Choose a Free Sample Essay on Antibiotics to Learn from and Score High

Since the 1970’s, concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) have existed as a more efficient means to grow livestock. These operations have the ability to raise livestock faster than other farming methods. Farms that operate using conventional methods use antibiotics and other methods to increase the number of animals that can fit on a lot. Proponents of this style of farming are saying that increasing the efficacy of their business that will eventually lower the price of animal protein. Conventional farmers also claim that they help in the feeding of underserved populations. However, parties that are against conventional farming ...

Introduction

An organism whose genome has been contrived in the laboratory in order to favor the expression the production a desired biologically products is known as Genetically Modified Organism (GMO). In crop farming, livestock production and pet breeding, it has long been practiced to breed selected individuals of species in order to produce offspring’s that have desirable characters (F. J, 2012). This kind of production is through the use of scientific methods including recombinant DNA technology and reproductive duplicating. In generative cloning method a nucleus is removed from a cell of the individual to be cloned and inserted into ...

In the first discussion, a non-experimental evaluation was used to create enlightenment on the need to prevent antibiotic resistance. The methodologies used were accurate although they fell short in delivering measurable outcomes. According to Erbay (2012), measurable outcomes should be factored in evaluation processes. As a result, this analysis would have been more accurate if better parameters were used. In the second evaluation, a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods were utilized. This initiative was intentioned to enhance the accuracy of the outcome (Fincham, 2007). In fact, the logic used was commendable and it contributed to the relevance ...

Fact Sheet: Lyme disease

What is Lyme disease and how is it diagnosed? Lyme disease (LD) is a bacteria disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. The LD is an animal-borne disease (zoonotic) transmitted by certain ixodid ticks or black-legged ticks, which are commonly reported in the United States. In addition to B. burgdorferi, other related species such as B. afzelii, and B. garinii cause LD in Europe and Asia (Shapiro, 2014). The diagnosis of LD is sometimes difficult since the symptoms mimic other disorders. However, serologic tests are used in patients that have erythema migrans based on the clinical history of likely contact with ...

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Corresponding Address and email)

Introduction Methillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by staphylococcus bacteria that is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillin, methicillin, and amoxicillin), which are normally used to treat staphylococcus infections. Studies have shown that about 40% of Staphylococcus aureus strains have developed resistance to methicillin (Durai, Ng, & Hoque, 2010). Most of the MRSA infections occur in people, who have been admitted in hospitals or other such healthcare settings as, for example, dialysis centers and nursing homes. In case of the development of infection in healthcare settings, it is also known as healthcare-associated (HA) MRSA infections. Usually, ...

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Care Plan Template

Patient Initials: ABC Age: 65 Sex: Female Subjective Data: HPI: Dry cough for last two weeks Low-grade fever from last two days, 101 degrees orally Decreased appetite without nausea Intense coughing makes uncomfortable during night Needs to sit up to ease the breath She had been prescribed inhalers in the past but not a regular user Had taken antibiotics in the past on acute conditions Mild activities trigger shortness of breath, due to a dry cough

Condition remained same for the past two weeks with a slight sore throat

Patient doubts that it is a heart problem or she has ...

Introduction.

Antimicrobial agents refer to an exceptional group of chemotherapeutic agents that are used in the treatment of the diseases caused by microbes. Generally, antimicrobial agents either kill or inhibit the growth of microbes. As its name suggests, Antimicrobial encompasses its sole purpose which is to kill the infections arising from microbes (Daglia, 2012). Furthermore, these agents can be categorized according to the function they play. For example, agents that are responsible for killing microbes are known as microbicidal whereas those that merely inhibit the growth of microbes are known as biostatic (Ghosh et al., 2012). Antimicrobial drugs are not ...

The importance of Gut Microbiome to the gastrointestinal tract is well demonstrated in their populate ambiance in the allium and colon. The microbiome exists in the body at nearly 10 times the overall cells volume in the body. It is thus imperative for the overall human health. It is paramount to understand that the body has its bacteria that provide and aid human health. Almost 80% of the body’s processes depend on the microbiome. The microbes aid body system processes such as food digestion, maintenance of healthy weight, and clarity in thinking, etc. (Wong, 2012). Infants exhibit intestinal ...

