms is the conversion of sugar into acid, gases and alcohol by enzymes that act as catalysts (Pumphrey and Julie 1996). Fermentation is a process that occur takes place in ...

The article talks about the failure of the criminal justice system of the United States.It emphasizes on the need of increasing rehabilitation centers for the drugs victims instead of increasing or building additional prisons for the young people in the United States. The article also shows how the United State government has spent more money in reforming prisons yet the offenders graduate to a more hard core criminal than before taken to prison. So lastly, it views jail and prison sentence as the last option.

In the first section of this article, Lorenzo Jones the director of the Connecticut-based A ...

Introduction

Elodea canadensis is a perennial hydrophyte, which is native to the majority of North America and was first recorded in about 1836 from the British Isles (Hackney, 1992). Young plants at first begin with a seedling stem and roots grow in mud at the underneath of water. More adventitious roots arise at intervals along the stem. The leaves are translucent, bright green, oblong, 1-4 mm broad and 6-17 mm long, borne in whorls of three round the stem (Rose, 2006). It lives completely submerged.

Blepharisma is a unicellular ciliate protists genus found in salt and fresh water (Miyake, Harumoto, Salvi, & Rivola, ...

The four articles summarized and discussed in this annotated bibliography were selected because they deal with some of the civilizations of the first Americans, the Aztecs in particular. There always seems to be a lot of information and research into Western and pre-Western archaeology and anthropology, such as studies about Celtic, Roman, and Egyptian culture and mythology, but less about pre-Columbian America. All four of these articles were selected from peer-reviewed journals. Journals were selected instead of a book because it seemed like the best way to get a general idea about some very diverse topics regarding the Aztecs. Topics for three ...

- Introduction A compound light microscope represents two or more lens. The term compound refers to multiple or mixture. In compound light microscope built with binocular lens and objective lens. The binocular lens present near the eyepiece and objective leans near to nosepiece. The objective lens helps in enlargement of images and also to collect the light source. According to the requirement the objective lens also changes. In advanced compound light microscope the phase contrasts also possible. In earlier 1595 Zacharias Janssen invented the first light microscope using collapsing tubes. It produced a magnification of 9x. Now the magnification ...

Lesson 5 Answers:

24.) Plants are classified into four major groups: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and lastly the Angiosperms. Bryophytes are the plants that do not have true vascular systems, which consist of the xylem and the phloem. In this group, includes the mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Together, they are considered as land plants that reproduce their own asexually by producing spores. Spores are produced in the ‘sporangium’ (plural sporangia), a bulb-like structure located at the top of the stalk. It can only be seen through the use of high powered microscope. Because they lack vessels that can bring the nutrients from the roots ...

Virtual Lab Report

Virtual Lab 1: Virtual Microscopy A. Gauge the size of various biological components and organisms. The Virtual Microscope (copy and paste this address into a new browser window: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/ ) can be used to make these observations. Estimate the size (length and width in microns) of An E.Coli cell is around 0.5µm in width and around 2µm in length. A mitochondrion is around 0.5µm in width and approximately 10µm in length. A Red blood cell is around 5.5µm in width and 7.5µm in length. A virus is approximately 0.25µm in width and ...

Identification of each individual from the massive inventory of living organisms requires appropriate classification system. This system allows not only identification of all specimens that are already collected, but also allows identification of the newly discovered organisms in the future. The classification system is robustly based on science and logic, so this system is universally applicable. The classification system starts by grouping the specimens into two major categories namely animals and plants. In general, animals are grouped by the presence of appendages that implies the ability to move on their own while plants are grouped together based on ...

Biosensors emerged as an important technology that has gained much attention in different fields of study. Biosensor is "a self-contained analytical device that combines the biological component with a physicochemical component for the detection of an analyte of biological importance." (Hasan et al. 2014). Perumal & Hashim (2013) defined it according to IUPAC recommendation of 1999, which states that a biosensor is, "an independently integrated receptor transducer device, which is capable of providing selective quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information using a biological recognition element."The application of nanobiotechnology in the production of biosensors and various other applications is one of the most revolutionary trends ...

Abstract

This report is supposed to address the relationship between the characteristics of Coarse Woody Debris (CWD) and its associated invertebrate community. For the purposes of this report, students will be introduced to data collection methods as well as identification and enumeration of soil invertebrates related to coarse woody debris. Coarse woody debris can be said to be the dead woody particles found mainly above the soil surface. These dead woody materials are always in different stages of decomposition depending on when the dead material started decomposing. For the purposes of this report, only dead wood above 8 cm ...

