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Fighting Superbugs; more refined tactics need to be discovered
Frequent use of antibiotics promotes growth of antibiotic resistant bacteria or superbugs. These bacteria are immune to the strongest medications. Despite the great progress in healthcare and medical technology, antibiotic resistant bacteria still need to be addressed very effectively. Superbugs are at rage against the humankind. An estimated one in twenty, or five percent, of patients now pick up a threatening superbug infection from the hospitals and this number is rising all the time. A recent study has shown that more than 1.7 million patients in the United States develop ...

Scientists have found metallopolymers. Metallopolymers are used to make strains vulnerable to antibiotics. Previously, bacteria were resistant to these antibiotics. Tang and his colleagues noted that a significant fraction of infection is caused by bacteria such as MRSA. MRSA is spread through contaminated hands. The presence of MRSA in the body causes pneumonia and deters treatment by traditional antibiotic such as penicillin when they produce enzymes. Although much effort has been made to inactivate this enzyme, a successful resolution has not been reached. In the process of coming up with a better alternative, Tang’s team tested a recently ...

People choose to become vegetarian for a number of reasons, including; health benefits, humane treatment of animal issues, and even religious beliefs. Sometimes people choose to become vegetarian after seeing an animal being butchered (either in person or in a video) and watching the animal die makes them unwilling to be even remotely responsible for any animals’ deaths (Kim, 2010).
Those who are against livestock (meat) production claim that it causes a number of extremely serious problems. According to supporters of the vegetarian diet, “the mass consumption of animals is a primary reason why humans are hungry, fat, or ...

Sepsis is a clinical condition that evokes an inflammatory response of the host immune system in response to clinically-suspected infections. It usually occurs in an individual with a weak immune system such as a post-surgery patient, organ transplant patient, cancer patients or an AIDS patient. It spreads throughout the body via the bloodstream. There are several degrees of sepsis such as severe sepsis, septic shock and refractory septic shock (Morrell, Micek & Kollef, 2009) that together make up the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) (Mayr, Yende & Angus, 2014). Sepsis and septic shock are some of the leading causes of death ...

Introduction

Ciproflaxins (or simply Cipro) are a known second-generation of fluoroquinolones. Fluoroquilones, or more generally quinolones, are known as potent chemical agents against Gram-negative bacteria, widely used as a treatment of bacterial infections (Ball, 2000). Ciproflaxins have a wider spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activity and are effective in the treatment of many types of infection associated with Gram-negative bacteria, specifically respiratory tract infections. It is also known to treat anthrax in people (Hilts, 2001).
In a livestock and other animals, a drug which is chemically similar to Cipro is commonly used, known as Baytril. The primary target of Cipro ...

Literature review

The issue about surgical site infection has been of great concern to several people majority the scientists who have gone to great extents in the attempt to establish a long lasting solution. Several articles addressing the subject of surgical site infection (SSI) has been tackled from different angles with different scientists and researchers coming up with data and statistics. The easiest place to source out such information being the internet where several detailed articles are uploaded for the internet users.
The first article to analyze is by Fuler (2010). It proves very important in getting the relevant information regarding ...

Potential Research Interest in Nursing: Maggot Debridement Therapy (MDT)

Arguably, the complexity associated with chronic wounds continues to challenge healthcare providers throughout the world. Notably, standard treatment of such wounds like antibiotics gives poor outcomes, therefore, prompting health practitioners to seek alternative biological liberal options. Such treatments include apitherapy, maggots, and leeches based treatments. However, this paper will be explicitly based on Maggot Debridement Therapy (MDT) since it is one of the most controversial pressure wound therapy yet posting incredible results.
The increasing prevalence in chronic wounds is partly due to the medical advances that have increased the life expectancy converting life threatening diseases to chronic wounds. In ...

The brand name of the product that makes use of the ‘greenwashing’ concept is the Tyson’s chicken. The picture below shows a boneless, skinless chicken breast product from Tyson. However, other chicken parts are packed in a similar package. The packaging material and appearance is shown below represent only a few of what they are selling.
The company’s product has a big 100% all natural sign on the front part. This can also be identified in some other products made from chicken as seen from the above presented photos. Despite such labels found on several meat products ...