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease can be described as the inflammation of the female reproductive organs inclusive of the woman’s uterus, Fallopian Tubes, ovaries and the cervix. This is a reproductive anomaly which affects no less than 1 million of the women residing in the United States every year. These statistics very clearly depict how common the abnormality has become in our country, and the reason for concern is that this incongruity could very easily lead to infertility in women who suffer from this disease. Research has revealed that 1 in every 8 women who suffer from PID face difficulty ...

Background

Azithromycin has two names by which it is prescribed: Zmax and Zithromax. The Federal Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of this medication to treat acute bacterial infections of the respiratory system, acute bacterial sinus infections, bacterial pneumonia, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, skin structure infections, urethritis, cervicitis, and genital ulcer disease. The risks of using this medication include fatal heart rhythms when patients already suffer from cardiovascular conditions. The FDA also notes that this drug should not be used for long-term use1.

Azithromycin for Acute Bronchitis

Ten million adults visit their doctors every year to receive the diagnosis of acute bronchitis. In this pill-popping, ...

The debate about whether organic food is better than conventionally grown foods has been a questions asked by many people. Organic foods are known to be a healthy option and it is recommended by doctors, dietary and fitness experts. Organic foods do not have any special nutrients in them that conventionally grown foods do not have, rather organic foods are seen to be better because of the farming practices and the way that the foods are grown. Farmers of who grow organic products use different farming practices which that allows their foods to grow at their natural rate and time without ...

The rationale for using the North American antibiotic guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in immunocompetent patients as the basis of measurement in the study reviewed was established by the recommendations of the following bodies:

- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) - The Canadian Infectious Disease Society/Canadian Thoracic Society (CIDS/CTS), - The American Thoracic Society (ATS)

Basis of the Rational

These recommendations resulted from the findings of all four organizations indicating that “Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of CAP, that treatment that covers ‘atypical’ pathogens (e.g., Legionella ...

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the initiatives that are taken by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) in order to bring improvement in the existing health care system. The central goal of AHRQ is to take effective measures that can reduce the medical errors. Moreover, the paper has also emphasized on the effective strategies of AHRQ, which has greatly improved the quality of care (Agency For Healthcare Research and Quality, 2015).

AHRQ was developed to examine the reason for low health care that was provided to the people ...

Introduction

The human reproductive system can be affected by pathogens like any other organs. An example of a bacterium is Neiserria Gonorrhoeae, which causes gonorrhea in both males and females. The disease can be treated through normal antibiotics. This presentation will highlight the human reproductive system of both sexes; how gonorrhea is caused, diagnosed, and treated; and the short and long term effects of the disease.

Male Reproductive System

It is grouped into two: external and internal organs. Internal organs include the penis, scrotum, epididymis, and testes. The penis engages in sexual intercourse, the scrotum is the outer skin covering the testes, the testes ...

Natural selection can be referred to as a process through which biological traits turn either more or less common within a population as a function of the impact of hereditary traits on the differential reproductive victory of organisms’ interaction with their surroundings. It is a major evolution mechanism. Charles Darwin popularized the term natural selection with an intention to have it compared with artificial selection, now referred to as selective breeding.

There exists variation within every organism’s populations. This takes place partly since random mutations happen in the genome of an organism, and these mutations can be acquired by offspring. All ...

Overview of communicable disease (Tuberculosis)

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. This bacteria is the type that attacks majorly the lungs, but can also affect the other parts of the body such as the kidney, spine and brain. If the condition is not treated on time, the result could be fatal. The spread of the infection is via the air transmission. The implication is that such condition can easily spread from one person to another. For such air transmission to occur, the patient with the disease must be a person with an active Tuberculosis infection.

The person serving as ...

Around the turn of the 20th century, tuberculosis (also referred to as consumption during the era), was a leading cause of death in the United States. Medical advances have largely eradicated TB from being a threat to our health. However, the deadly, infectious disease is still around. This brochure will help you understand some vital information about TB, including its signs and symptoms, risk factors, treatments, and prognoses.

Please contact your physician immediately if you suspect that you have TB

Spread by germs that travel through the air, TB can be a deadly disease, if not treated in time. Besides the lungs, it can affect the brain, spine, or kidneys. ...

Introduction

This report is a summary of Sections 3.1 to 3.10 of Chapter 3 – “Infectious Diseases and Treatments” – of “Biology of Disease” (Ahmed, Dawson, Smith & Wood, 2007). Section 3.1: Introduction. A small number of pathogenic microorganisms can cause systemic disease – affecting the entire body. This chapter looks at selected examples of major body systems infections, including microorganisms that can cause generalized infections.