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms. Microorganisms are those organisms that are less than a millimeter in size and require the help of a microscope to view them. Microorganisms can be unicellular or multicellular but have very simple cell structure, unlike the highly developed, complex organisms such as larger animals and humans. Microorganisms are classified based on criteria such as their cell structure, pattern of growth, nutrition, reproduction method, etc. However, microbial classification is a challenging task due to the dual nature of some microorganisms that exhibit both animal and plant like characteristics. Some microorganisms are photosynthetic like plants but they also ...

Identification of mystery microbe based on its morphology and biochemical properties

The experiment was conducted to detect the species of a given mystery microbe. The microbe was subjected to a battery of tests in order to identify its physical and biochemical characteristics. Based on the tests, different possible microbe species were eliminated to finally arrive at the right conclusion. The possible microbes included Escherichia coli, Providencia alcalifaciens, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Micrococcus luteus, Serratia marcescens, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Sarcina aurantiaca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus licheniformis. The first test conducted was to detect the Gram staining properties of the given microbe. This helped in identifying whether the given microbe had a thin ...

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Introduction and Literature Review

The value for a drug is significantly impacted by the dissolution rate, chemical stability and solubility of the drugs thereby impacting the pharmaceuticals efficiency as well. In the pharmaceutical industry multi-component crystals such as hydrates, solvates, co-crystals and salts have a major role during the design of new solids. Solid does not self-crystallize. It crystallizes in varied forms depicting random crystal properties. Various approaches are used to modify solids like Salting, Solvation, Hydration, and Polymorphism. Apart from these approaches, Co-Crystallization is a promising new approach to modifying solids (Nauha, ...

Hypothesis:

A test to determine whether grasshopper breathes through spiracles and if earthworms have respiratory system. Materials Dissecting kit Scalpel blade Pins Dissecting Microsoft Forceps Dissecting board Procedure I Take a mature grasshopper from the rearing cage Place it on the dissecting board with the ventral position facing up Fix the grasshopper on the board with pins and start dissecting from upper region of the chest going downwards. Care should be taken not to distort the internal organs. Open up the cut region by pinning the outer sections ...

Article review

The Wall Street Journal The article begins by comparing baseball, corporation and Federal budget. In the comparison, what comes out clear is that score keeping is an important aspect amongst all of them. The article reveals that scorekeeping gives guidance and leads one to the future. In the same way, the article says that the fiscal policy scores should be kept and put under the microscope. The next paragraph is followed by a review of the debate between Obama and Mitt Romney on tax policies. According to Romney, decrease in tax will decrease the spending but increase on ...

In Bertrand Russell’s, ‘Appearance and Reality’, he launches the idea of what philosophy really is. In his view philosophy is the critical analysis of life’s question. This is because in many cases, ordinary people and even scientists will answer life’s questions ordinarily and even simply. But philosophy explores the opportunity to critically analyze these issues awhile looking at all angles. People will often make assumptions about what they see, what they feel and generally about their own experiences as well as those of others. However, this is usually because people don’t take their time to ...

1. Introduction to the Technique Magnification and high resolution imaging are very important in materials science, especially at present when nanotechnology materials are being created. Magnification and high resolution imaging can help in the characterization, identification, and confirmation of the existence of the desired material. Magnification and high resolution imaging become problems when the size of the assessed material becomes too small; such as, they are beyond the micrometer scale. Ordinary techniques in microscopy such as light microscopy where in a traditional light microscope is used could not suffice. Fortunately, in 1931, two scientists named Ernst Ruska and Mx ...

Staining is used in different streams of biology to study cells and tissues. It is a process in which dye is added to better visualize the cells under the microscope. Staining is needed because it is difficult to view cells under a microscope or to differentiate one type of cell from another. The dyes used help in outlining the cells or its organelles or in highlighting the cytoplasm and make them standout as compared to the background. This helps in identifying as well as counting them. Different stains can also be used to differentiate between two types of cells or even ...

- Hypothesis: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms have evolved structures similar in function to adapt to conditions on land - Materials - Prepared slide of the sponge - Methylene Blue - Microscope - Prepared slide of Hydra - Weak solution of vinegar - Teasing needles - Living Daphnia - Depression slides - Methods:

Sponge

- A slide of sponge was placed on a microscope and magnification set at X40 - The structures of the sponge was observed and recorded - Some organisms were placed close to the tentacles and observed (Vodopich & ...