Research Plan

Introduction
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems incorporate pervasively in prokaryotic genomes that have also been suggested to perform a role in numerous critical cellular operations (Van, & Bast, 2009). These systems characteristically comprise of a two-gene operon encoding a toxic protein molecule which aims at an important cellular purpose and an antitoxin that connects to and hinders the toxin. Control of toxin action is attained via differential constancy of the stable toxin as well as the unstable antitoxin (Kamada & Hanaoka, 2005). In several occasions, the antitoxin also operates as a transcriptional autorepressor of the operon, whereby the degradation of the antitoxin leads ...

1. Location: Mandritsara (Madagascar)
2. Diseases listed: Malaria, Dengue, Plague
3. Details of the outbreak
On 10 December 2013, BBC news/Africa reported a deadly outbreak of the bubonic plague in a village near Mandritsarad in Madagascar. The outbreak that occurred a week earlier, was revealed after the death of 20 people in the village. Tests conducted on the bodies by The Pasteur Institute in Madagascar, certified that the death was related to the bubonic plague. Since unhygienic conditions are the main causes for plague dissemination, a program was implemented to exterminate rats, fleas and cockroaches to avoid the spread ...

This essay analyzes the published article: “Overuse of Antibiotics Spurs Vicious Cycle” (Jun 2010). The article is published by Dr Joseph Mercola on his website: “Mercola. Com: Take control of Your Health” and seeks to educate and persuade readers that current overuse of antibiotics in treating people is likely to cause patients to develop resistance to the drugs, which can have a residual effect for as much as a year after the medication is ended.
Summarizing Mercola’s article, he uses logos in suggesting that the more these antibiotics are prescribed routinely to treat mild illness such as coughs ...

Question 1

Seed cleaners are going out of business in U.S because of the emerging Genetically Modified seeds, which are eliminating the need of using normal seeds from seed banks U.S Supreme Court advocates for labeling of seed products especially genetically modified seeds. Consumer and organic food producers fight over genetic engineering foods in different occurrences. Labeling food under company names promotes their market as farmers have more confidence in some companies than others. Supreme Court sided with Monsanto Company over the claim Indiana farmers dishonored the company's rights on soybean seeds resistant to its weed-killer (Schlosser, 2012).

Question 2

The U.S government ...

Introduction: Prior to the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Flemming millions of people worldwide succumbed to common infections. The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed nearly 30 million people, which was higher than the population that succumbed to the First World War. Following the discovery of penicillin in 1928, a number of other antimicrobial agents were discovered from natural sources or synthesized in laboratories that led to treatment of many infectious diseases worldwide. It was believed at one point that these magic bullets could be used to target and kill any and all kinds of pathogenic microorganisms. However, soon after ...

The documentary focuses on several medical crises that resulting from environmental problems. In the documentary the nightmare in question is the rapidly mutating bacteria that are hard to defeat once they get into an individuals body system. The antibiotic resistant bugs are evident in many places and that have become critical threat anywhere they are found. According to the documentary, doctors can not find any antibiotic protocols that can handle the rapidly evolving bacteria that c an kill people if no rapid diagnosis it done.
The documentary uses basic strategies of introducing people to the problem by focusing on ...

This case study entitled “Airborne Infection Control Case Study: Bay Oaks” (n.d.) describes a rare success story in the fight against Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) or “superbugs” as they are sometimes called. This Miami assisted-living facility has virtually eliminated HAIs, using a system called Novaerus HAI Eradication Technology that filters and processes all the air within the building, including all common areas and the rooms occupied by the home’s residents. A typical resident in Bay Oaks is 84 years old and female, and the oldest resident is 102. A spokesperson noted that if a resident becomes ill and ...

Part 1

Many theoreticians and practitioners of health care, along with patient advocates are currently emphasizing the need to shift from a provider-centered model to the one, which will concentrate on patient’s wellbeing (Earp, French& Gilkey, 2008, p.241). Such a need puts healthcare industry under significant pressure to demonstrate continuous improvement of quality of provided services (Lloyd, 2004, p.11). In this regard it is worth referring to the need to develop an understanding of what the term “quality” actually means and which aspects may be considered within its scope. Lots of definitions of quality exist. However, for the purposes of ...

Antimicrobial drug’s resistance in the twenty first century

Problem statement
The past one century has seen a lot of growth and development in the medical field, and this is one of the factors that have promoted effective medical care to patients, as well as developed breakthrough to various medical conditions and illnesses in all areas across the human life. One of these developments include the antibiotics’ breakthrough, which has provided cure to various microorganism-developed illnesses, such as malaria. However, as a result of continued use of the antimicrobial drugs, repeated use has led to resistance to the same, leading to ineffective clinical, medical services.
Before this research ...