Section 3.2: Infections of the Skin. As an important part of the body’s immune defense system, the skin is normally populated by various microorganisms, which effectively prevent access by invading microorganisms such as Papillomaviruses ...

The conversation and series of treatments administered to Addie from 8:06 to 10:00 underscore the significance of the Gram negative bacteria which are encapsulated with an impermeable lipid bilayer, which confers upon them the ability to exclude and combat the effect of a wide range of antibiotics. This part of the video aptly depicts how the nasty bacterium Stenotrophomonas develops multi-drug resistance through acquisition of certain resistance genes.

The images in the clipping 16:45 to 16:55 accurately illustrate the horizontal gene transfer mechanism of antibiotic resistance of bacteria containing NDM-1 gene that encodes the enzyme metallo-beta-lactamase, which can degrade the ...

1.A. Penicillins are β-lactam antibiotics in structure. The remodeling process takes place in the bacterial cell walls due to the presence of a layer called peptidoglycan layer, which includes the breakdown of β-(1,4) linked N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine and cross-linking peptide chains . Cross-linking peptide chains provide rigidity to the fluid cell wall. Transpeptidase, an enzyme used in the breaking of peptide chains also reforms the peptide bonds after the restructuring of the cell wall. The penicillin inhibits the enzyme transpeptidase, which prevents the peptide bonds from reforming. Thus, penicillin makes the cell walls weaker, which results ...

A descriptive theory would be a good approach in addressing the acute Cholecystitis medical condition. This theory would be of great significance due to the approach it takes in addressing the problem. This would be achieved through using a quantitative method. This is because the method looks into all the relevant details that may need to be changed in order to acquire the desired results. Through this theory, medical practitioners are in a position to carry out a survey to establish the number of cases that are being recorded in relation to acute Cholecystitis. This would help in laying the foundation to develop ...

Staging of kidney disease in patients involves assigning the stage of the disease based on the level to which the kidney of the patient in question is infected. Chronic kidney disease is defined as either kidney damage or GFR less than 60ml/min//1.73m squared for three months or more. Staging is important because it makes the work of the medical practitioners easy in terms of patient treatment (Hamm, 2010). As a result of staging, medical practitioners are in a better position of knowing the exact patients with the most advanced level of kidney infection with relative ease. This makes it very efficient ...

The world is suffering from several problems, and these problems are common in the developing as well as in the developed world. Such as Julian Cribb has described in, ‘The Coming Famine’ that there is a problem global food shortage prevailing in the world. The resources of high demand such as land, water, technology, knowledge, and energy are depleting that is effecting the economic growth (Cribb, 2010). Similarly, the spread of the infectious diseases is also a global problem that has disturbed the countries worldwide. The advent of the novel infections and diseases and there-emergence of the previous infections has ...

Olsen Erik D. in his scientific research article “Protecting food safety” looks at the situation regarding a safe food supply in the United States. Statically, about 47 million Americans suffer each year from various illnesses caused by food. Of them, almost 3,000 people die. Nearly a million of the population develops long-term chronic diseases, for example, arthritis, neural, and heart and vascular problems. Such illnesses are usually caused by pathogens that are present in the process of food production, preparation, etc. Scientists have also found out that sodium and artificial fats are the major cause of the population’s ...

Podolsky, S. H. (2005). The Changing Fate of Pneumonia as a Public Health Concern in 20th-Century America and Beyond. American Journal of Public Health, 95(12): 2144-2154. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.048397.

The article proposes the essence of understanding the history of pneumonia. The article covers historical data from the emerging awareness of the disease in 1930 to the 20th century. Within this timeline Podolsky illustrates the significance of vaccine, control programs and reeducation of physicians. The author also provides insights on how penicillin and sulfonamides affected control programs. As control programs regressed government concerns also become devoid. As a consequence, pneumonia reverted ...

In 2003, scientists completed the mapping of the entire human genome. Understanding a human’s genetic makeup allows for all sorts of possibilities, like the cure for diseases. The first use of IVF treatment in 1978, allowed for the prescreening for certain diseases. For example, nowadays the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) allows for the detection of cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease, and hemophilia A. This is only the beginning; soon enough parents will be able to pick specific traits that they want passed down. One method of doing this is called germline gene therapy.

