Essays on Antibiotics

Abstract

Urinary tract infections, abbreviated as UTIs, are bacterial infections that are very common in people who reside in the nursing home of South Florida. Recurrence of UTIs in the nursing homes is very common, and 50% of women or men experience recurrence of the infection within six weeks therapy time. It becomes challenging to diagnose the UTIs in nursing homes because residents do not present genitourinary symptoms. The administration of antibiotics enhances occurrence re-infection with the organisms that are resistant and adverse effect of drugs. More research is significant on diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection among the Continue reading...

English

Fighting Superbugs; more refined tactics need to be discovered
Frequent use of antibiotics promotes growth of antibiotic resistant bacteria or superbugs. These bacteria are immune to the strongest medications. Despite the great progress in healthcare and medical technology, antibiotic resistant bacteria still need to be addressed very effectively. Superbugs are at rage against the humankind. An estimated one in twenty, or five percent, of patients now pick up a threatening superbug infection from the hospitals and this number is rising all the time. A recent study has shown that more than 1.7 million patients in the United States develop Continue reading...

Scientists have found metallopolymers. Metallopolymers are used to make strains vulnerable to antibiotics. Previously, bacteria were resistant to these antibiotics. Tang and his colleagues noted that a significant fraction of infection is caused by bacteria such as MRSA. MRSA is spread through contaminated hands. The presence of MRSA in the body causes pneumonia and deters treatment by traditional antibiotic such as penicillin when they produce enzymes. Although much effort has been made to inactivate this enzyme, a successful resolution has not been reached. In the process of coming up with a better alternative, Tang’s team tested a recently Continue reading...

Antifungal Medications

In dentistry and oral care medicine, antifungal medications are prescribed less compared to conventional analgesic or antibiotics. However, it is mandatory that a clinician or dentist is familiar with common antifungal indications and medications available in the market. Antifungals are used to treat oral candidiasis. Oral candidiasis is known to cause complex oral health problems. Oral and pharyngeal candidiasis is caused by the primary fungal organism Candida albicans. Oral candidiasis is listed as an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Due to imbalances in the oral flora, patients using oral antibiotics could develop case Continue reading...

(City, State)

Introduction

Tuberculosis or TB refers to a common, deadly, and infectious disease that is caused by a number of mycobacteria strains (Kumar, et al., 2007). The most common mycobacterium that causes TB is the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB usually affects the lungs, although it is also possible for the other body parts to be affected. The disease uses air as the medium of spreading the infection when infected people sneeze, cough or transmit fluids from the respiratory organs through air. Some of the symptoms associated with the different TB variant, as well as TB stages, include chills, loss of Continue reading...

Introduction

The healthcare sector has changed significantly due to the rise of chronic and lifestyle diseases, and better educated clients who demand quality services. To meet these challenges nurses have embraced evidence based care to improve quality by enhancing aspects such as safety and efficacy of interventions. One of the most important aspects of delivering quality nursing care is ensuring that nurses have the necessary skills, knowledge and attitude needed to improve care. Giving nurses these skills, knowledge and attitude is the key goal of the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) program. This essay evaluates the clinical management Continue reading...

Lab 1: Ethical Issue in the Movie Gattaca. The epicentre of ethical issues in the movie Gattaca is the manner in which an individual ought to be judged. Should it be by the genetic composition one is born with or by the character traits, personality attributes and ambitions chosen by an individual? Vincent is born with genetic weaknesses that could result in ailments in the future. His genetic composition denies him access to his dream job despite the fact that he achieves the required grades in school and is a strong and athletic young man. As a result, Vincent Continue reading...

World hunger is an issue of increasing importance with today’s growing population. One question that has weighed heavily on the minds of agriculturalists, scientists, and public officials is how to feed all of these people. Many people starve to death every day all over the world. Some regions, like many in Africa, experience starvation as an everyday part of life. In an effort to remedy this issue, scientists began producing GMOs, or genetically modified organisms. Otherwise known, as super crops, GMOs were engineered specifically to help with the world’s hunger crisis. While there are many alleged benefits Continue reading...