Antibiotic resistance occurs when there is a gain or change in the DNA of the bacterial organism. Most mechanisms of antibiotic resistance are associated with plasmid-mediated transfer of genetic information; using transposons facilitates the transfer of information, and in fact many common modes of resistance are associated with transposons such as beta – lactamases, tetracycline resistance and aminoglycoside resistance (Microbiology, 2007 pg. 64-65). Resistance is accomplished by one of three mechanisms (Microbiology, 2007 pg.65):
- Decreased uptake
- Alteration of target site: A change in the penicillin binding site of certain bacterial cell walls leads to less binding. This ...

Antibiotics usage in farm animals is rather heavy and extensive and has been a characteristic practice of farmers in Europe and North America for some time. Based on the health hazards that usage of antibiotics on livestock pose to human health, they should completely be banned from animal feed. A good number of pork, beef, and poultry eaten by humans have small levels of antibiotics. This is an outcome of efforts to improve quality, as well as quantity of farms output. The United States utilizes more than 29 million pounds of antibiotics in farm animals per annum, which accounts ...

Health is actually the general condition of the body and mind of a person. Therefore, health means being free from pain, injury, or illness. Biology is a very imperative discipline that we can apply its knowledge to improve our health. The context that we live in is of great significance for our quality of life and health status. Health is improved and maintained through the application and advancement of health science. Additionally, the individuals or society’s intelligent lifestyle choices and efforts also improve and maintain health. Thus, Biology being ha sub field of science is crucial in our ...

The Case Scenario

Recent clinical evidence-based guidelines suggest that a “watch and see” approach may be best in the management of pediatric acute otitis media. In this case scenario,
a team of nurses in the outpatient clinic are considering whether they should use this approach to manage AOM in the children they see. They plan to evaluate clinical studies before making their final decision. The nurses are also aware of the possibility of parental concerns concerning a change in treatment protocols. The studies are analyzed in this paper.

Cautionary use of Antibiotics in Acute Otitis Media

Acute otitis media (AOM) is the ...

1942, Selman Maksman coined the word antibiotics. They are substances that are produced by microorganisms. They either slow down the growth of other bacteria or kill them right away. Examples include the beta-lactam antibiotics which consist of the penicilins. Others include the Carbapenems, the cephalosporins, the aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfonamides and the oxazolidinones. Also, they could be classified as either bacteriostatic agents that slow down or inhibit the growth of bacteria or bactericidal agents which kill bacteria. Their discovery and use in medical science is of immense magnitude. They equally reduce the rate of mortality and morbidity of patients infected ...

Introduction and Background

In assessing the impact of microbes in the New South Wales (NSW) health system, it was discovered after laboratory testing evaluating Part A and B categories different types of colonies were discovered, for laboratory 1 evaluations. In laboratory 11specimens used in this experiment were blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid; sputum, swabs from and

Mucous membranes.

Bacteria colony morphology:-. E Coli. This bacterium appeared to be creamy, shinny and rose to a level of 2-3 mm. M Luteus. This one was yellow shinny circular and rose to 1-2 mm. ...

Effectiveness and action of different antibiotics on bacterial cells

Introduction
Antibiotics are used to kill microorganism or inhibit their ability to multiply (DIANE Publishing Company 73). Different antibiotics kill bacteria and other microorganisms with varied effectiveness. A simple mechanism of determining the effectiveness and action of antibiotics on bacteria is using the zone of inhibition method (DIANE Publishing Company 112). This experiment requires application of an antibiotic chemical to an inoculated plate. The culture in which bacteria are to grow and reproduce is then incubated after which observations are made to identify the zone of inhibition. A clear zone on the plate is an indication that the bacterial ...

Evidence based practice and applied nursing research are interrelated with emphasis being put on utilization of research related nursing practice. Nurses are encouraged to utilize research findings in order to make an impact on the health of individuals and groups that are under their Care and this has been directly linked to the development of the Evidence Based Practice (EBP). EBP is an interdisciplinary approach to clinical practice ...

Several types of microscopic organisms which include viruses, parasites as well as fungi and bacteria are the root cause of many diseases and infections that affect human beings. Some infections caused by this pathogens are trivial and less life threatening while some are severe and can even lead to lose of life or cause death of a patient if left untreated. The drugs that are used to eradicate or hinder the spread of microscopic organisms that cause infections in human beings are known as anti-infectives (How stuff works, 2015). Some of anti-infective drugs include vaccines, antibiotics and anti-viral. This ...