This means manipulating ...

1. Preventive practices for Lyme disease

Lyme disease is the most frequently reported vector-borne disease in the U.S and Europe yet it is highly preventable by simple, safe and cost effective strategies. The most effective method of preventing the disease is avoiding tick-infested places. Never the less, since this may not be possible other preventive practices for lime disease include using insect repellant chemicals, using personal protective clothes (this could include light-colored clothes to enhance detection of ticks and clothes that cover as much skin as possible), regularly checking the body and clothing for ticks and quickly removing them, applying acaricides on animals and property, ...

Discussion Questions on Clinical Nursing

1. The cephalosporins are a family of bactericidal antibiotics structurally related to penicillin which were first derived from the fungus, Cephalosporum acremonium. 

Cephalosporins are the most frequently prescribed class for antibiotics (eMedexpert, 2011). This class’ mode of action is similar to other beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephamycins. Every form of bacteria cell has a certain cell wall for protection. Cephalosporins disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls, which makes the bacteria cell walls break down and the bacteria eventually die (eMedexpert, 2011). One intravenous (IV) drug under this class is cefazolin. For adults, dosage for ...

Glycosylated Hemoglobin: HgA1c

Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed by the irreversible, non-enzymatic binding of circulating glucose to the amino groups of lysine and valine residues in hemoglobin. It is measured as a ratio of glycosylated hemoglobin to non-glycosylated hemoglobin. The level of HgA1c in erythrocytes depends on the concentration of glucose in blood. When level of blood glucose is high, the rate of glycation is increased, hence more glycosylated hemoglobin. Glycation occurs slowly and over the entire lifespan of the red blood cell, i.e. 90-120 days. Therefore, HbA1c reflects the average level of blood glucose exposed to the red blood cell over the past ...

Evidence based practice and applied nursing research are interrelated with emphasis being put on utilization of research related nursing practice. Nurses are encouraged to utilize research findings in order to make an impact on the health of individuals and groups that are under their Care and this has been directly linked to the development of the Evidence Based Practice (EBP). EBP is an interdisciplinary approach to clinical practice that is rapidly gaining popularity; its basic principle is that all decisions and interventions are made based on research studies and evidence derived from systematic collection of data, observation, experiment, questionnaire ...

The role of Institutional Review Board in US and Canada Review Ethics Board cannot be overemphasized since without them, human subjects may be mistreated by the researchers as they take part in research projects. This mistreatment of the human subjects in research is presented in the 3 cases under study. The aim of these review boards is to ensure researchers uphold all basic ethical principles when they are dealing with human subjects. These 3 basic ethical principles include respect for persons, beneficiary and justice. In the case one, doctors went against the principle of self consent by conducting a research ...

1942, Selman Maksman coined the word antibiotics. They are substances that are produced by microorganisms. They either slow down the growth of other bacteria or kill them right away. Examples include the beta-lactam antibiotics which consist of the penicilins. Others include the Carbapenems, the cephalosporins, the aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfonamides and the oxazolidinones. Also, they could be classified as either bacteriostatic agents that slow down or inhibit the growth of bacteria or bactericidal agents which kill bacteria. Their discovery and use in medical science is of immense magnitude. They equally reduce the rate of mortality and morbidity of patients infected ...

The Case Scenario

Recent clinical evidence-based guidelines suggest that a “watch and see” approach may be best in the management of pediatric acute otitis media. In this case scenario, a team of nurses in the outpatient clinic are considering whether they should use this approach to manage AOM in the children they see. They plan to evaluate clinical studies before making their final decision. The nurses are also aware of the possibility of parental concerns concerning a change in treatment protocols. The studies are analyzed in this paper.

Cautionary use of Antibiotics in Acute Otitis Media

Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common pediatric bacterial infection in the U.S. and ...

Diarrhea and Constipation

There are a lot of pathologies and pathogens that could affect the normal flow of food and absorption in the digestive tract. Two common digestive problems, very common that it could be acquired by almost anyone, are diarrhea and constipation. These two digestive disorders are less severe compared to several cancers that could exist in the digestive system like colon cancer and liver cancer. Thus, diarrhea and constipation are easier to treat—these two are also very much easy to acquire.

As a brief background, Diarrhea is a bowel disorder wherein the classic symptom is an increase in the frequency of bowel ...