"The Lesson" by Toni Cade Bambara is a story narrated from the first person perspective. Published in the year 1972, the events that unfold in the story play a crucial role in explaining the differences that existed in the society at that time. The narrative is by Sylvia, a black girl who was young and poor and who lived in the streets of Harlem. The time-frame within which the events were unfolding is unspecified, as the narrator reveals it was ‘back in the days’ (Cookson et al. 78). A local woman, Miss Moore, was the only person educated in that society. Because ...

Lab Report

Materials: Dissecting Microscope, Bread mold Rhizopus( in a square glass sample), Aspergillus sample, a Mushroom, a Lichen, plastic dish, cover slip, Forceps, prepared slide, distilled water, petri dish, razor blade, wet mount. Methods: We gathered all the materials at one place, which included the microscope, prepared slides, specimens and materials for wet mounts. We observed different slides and samples from the above-mentioned mushrooms and lichens through the microscope. We took a small specimens of Rhizopus and Apergillus on glass dish, and the mushroom and lichen on a plastic dish and observed them individually under the microscope. Results: Fungi constitute a diverse taxa that ...

Hypothesis: The experiment was done to analyze the making and growth of fungi.

Materials: Following materials were used: - Plastic bags - Cross-section of bread - Microscope - Glass Slides - Forceps - Marker (for labeling)

Duration: The experiment can take from three to seven days depending on the climate and conditions.

First Method (for sample): Following procedure was used. - Take three plastic bags and moisten them using a wet towel. - Take three bread or cake slices and place them in the plastic bags. - Doing this will moisten the bread. - Place these plastic bags out of direct sunlight however, on a warm place where these samples are not disturbed. - Observe each sample daily. ...

Summary of “Cheating and CHEATING”

Joe Posnanski is a fan of baseball. And in his essay “Cheating and CHEATING” he wants baseball fans to be clear, at any point in the history of baseball, there was a lot of cheating an money grabbing happening at all levels of baseball. From people taking amphetamines, to stealing signs, to fixing games, baseball has its heroes, but it demonize for cheating, since it was a baseball proverb of the time that “If you’re not cheating, you’re not trying” (Posnanski, 556). Joe Posnanski believes that he and Pete Hamill believe in baseball, but they have different versions of how ...

\sPrince Mohammad University

Introductory Biology

Report

Reem A. Alotaibi 2001100196 Introductory Biology

Section: 201

Dr. Tabassum Ashfaq Study of Compound Microscope Aim of the experiment: Objective of Study: 1- To identify the different parts of the microscope. 2- To know the functions of the different parts of the microscope. 3- To learn the different objective powers of the microscope. 4- To correctly use the microscope to see perfectly clear images of different specimen. 5- To understand the precautions needed while handling a microscope. Materials Required: - Microscope. - Pinus Pollen Grains. ...

Optical microscopy – is the technical field of studying objects using optical microscopes. Optical microscopes are devices that use visible light rays as both eye works in the optical wavelength range. So, optical microscopes could not have diffraction limits resolution less than 0.2 micrometers (200 nanometers) and with maximum magnification up to 2000 times. The human eye is a biological optical system, characterized by a certain resolution - the smallest distance between the elements of the observed object, while they can still be distinguished from one another. For a normal eye, at a distance from the object to the so-called. best vision distance (D = ...

Introduction

The microscope is derived from two Greek words, mikros and skopeo. Mikros means small while skopeo means “look at.” Thus, the two words form the word mikroskopeo that refers to looking or observing small objects. Since the beginning of scientific developments, there has been an interest to look at the smaller details of the world around us. Biologists have taken the lead in the quest to uncover such small details through their desire to examine cells, viruses, bacteria, and colloidal particles. Material scientists have wanted to observe the limitations and inhomogeneities in metals, ceramics, and crystals. Geologists have also ...

Book Review of

“The Hot Zone” written by Richard Preston is a non-fiction English book published by Anchor in 1995. It contains 420 pages and based on Richard Preston article “Crisis in the Hot Zone.” It is a thriller that deals with the source and occurrences relating to viral hemorrhagic fever especially Ebola viruses and Marburg viruses. The filo viruses, Ebola Virus called EBOV, Sudan Virus called SUDV, Marburg Virus called MARV and Ravn Virus called RAVV are the agents of level four of Biosafety. They are enormously hazardous to humans due to being very contagious and with an extraordinary casualty rate. There is ...