Report on Acute Otitis Media in Children 2 months to 12 years old.

A.1. Classify the type of each source of evidence as either a general information resource, a filtered resource, or an unfiltered resource.

A.2 Discussion on whether each source of evidence is appropriate for this nursing practice situation

A.3.Classify each source of evidence as primary research evidence, evidence summary, evidence-based guideline, or none of these.
Section B
Discussion on whether watchful waiting is an appropriate approach for treating children with acute Otitis media, based on the evidence presented in the article.

Section C

Discussion about application findings in attached article to improve nursing practice in the clinic.
Section D
Discuss ethical issues that could arise in researching and changing clinical practice guidelines, based on the evidence-based research.
...

Factory farming

Introduction

Factory farming is a farming practice where livestock are raised at high stocking density within a confinement. The farm will basically operate as a factory and this is a common practice in industrial farming. Factory farms exist because of several reasons. The first reason is based on the growing need to have reduced prices of food. Factory farms have the potential to produce a large quantity of food at a cheaper cost. The technologies used and economies of scale have enabled consumers of these products to save a significant amount on food. The second reason is based upon ...

Summary

Organic beef production is still a new concept in the field of beef production. However, it has developed so fast and has become widely accepted all over the world. Organic beef production is somewhat similar to natural beef production but it involves additional steps of inspection and verification before the beef is sent to the organic market. The process of producing organic beef involves using natural feeds without any trace of inorganic components. Such livestock are also not exposed to any kind of growth stimulating hormones or the use of antibiotics. This research is mainly going to cover the ...

TREATING MRSA PATIENTS

Introduction
MRSA is an acronym for meticilin- resistant staphylococcus aereus and can sometimes be referred to as a super bug. The staphylococcus aereus bacteria can be subdivided into various strains. The MRSA strains are also very similar to other strains of the staphylococcus aereus. People can act as either carriers or may in some cases develop complications which are caused by the bacteria. Most of the infections brought about by the bacteria can be treated by some common antibiotics which are available in the market. The MRSA infections show some resistance to the meticilin antibiotics. They also show some ...

A Hospital setting is the most conducive environment for the patients. It has all basic infrastructure to cater the ever growing needs of patients who may present a spectrum of health complications. Certain limitations appear to decrease the quality care which in turn raises concerns among the patients and their family members. Healthcare professionals, especially nurses have a great role to play in contributing to an improved patient care by decreasing the patient concerns. In such context, the present description deals highlighting g a topic on surgical site infections with a special emphasis on its evidence-based management.
Briefly, as ...

Documentary Analysis

Four corner documentary: Rise of Super Bugs

The four corner documentary is a quarter hour video that fairly discloses the use and misuse of antibiotics. While drugs have done wonders in the medicinal field, at the same time, its incorrect usage have lead to secondary and tertiary problems. With a view to kill the bugs through antibiotics, mankind has given rise to superbugs that tangibly and intangibly causes more harm to our body systems. The documentary on the rise of super bugs depicts the extreme positive effects of antibiotics. This documentary is a fine example of the use of ...

Introduction to MRSA

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterial strain of S. aureus that that has developed a resistance to certain types of antibiotics, including methicillin, penicillin, oxacillin, and amoxicillin (Farley 2008).  The types of infections differ according to whether the MRSA infection was acquired in the hospital setting (HA-MRSA) or whether it was a community acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infection.  The most severe MRSA infections are those acquired in health care facilities and include infections of the bloodstream or surgical wounds, and pneumonia.  MRSA bacteremia is often fatal, thus timely and aggressive intervention is critical in patients at ...

Introduction:

The bacterial negative gram bacilli group Enterobacterriaceae have both motile and non-mitole relationships with peritrichouse flagella. Both types of bacteria, however, have the ability to fermet glucose and get nitrite from nitrates, as well as produce gas. They are a common find in greenhouses, and there are hundreds of species of this microorganism, including Proteus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella Enterobacter, pneomoniae, etc. The pathogenic types of this bacteria have the ability to bring about diseases in animals and humans.

In this test, two varying types of Enterobacteriaceae will be identified (Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. This will be ...