TA
ABSTRACT – Genetic engineering now has straight forward ecofriendly strategies to produce transformation in plasmids. The transformation process allows engineers to introduce DNa with specific desired capabilities into a host plasmid. In this way plants can be created that are able to resist a particular enemy or stressor without having to use toxics like herbicides and insecticides. The bacteria E. Coli was used to determine whether it can be made resistant to ampicillin or not. AmpR was integrated into the host cells and the tracer, GFP was used to identify expressed cells. The laboratory demonstrated that transformation by plasmids Continue reading...

In the recent case brought up on appeal, U.S.A. vs Regenerative Sciences LLC, the Appellate Court re-examined the issue of whether federal laws regulating the manufacture and labeling of drugs and biological products were violated by a company that produced a mixture of stem cells and antibiotic doxycycline. In an earlier ruling, the District Court held that Regenerative Sciences LLC did violate these laws, and the Appellate Court affirmed the lower court’s judgment. This case received a lot of publicity due to the ethical issues surrounding stem cell research and resulting impacts to stakeholders affected by the outcome. Continue reading...

Introduction

Modifying the genetic make-up of food is a concept which has been around for centuries. Farmers have successfully improved food supply through cross-breeding different plant and animal varieties to develop organisms that yield more, taste better and tolerate harsh conditions. In modern times, this has not always been welcome. The Pure Food Campaign (PFC) was established in 1992 as a coalition of restaurateurs, farmers, animal welfare, environmental and consumer groups opposed to genetic engineered food. Around the same time, the U.S. Agriculture Department stated that it would not regulate production and shipping of Flavr Savr, which is a genetically Continue reading...

Genetic modification, as the name suggests, is a biotechnological process by which the genetic material in an organism such as plants is altered in a manner that does not take place in the nature or via nature-influenced recombination. Such organisms which are called as the Genetically Modified Organisms or GMOs find immense practical applications in the modern times. They are used extensively for carrying out medical and biological scientific work, are used to manufacture new pharmaceutical medications and importantly, are used in agriculture to produce good quality crops. The reason why genetic modification has gained prominence in agriculture is Continue reading...

Description of the communicable disease (causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment) and the demographic of interest (mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence)
Tumberculosis (TB) is a communicable chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects lungs; it may affect any organ or tissue of the body. Typically, the centres of tubercular granulomas undergo caseous necrosis. It is “spread through inhaling tiny droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person”. Typically, its symptoms include; persistent cough for more than three weeks, in which the phlegm maybe bloody; weight loss; night sweats; high temperature; tiredness and fatigue; Continue reading...

Introduction

Most of the microorganisms naturally present in the human body are harmless commensals. However, there also exists other disease causing microorganisms known as pathogens and the mechanism by which they cause disease is known as pathogenesis. These pathogens persist or multiply within the host causing infection. Some pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa are considered as opportunistic pathogens that cause disease only in patients with compromised immunity and only under certain conditions. The infectious diseases may be treated with antibiotic drugs. However, it is important to know the different types of pathogens and the virulence factors by which they cause disease Continue reading...

Causes

Bacteria, which lives in the soil is the main cause of tuberculosis. It spreads to humans through a mechanism, which involves breathing the dusty air where the bacteria are present. Further, breathing the air coughed out by an infected person or by drinking milk from an infected cow can cause infection of the disease.

Symptoms

A common symptom of TB is the presence of a productive cough that can last more than two weeks. Other respiratory symptoms, which include chest pains, shortness of breath and haemoptysis accompanies the productive cough (World Health Organization, 2010). Additional symptoms include weight loss, night Continue reading...