Medicine, Mayhem and Disease

Medicine, Mayhem and Disease 1. How and why did the status of physicians and surgeons change in the 18th and 19th centuries? Before the eighteenth century, most of the physicians and surgeons employed practices that had been used for centuries, which have yielded little or no results. There was a high mortality rate. Before anesthesia was discovered, patients underwent painful operations . The surgeons employed brutal methods as they had no other option to save the life of the patient. Even after effective methods of medicine had been introduced in the later part of the century, the physicians and ...

The research revealed that a certain prototype for artificial bone marrow has been discovered as a potential source of hematopoietic stem cells. Accordingly, the porous structure of the prototype coincides with the properties of the natural bone marrow. This can be used as foundational stem cells for laboratory cultivation. This breakthrough may lead to possible treatment for diseases like leukemia (Karlshure). The contextual structure of this paper constitutes the usage of scientific terms. The roots of these scientific words derived from Greek and Latin origins that have so greatly influenced the modern science are detailed in this paper. This is a discussion ...

Differentiation of white blood cells by light microscopy

Most mammals have blood consisting of three types of blood cells, Red blood cells (Erythrocytes), White blood cells (Leukocytes) and Platelets (Thrombocyte). These are collectively termed as hematocyte, which simply means blood cell. These cells constitute to around 40% to 45% of the blood volume. The remaining consist of Plasma, which is referred to the liquid part of blood. The total volume of blood can be determined by centrifugation or flow cytometry. The 45% of blood component (blood cells) is termed as hematocrit. Another important component of blood is hemoglobin, which gives blood its red color. It is ...

Microbiology Lab

Abstract This laboratory report tries to recognize an unknown bacterial species. The Gram stain disclosed bacteria to be both gram-negative and positive and via microscopy it confirmed to be rod and cocci respectively. Now two different bacteria were on the agar. One was a coliform and other a non coliform. The bacteria were exposed to all essential microbiological techniques employed to recognize an unknown bacterial species. The unknown comprised about 1% of the total bacterial flora of humans and even most of the warm-blooded animals. The bacteria are the most extensively studied prokaryotic organism, and an essential species in the ...

Introduction

It is generally noted that the development of dosimeters to measure neutron exposures has been slow for many years in comparison to the development of gamma and x-ray dosimeters. Exposures to x-rays and gamma rays have been determined from glass dosimeters and film badges. By applying these dosimeters, personnel exposure to radiations caused by radioactive substances can be measured to standard accuracy. However, the uncertainty may arise due to variation in readings as a result of orientation of the wearer of the dosimeter to the source during exposure. On the other hand, NTA film has been the only neutron dosimeter ...

Electron microscopes refer to those microscopes that make use of an electron beam to light a specimen producing a magnified image. These microscopes are used to study structures that are either invisible through naked eyes or those that are too small to be clearly seen using a light microscope. The two major types of electron microscope are Transmission Electron Microscopy or TEM and Scanning Electron Microscopy or SEM (Mooney, 1996). Transmission Electron Microscopy employs a high voltage electron beam in order to create an image (NE, 2013). The TEM is made up of various components including electromagnetic lens system, electron source, sample ...

Definition

Magnification refers to the process of making an object larger or smaller in size. It can be said basically to be the altering of the size the object. The magnified object is referred to as an image. Therefore the magnified object is shall only appear larger or smaller in size with the physical size maintained. This change is calculated and given in a numerical number referred to as the magnification.

Areas where magnification is used

Magnification is used in many fields of study and real life situations. In biology, small objects are magnified so as to be viewed properly. This involves the use of microscopes. ...

reinforced with Aluminium glassy alloys

Engineering

The effects of mixing time, sintering temperature, sintering time and pressure on mechanical properties of a metal matrix composite (MMC) reinforced with Aluminium glassy alloys

Introduction

Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) are an important class of engineering materials because they can continually be adapted to suit the needs of manufacturing and newly available technology. MMCs using aluminium as a basic ingredient can be designed to meet particular needs for high performance materials. Duralumin™ was the first aluminium alloy demonstrating the ability to result in a material with very high temperature strength after solution treatment and aging (STA). Duralumin™ or ...