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Human beings today are living in a world of new diseases, plagues, and infections marked by the noticeable increase in patients with food allergies, diabetes, metabolic disorders, obesity, diarrhea, and asthma. In Missing Microbes: How the Overuse of Antibiotics Is Fueling Our Modern Plagues, Dr Blaser demonstrates and evaluates that the current rise in the mentioned conditions is not an accident. The notorious medical researcher claims that this increase is the consequence of the damage of essential bacteria through the excessive use of wide-ranging antibiotics. According to him, “we live on a microbial planet that is ...

(City, State)

Introduction

Tuberculosis or TB refers to a common, deadly, and infectious disease that is caused by a number of mycobacteria strains (Kumar, et al., 2007). The most common mycobacterium that causes TB is the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB usually affects the lungs, although it is also possible for the other body parts to be affected. The disease uses air as the medium of spreading the infection when infected people sneeze, cough or transmit fluids from the respiratory organs through air. Some of the symptoms associated with the different TB variant, as well as TB stages, include chills, loss of ...

Lab partners

The transformation of bacterial cells using Puc18 plasmid as a vector
Abstract
In molecular cloning experiments, the DNA to be cloned is obtained from an organism and then broken into smaller fragments through digestion with restriction enzymes. The fragments of restriction enzyme digestion are then ligated /combined with some vector DNA to produce recombinant DNA molecules. These recombinant DNA molecules are then introduced into a host organism. When the host organism replicates, the recombinant molecule is replicated together with it. With time, large populations of transformed cells or clones are generated expressing the genotype and phenotype of the inserted ...

Abstract

Urinary tract infections, abbreviated as UTIs, are bacterial infections that are very common in people who reside in the nursing home of South Florida. Recurrence of UTIs in the nursing homes is very common, and 50% of women or men experience recurrence of the infection within six weeks therapy time. It becomes challenging to diagnose the UTIs in nursing homes because residents do not present genitourinary symptoms. The administration of antibiotics enhances occurrence re-infection with the organisms that are resistant and adverse effect of drugs. More research is significant on diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection among the ...

A condition affecting the system of veins in legs with venous hypertension resulting in different pathologies that involve swelling, ulcerations, pain, skin changes, and edema is called chronic venous insufficiency (Eberhardt and Raffetto, 2005).
It is necessary to understand normal venous function and anatomy to analyze the venous insufficiencies pathology. The peripheral venous system serves as a conduit returns blood into the heart and as a reservoir where blood is stored. Appropriate operation of the peripheral venous system is dependent on a series of muscle pumps and valves (Eberhardt and Raffetto, 2005). Blood entering the venous system of lower ...

Executive summary

The main aim of every patient in the rehabilitation center is to learn to correct previous mental and psychological trauma that had changed their lives in one way or the other. These patients have hopes of repairing their already tarnished lives into a brand new one and any chance of contagious infection may negatively affect their healing process or expose them into a new problem as they go out to start their new lives. The current procedures that are allowed in the rehab which includes permitting the patients who have tested positive for MRSA and VRE infections to interact ...

Colony collapse disorder refers to a phenomenon which entails a sharp, unusual decline in the number of bees in a colony. This phenomenon has raised great concerns in the USA in the recent past given that honey bees are a significant part of the US economy. Honey bees are involved in pollination therefore contributing to about one third of the US diet. Several causes have been identified as triggers of the phenomenon; most of which are under investigation. Among the causes identified are: genetically modified foods, pathogens, pesticides and antibiotics. Pesticides in particular are deemed to be a leading ...

In the contemporary society, there are various issues that tend to be very controversial yet essential for human existence. One of such issues is related to genetically modified organism (GMO) that is used in food production. GMOs are the organisms that were altered through genetic engineering for the improvement of their qualities and consequent different use in the human life. They are often used for food and industrial purposes. The aim of this paper is to explore the issue of genetically modified organisms from the contemporary perspective and outline their pros and cons. In this regard, attention is paid ...

Definition, pathophysiology and epidemiology of acute sinusitis

Definition of the disorder
Acute sinusitis can be defined as an inflammation of the sinuses characterized by symptoms lasting up to four (4) weeks (Mandal, Patel, & Ferguson, 2012). It can be prompted by some inciting factors such as bacteria, fungi, infections, allergens or environmental irritants. A viral etiology related to the ‘common’ cold is the most common cause of acute sinusitis.