Abstract

It is disheartening to stand and watch infants and children come for clinical checkups and get pumped with one antibiotic after another. Sad still is the fact that most parents tend to believe that by so doing, they are helping their children overcome illnesses. Acute otitis media, an occurrence that is quite prone to children between two months and two years, has shown warring trend lately. The challenge that is present is in the fact that enormous works have supported antibiotic administration to cure and curb the spread of the infections. However, it is not until lately that the ...

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Human beings today are living in a world of new diseases, plagues, and infections marked by the noticeable increase in patients with food allergies, diabetes, metabolic disorders, obesity, diarrhea, and asthma. In Missing Microbes: How the Overuse of Antibiotics Is Fueling Our Modern Plagues, Dr Blaser demonstrates and evaluates that the current rise in the mentioned conditions is not an accident. The notorious medical researcher claims that this increase is the consequence of the damage of essential bacteria through the excessive use of wide-ranging antibiotics. According to him, “we live on a microbial planet that is totally ...

In the contemporary society, there are various issues that tend to be very controversial yet essential for human existence. One of such issues is related to genetically modified organism (GMO) that is used in food production. GMOs are the organisms that were altered through genetic engineering for the improvement of their qualities and consequent different use in the human life. They are often used for food and industrial purposes. The aim of this paper is to explore the issue of genetically modified organisms from the contemporary perspective and outline their pros and cons. In this regard, attention is paid ...

We have made several advances in healthcare very recently, but the focus of this is on the diseases we still struggle to control. They include infectious, or communicable diseases, and conditions, which often times are easily preventable. Communicable diseases have started to take a different shape, biologically and statistically, over the turn of the century. Although most infectious fatalities today still come from Influenza, the number two spot has become more competitive. HIV has steadily decreased in transmission, a especially among the usual demographics, while bacterial infections such as staph, MRSA, VRSA, and C. Diff have maintained a steady rise. The threat ...

Introduction

McDonalds was first opened approximately 75 years ago by two brothers, Dick and Mac McDonald. It was originally opened as a carhop with items ranging from tamales to peanut-butter-and-jelly sandwiches. McDonald’s Bar-B-Q, as it was first called, was ran out of San Bernardino, California. Carhops were the rage during that time in Southern California and McDonald’s was an instant hit. The parking lot was consistently full until late at night. However, the McDonald’s brothers had frustration with the customers because of how many plates and glasses they broke. Furthermore, it took a large staff to serve all of ...

Definition, pathophysiology and epidemiology of acute sinusitis

Definition of the disorder Acute sinusitis can be defined as an inflammation of the sinuses characterized by symptoms lasting up to four (4) weeks (Mandal, Patel, & Ferguson, 2012). It can be prompted by some inciting factors such as bacteria, fungi, infections, allergens or environmental irritants. A viral etiology related to the ‘common’ cold is the most common cause of acute sinusitis.

Pathophysiology

Numerous factors cause the development of acute sinusitis. In most cases, a viral respiratory infection occurs before the bacterial sinusitis, which subsequently results in the inflammation of the sinuses and blocking of the ostiomeatal complex (Wald ...

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is the repeated blockage of upper airway when a person is asleep. It is the most common type of apnea during which the diaphragm and chest muscles open the obstructed airways and pull air into the lungs. This loss of breath reduces the flow of oxygen to vital organs causing irregular heartbeat (Force & American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2009). A person usually snores loudly at night with interruption by a silent period when they are not breathing, they wake up not refreshed in the morning, headaches that are hard to treat, feel sleepy or drowsy all day ...

Presenting complaint:

59 years old woman presented in the ER with complain of:

Breathlessness-1 month

History of presenting complaint: According to the patient, she was in her usual state of health one month back when she experienced severe bouts of cough with sputum, white and non-foul smelling and difficulty in breathing. She had difficulty in climbing stairs. She experienced frequent episodes of wheezing. She has already been on albuterol inhaler for months and on and off antibiotic use. Her cough and difficulty in breathing has increased over the past one month despite these medications.

Past history:

She had several attacks of cough with sputum ...

Several types of microscopic organisms which include viruses, parasites as well as fungi and bacteria are the root cause of many diseases and infections that affect human beings. Some infections caused by this pathogens are trivial and less life threatening while some are severe and can even lead to lose of life or cause death of a patient if left untreated. The drugs that are used to eradicate or hinder the spread of microscopic organisms that cause infections in human beings are known as anti-infectives (How stuff works, 2015). Some of anti-infective drugs include vaccines, antibiotics and anti-viral. This paper ...