Biology

The electron microscope has proven to be invaluable in the study of proteins and has enhanced our understanding of cellular biology. The importance to understanding disease and trauma to the body as well as treatments cannot be overstated. Genetic research such as studies of the mechanisms of protein folding is better understood due to electron microscopy. The image of a sample such as a slice of a fibril or a “newly synthesized chain of amino acids” (Dobson, 2003, p. 884) created by an electronic beam. The Transmitting Electron Microscope (TEM) transmits the electron beam through a sample whereas the SEM scans the surface ...

Healthcare is in a constant state of evolution. The education and training of Pharmacists is crucial to the advancement of the field and benefitting all of humanity. Traditionally, the intensive study of chemistry is the backbone of this education. The job of the Pharmacist is ever expanding and entails developing treatments, monitoring treatments of patients, providing for the last line of defense to the patient before he receives a potentially toxic substance, and otherwise caring for the ill. The modern era has seen a shortage of healthcare professionals; and pharmacology is one of the means that healthcare can be delivered to a broad ...

Healthcare is in a constant state of evolution. The education and training of Physician Assistants began in earnest with the shortage of trained medical staff during the Second World War. Traditionally, a Physician oversaw this work, and teamwork was an essential quality of a Physician’s Assistant. The job of the Physician Assistant entails conducting physical exams, making diagnoses, treating the ill, conducting tests and interpreting the results, prescribing medications, and otherwise counseling the patient or even assisting in surgeries. The modern era has seen a shortage of physicians; a problem that is particularly acute in primary care, and the Physician Assistant will be ...

UNKNOWN #16

SUMMER 2013 INTRODUCTION Purpose The purpose of the lab is to separate characterize and identify microbes from unknown mixed culture using the morphological and biochemical methods.

Theory

The process of identifying bacteria is a systematic and careful process which uses various techniques to narrow down the bacteria types which are present in an unknown culture of bacteria. This process produces advantages for many factors of research of microorganisms and assists in the proper treatment of patients (Aneja 10). Several tests were performed to give the fermentation abilities, availability of specific enzymes and specific biochemical reactions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment started ...

Introduction

Trichomonas gallinae causes avian trichomoniasis infection, which is often a lethal disease. The parasite is considered to primarily affect columbiform birds like pigeons and doves, but can affect other wild and domestic birds as well (Stabler, 1954). Diagnosis of the infection can be reliably done by collecting and studying material from the bird’s mouth and crop.

I carefully collected oropharyngeal swabs from the oral cavities of hunter-killed Woodpigeons in eight areas of Norfolk and one area of Suffolk counties in the three months’ time period between April and June. Using sterile cotton swabs, I collected crop swabs from the ...

I have had an interest in the sciences ever since a young child. In my adolescence I was always interested in how things worked. I would take things apart and rebuild them. I would also observe nature and natural phenomenon and think critically about them. When I was seven years old my father bought me a microscope and I proceeded to try and fit everything I could find on a slide to be magnified by the microscope. Around this time my milk teeth were falling out. This let me observe my own teeth in the microscope and from this time forward, I ...

of HT22 Cells derived from Mouse Hippocampus

Sections I and II

Biology Section I 1. Introduction Fluorescent protein development research has gained increased knowledge about the range in the color palette available from the Aequorea Victoria jellyfish. The wavelength emissions in the blue to yellow range are now better understood. [1] Another area that has seen a great improvement in knowledge is the understanding of emissions of the monomeric fluorescent protein emissions in the orange to far-red spectral region. [1] The spectral region of fluorescent in the orange to far-red is derived appropriate reef coral species. [1] This area of research ...

- A brief summary of the major findings of the paper. This paper describes a study of processing of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) into fibers. Different draw ratios of the fiber products or degrees of fiber chain alignment were obtained under different deformation conditions and determined by a heat-induced relaxation method. The results of the strength tests on fiber products suggested that a higher degree of alignment leads to higher tensile strength, while decreasing alignment results in lower tensile strength but higher ductility. 2. Provide at least 4 MAJOR technical strengths to the paper and EXPLAIN why. In addition, please ...

- Toxicology With the help of an electron microscope, it becomes possible to carry out a detailed study of the toxic lesions in order to understand the toxicological events. - Electron Tomography and Sub-cellular Structure Electron tomography is a technique which is used to visualize and investigate the three-dimensional structural information about the sub-cellular macromolecular specimens. It is a three-dimensional electron microscopy technique used for sub-cellular imaging.

Principles of Function

- Electrostatic Interactions In an electron microscope, electrostatic and electromagnetic lenses are used to selectively control and focus the electron beam to generate images. In atoms, with the increase in atomic ...