Pathophysiology

Numerous factors cause the development of acute sinusitis. In most cases, a viral respiratory infection occurs before the bacterial sinusitis, which subsequently results in the inflammation of the sinuses and blocking of the ostiomeatal complex (Wald ...

Abstract

The scope of the practice guideline was developed to inform medical personnel and medical institutions about the value of using prophylactic antibiotics in the management of infection rates, among the patients receiving spinal surgery. The recommendations and also conclusions of the study were fashioned through evidence-based evaluation of literatures authored on the topic. The guide-document’s scope is limited to exploration of usefulness of prophylactic antibiotics in managing infection rates, among spinal surgery patients. The purpose of the study was offering medical personnel and institutions with a model for delivering care to spinal surgery patients. The research questions for ...

Abstract

Food is a necessity because it is essential to human beings’ survival. For this reason, food production is a crucial function in modern life because processes and initiatives determine the quantity and quality of food produced and distributed to consumers. Food production, however, is not an easy process. In some cases, food consumed by people not only cause illnesses or various diseases but also lead to death. As a result, producers around the world adopted various measures to ascertain the quality of food and the health and safety of consumers.
Solving food safety is a variable process primarily because ...

Impact of Triclosan on Health

Introduction
Antimicrobial or antibacterial agents are commonly used as ingredients in many of the household products. This trend has increased the concern of growing level of chemicals in the environment that ultimately bring negative impact on human as well as animal health. Triclosan is one among them. It is a synthetic, and an antibacterial agent having broad spectrum that has exploded in the consumer market in last few years. There has been tremendous debate on the safety, regulation of its use and effectiveness of triclosan (The European Consumer Organization, (2012).
Triclosan contains antibacterial properties along with antiviral and antifungal ...

Introduction

This essay looked at honey, providing a general description of the product and its historical applications and then exploring the methods of preparation that have been employed with honey. The paper then moves on to discuss the therapeutic benefits of honey and any possible toxic effects. The paper then looks at whether and why, as a naturopathic nutritionist, you would use or not use this product.

General description of honey

Honey is a food made by bees from the nectar of flowers (Orey, 2011). Honey is made and stored by bees inside honeycombs inside their hive, and the honey that humans eat comes ...

Abstract

It is disheartening to stand and watch infants and children come for clinical checkups and get pumped with one antibiotic after another. Sad still is the fact that most parents tend to believe that by so doing, they are helping their children overcome illnesses. Acute otitis media, an occurrence that is quite prone to children between two months and two years, has shown warring trend lately. The challenge that is present is in the fact that enormous works have supported antibiotic administration to cure and curb the spread of the infections. However, it is not until lately that the ...

It is estimated that about one-third of the global population has suffered from M. tuberculosis, with most incidences estimated to be occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most of the infections with M. tuberculosis have been shown not to cause TB. Nearly 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. According to W.H.O, 8.6 million chronic cases there were documented in the year 2012. In the year 2010, there were roughly 8.8 million patients suffering from TB and 1.45 million deaths resulting from the same. Most of these deaths occurred in developing nations (Metcalfe et al., 2011). ...

Introduction

McDonalds was first opened approximately 75 years ago by two brothers, Dick and Mac McDonald. It was originally opened as a carhop with items ranging from tamales to peanut-butter-and-jelly sandwiches. McDonald’s Bar-B-Q, as it was first called, was ran out of San Bernardino, California. Carhops were the rage during that time in Southern California and McDonald’s was an instant hit. The parking lot was consistently full until late at night. However, the McDonald’s brothers had frustration with the customers because of how many plates and glasses they broke. Furthermore, it took a large staff to serve ...

Lab 1: Ethical Issue in the Movie Gattaca. The epicentre of ethical issues in the movie Gattaca is the manner in which an individual ought to be judged. Should it be by the genetic composition one is born with or by the character traits, personality attributes and ambitions chosen by an individual? Vincent is born with genetic weaknesses that could result in ailments in the future. His genetic composition denies him access to his dream job despite the fact that he achieves the required grades in school and is a strong and athletic young man. As a result, Vincent ...

Introduction

Rheumatic fever (RF), or acute rheumatic fever (ARF), is an autoimmune complication caused by the human-specific bacterial pathogen group A (B-hemolytic) streptococcus (GAS), Streptococcus pyogenes. S. pyogenes is a Gram-positive aerobic bacterium that is coccoid or spherical in shape and usually occurs in pairs or chains. It produces hemolysin that forms a clear zone around the colonies when grown on blood agar. It has been designated as part of group A via Lancefield serotyping because it displays the carbohydrate antigen A on its cell wall. It is non acid-fast, non-spore forming, and may or may not have capsules. It ...