Abstract

Urinary tract infections, abbreviated as UTIs, are bacterial infections that are very common in people who reside in the nursing home of South Florida. Recurrence of UTIs in the nursing homes is very common, and 50% of women or men experience recurrence of the infection within six weeks therapy time. It becomes challenging to diagnose the UTIs in nursing homes because residents do not present genitourinary symptoms. The administration of antibiotics enhances occurrence re-infection with the organisms that are resistant and adverse effect of drugs. More research is significant on diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection among the ...

English

Fighting Superbugs; more refined tactics need to be discovered Frequent use of antibiotics promotes growth of antibiotic resistant bacteria or superbugs. These bacteria are immune to the strongest medications. Despite the great progress in healthcare and medical technology, antibiotic resistant bacteria still need to be addressed very effectively. Superbugs are at rage against the humankind. An estimated one in twenty, or five percent, of patients now pick up a threatening superbug infection from the hospitals and this number is rising all the time. A recent study has shown that more than 1.7 million patients in the United States develop ...

Scientists have found metallopolymers. Metallopolymers are used to make strains vulnerable to antibiotics. Previously, bacteria were resistant to these antibiotics. Tang and his colleagues noted that a significant fraction of infection is caused by bacteria such as MRSA. MRSA is spread through contaminated hands. The presence of MRSA in the body causes pneumonia and deters treatment by traditional antibiotic such as penicillin when they produce enzymes. Although much effort has been made to inactivate this enzyme, a successful resolution has not been reached. In the process of coming up with a better alternative, Tang’s team tested a recently discovered class against a number ...

Antifungal Medications

In dentistry and oral care medicine, antifungal medications are prescribed less compared to conventional analgesic or antibiotics. However, it is mandatory that a clinician or dentist is familiar with common antifungal indications and medications available in the market. Antifungals are used to treat oral candidiasis. Oral candidiasis is known to cause complex oral health problems. Oral and pharyngeal candidiasis is caused by the primary fungal organism Candida albicans. Oral candidiasis is listed as an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Due to imbalances in the oral flora, patients using oral antibiotics could develop case of ...

(City, State)

Introduction

Tuberculosis or TB refers to a common, deadly, and infectious disease that is caused by a number of mycobacteria strains (Kumar, et al., 2007). The most common mycobacterium that causes TB is the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB usually affects the lungs, although it is also possible for the other body parts to be affected. The disease uses air as the medium of spreading the infection when infected people sneeze, cough or transmit fluids from the respiratory organs through air. Some of the symptoms associated with the different TB variant, as well as TB stages, include chills, loss of appetite, fever, ...

Introduction

The healthcare sector has changed significantly due to the rise of chronic and lifestyle diseases, and better educated clients who demand quality services. To meet these challenges nurses have embraced evidence based care to improve quality by enhancing aspects such as safety and efficacy of interventions. One of the most important aspects of delivering quality nursing care is ensuring that nurses have the necessary skills, knowledge and attitude needed to improve care. Giving nurses these skills, knowledge and attitude is the key goal of the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) program. This essay evaluates the clinical management ...

Lab 1: Ethical Issue in the Movie Gattaca. The epicentre of ethical issues in the movie Gattaca is the manner in which an individual ought to be judged. Should it be by the genetic composition one is born with or by the character traits, personality attributes and ambitions chosen by an individual? Vincent is born with genetic weaknesses that could result in ailments in the future. His genetic composition denies him access to his dream job despite the fact that he achieves the required grades in school and is a strong and athletic young man. As a result, Vincent designs a plan to ...

World hunger is an issue of increasing importance with today’s growing population. One question that has weighed heavily on the minds of agriculturalists, scientists, and public officials is how to feed all of these people. Many people starve to death every day all over the world. Some regions, like many in Africa, experience starvation as an everyday part of life. In an effort to remedy this issue, scientists began producing GMOs, or genetically modified organisms. Otherwise known, as super crops, GMOs were engineered specifically to help with the world’s hunger crisis. While there are many alleged benefits ...