(Author)

Use of Restriction Enzymes in Pharmaceuticals
Restriction enzyme, which is also referred to as restriction endonuclease, is a class of enzyme that is helpful in cutting DNA at restriction sites. Restriction sites are particular recognition nucleotide sequences on double stranded DNA having the length of 4-5 base pairs. Restriction enzymes are also known deoxyribonucleases (DNases). Presently, there are four different types of restriction enzymes:
- Type I enzymes that are “classical” in nature, e.g. EcoKI, EcoBI, and EcoR124;
- Type II enzymes that are “orthodox” in nature, e.g. EcoRI, HindIII, EcoRV;
- Type III enzymes having more than ...

Introduction

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive condition that is caused by the mutation of the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator. The mutation affects the absorption of chloride ions which impairs the movement of sodium and water at the cellular level. This results in production of abnormally thick secretions that cause inflammation and damage to the cell. This affects the functioning of the organs. It is one of the most common genetic disorders that affects Europeans. Statistics indicating that one out of 2381 people in the United Kingdom suffer from the condition.
The complexity of the disease calls for a ...

- Scope and purpose of the clinical practice guideline
Surgical infection is a healthcare associated infection where a wound infection occurs after an invasive/ surgical procedure (Gruendemann & Mangum, 2001). Other types of infections that occur especially for surgical patients include urinary tract infection, bacteraemias, anti-biotic- related diarrhea and postoperative respiratory. Surgical infections are usually experienced with the first seven to ten days after the operation/ surgery to a life threatening postoperative complication. Some of these include a sterna infection, which occurs after an open heart surgery. Surgical infections, at least most of them, are caused by contamination of an ...

Water Contaminants from Pharmaceuticals and Chemical Industries

Water Contaminants from Pharmaceuticals and Chemical Industries

Abstract

In industrial processes, the generation of waste waters is unavoidable sometimes. It is therefore important to develop process for decontaminating this water. The treatment of toxic effluent that contains pharmaceutical and industrial chemicals cannot be satisfactorily attained through the use of conventional processes. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) have been very vital and successful in their application to degrade these toxic compounds found in water. The high generation of extremely powerful oxidizing agent like the hydroxyl radical forms the back bone of the AOPs. This method is capable of destroying organic compounds until ...

Overview

Ulcers of the lower leg are common incapacitating wounds amongst the elderly in the United States. For women over 65 years, there is relatively 1.43 percent. These ulcers can be broadly split into two main types with the ones originating from poor arterial perfusion occurring less times and the ones taking place due to venous problems making relatively 70 percent of the presented cases. The etiology of the ulcer is identified through measurement of the ankle/brachial pressure index (ABPI). The ulcers that have an ABPI of more than 0.8, are perceived to be appropriate to be treated with compression ...

The American food system as often regarded as unhealthy, several issues are being associated to the way Americans produce their foods such as animal cruelty and too much commercialization by large corporations. However, it appears that the multinational corporations are the ones that control most of the food production in North America. Creating the film documentary is quite a challenge. The filmmakers were denied of access to many of the factories and farms. “It was nearly impossible to gain access to industrial farms and into large food corporations”. First, they would not let any of the crew and it ...

Microbes are small living things that cannot be visualized by the naked eye and can cause diseases. To the first approximation life is a microbial. Microbes colonize every environment on earth and they play a key role in the biosphere. Pathogenic microbes are among the major cause of infections and death. To curb this scientists have come up with different ways to combat the infections that ultimately lead to death. The findings of the researches led to the invention of antimicrobial therapy which is the use of microbes to fight microbial infections(Stanier, 1988).
In the ancient era of ...

Sexually transmitted diseases are major epidemiological barrier to achieving standard “health for all”. This category of diseases affects both the developing and developed worlds though with different forms of diseases and epidemiology. Several strategies have been instituted to control the disorder in terms of prevalence and incidence however, prevention still remain the key. Chlamydia infection, a sexually transmitted infection caused bacteria known as chlamydia trachomatis is a major STI affecting a considerable population of both developing and developed worlds. This infection affects majorly human genital organs and the eye.
The infection is usually transmitted by sexual activities such as ...