TA ABSTRACT – Genetic engineering now has straight forward ecofriendly strategies to produce transformation in plasmids. The transformation process allows engineers to introduce DNa with specific desired capabilities into a host plasmid. In this way plants can be created that are able to resist a particular enemy or stressor without having to use toxics like herbicides and insecticides. The bacteria E. Coli was used to determine whether it can be made resistant to ampicillin or not. AmpR was integrated into the host cells and the tracer, GFP was used to identify expressed cells. The laboratory demonstrated that transformation by plasmids so ...

In the recent case brought up on appeal, U.S.A. vs Regenerative Sciences LLC, the Appellate Court re-examined the issue of whether federal laws regulating the manufacture and labeling of drugs and biological products were violated by a company that produced a mixture of stem cells and antibiotic doxycycline. In an earlier ruling, the District Court held that Regenerative Sciences LLC did violate these laws, and the Appellate Court affirmed the lower court’s judgment. This case received a lot of publicity due to the ethical issues surrounding stem cell research and resulting impacts to stakeholders affected by the outcome. The case presents ...

Introduction

Modifying the genetic make-up of food is a concept which has been around for centuries. Farmers have successfully improved food supply through cross-breeding different plant and animal varieties to develop organisms that yield more, taste better and tolerate harsh conditions. In modern times, this has not always been welcome. The Pure Food Campaign (PFC) was established in 1992 as a coalition of restaurateurs, farmers, animal welfare, environmental and consumer groups opposed to genetic engineered food. Around the same time, the U.S. Agriculture Department stated that it would not regulate production and shipping of Flavr Savr, which is a genetically engineered tomato from ...

Genetic modification, as the name suggests, is a biotechnological process by which the genetic material in an organism such as plants is altered in a manner that does not take place in the nature or via nature-influenced recombination. Such organisms which are called as the Genetically Modified Organisms or GMOs find immense practical applications in the modern times. They are used extensively for carrying out medical and biological scientific work, are used to manufacture new pharmaceutical medications and importantly, are used in agriculture to produce good quality crops. The reason why genetic modification has gained prominence in agriculture is because it ...

Description of the communicable disease (causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment) and the demographic of interest (mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence) Tumberculosis (TB) is a communicable chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects lungs; it may affect any organ or tissue of the body. Typically, the centres of tubercular granulomas undergo caseous necrosis. It is “spread through inhaling tiny droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person”. Typically, its symptoms include; persistent cough for more than three weeks, in which the phlegm maybe bloody; weight loss; night sweats; high temperature; tiredness and fatigue; ...

Introduction

Most of the microorganisms naturally present in the human body are harmless commensals. However, there also exists other disease causing microorganisms known as pathogens and the mechanism by which they cause disease is known as pathogenesis. These pathogens persist or multiply within the host causing infection. Some pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa are considered as opportunistic pathogens that cause disease only in patients with compromised immunity and only under certain conditions. The infectious diseases may be treated with antibiotic drugs. However, it is important to know the different types of pathogens and the virulence factors by which they cause disease ...

Causes

Bacteria, which lives in the soil is the main cause of tuberculosis. It spreads to humans through a mechanism, which involves breathing the dusty air where the bacteria are present. Further, breathing the air coughed out by an infected person or by drinking milk from an infected cow can cause infection of the disease.

Symptoms

A common symptom of TB is the presence of a productive cough that can last more than two weeks. Other respiratory symptoms, which include chest pains, shortness of breath and haemoptysis accompanies the productive cough (World Health Organization, 2010). Additional symptoms include weight loss, night sweats, fatigue, ...

Abstract

Gum inflammation is a gingival disorder which is characterized by soreness, reddening and pain in gums. The source of such inflammation is an auto-immune reaction of the body within the oral cavity as a response to a negative impact of bacterial, chemical, physical or other nature. Apart from the most popular form of gingival inflammation due to decay, which is perceived as the prevalent form of gingivitis and may lead to subsequent periodontitis, there are several other factors that can contribute to gum inflammation of seemingly healthy people. These factors have uncommon origin and may require different methods of treatment. The aim ...

Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is an infection that affects the meninges, the cerebrospinal fluid and the spinal cord that causes death and disability in a number of people worldwide. This is a highly contagious airborne disease that is spread through the transmission of three organisms present in the respiratory secretions: Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The onset or origins of the disease varies among different age groups and geographic locations. According to estimates, 200,000 people die annually of meningitis. Case fatality rates vary with age at time of illness and also depend on the particular bacterial strain causing the infection ( ...