Abstract

Gum inflammation is a gingival disorder which is characterized by soreness, reddening and pain in gums. The source of such inflammation is an auto-immune reaction of the body within the oral cavity as a response to a negative impact of bacterial, chemical, physical or other nature. Apart from the most popular form of gingival inflammation due to decay, which is perceived as the prevalent form of gingivitis and may lead to subsequent periodontitis, there are several other factors that can contribute to gum inflammation of seemingly healthy people. These factors have uncommon origin and may require different methods of Continue reading...

Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is an infection that affects the meninges, the cerebrospinal fluid and the spinal cord that causes death and disability in a number of people worldwide. This is a highly contagious airborne disease that is spread through the transmission of three organisms present in the respiratory secretions: Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The onset or origins of the disease varies among different age groups and geographic locations. According to estimates, 200,000 people die annually of meningitis. Case fatality rates vary with age at time of illness and also depend on the particular bacterial strain causing Continue reading...

Abstract

The scope of the practice guideline was developed to inform medical personnel and medical institutions about the value of using prophylactic antibiotics in the management of infection rates, among the patients receiving spinal surgery. The recommendations and also conclusions of the study were fashioned through evidence-based evaluation of literatures authored on the topic. The guide-document’s scope is limited to exploration of usefulness of prophylactic antibiotics in managing infection rates, among spinal surgery patients. The purpose of the study was offering medical personnel and institutions with a model for delivering care to spinal surgery patients. The research questions for Continue reading...

The world is constantly developing and growing. Similarly, the population of the world is increasing day by day. The elevation in population correspondingly increases the demand of resources and requirements needed by the people. Consequently, a scarcity in resources is observed due to this increase in population. The people eventually are left undernourished and suffer from malnutrition as the particular deficiency among the resources is found in the provision of adequate food to the people. Evidently, FAO 2014 has reported the number of people which is approximately 805 million who have been facing the insufficient food supply. Subsequently, the Continue reading...

(Institute Affiliation)
Ethics is an integral part for any organization as all organizations deal with human beings. Ethical theories are put in place by the system so as to protect human and animal rights. This paper discusses the ethical theories that are prevalent in the agriculture and food industry. The purpose of this ethical code of conduct is to protect the animals, the workers and the consumers. There are regulatory bodies such the FDA and the USDA that were set up to ensure that the companies followed a particular code of conduct. The paper analyzes the popular documentary Food Continue reading...

Abstract

Food is a necessity because it is essential to human beings’ survival. For this reason, food production is a crucial function in modern life because processes and initiatives determine the quantity and quality of food produced and distributed to consumers. Food production, however, is not an easy process. In some cases, food consumed by people not only cause illnesses or various diseases but also lead to death. As a result, producers around the world adopted various measures to ascertain the quality of food and the health and safety of consumers.
Solving food safety is a variable process primarily because Continue reading...

Introduction

Rheumatic fever (RF), or acute rheumatic fever (ARF), is an autoimmune complication caused by the human-specific bacterial pathogen group A (B-hemolytic) streptococcus (GAS), Streptococcus pyogenes. S. pyogenes is a Gram-positive aerobic bacterium that is coccoid or spherical in shape and usually occurs in pairs or chains. It produces hemolysin that forms a clear zone around the colonies when grown on blood agar. It has been designated as part of group A via Lancefield serotyping because it displays the carbohydrate antigen A on its cell wall. It is non acid-fast, non-spore forming, and may or may not have capsules. It Continue reading...

Have you ever faced a situation where you have to choose between preparing a healthy meal and going to a fast food restaurant? Millions of Americans face this decision on a daily basis and the impact of their choices has become apparent over the last three decades. In the 1970s, the number of fast food restaurants doubled according to the Census of Retail Trade (Chou, Grossman, and Saffer). Since the same period, obesity and obesity related diseases increased rapidly in the U.S. Today, junk food is prevalent in our culture and is commonly found in fast food restaurants like Continue reading...

People choose to become vegetarian for a number of reasons, including; health benefits, humane treatment of animal issues, and even religious beliefs. Sometimes people choose to become vegetarian after seeing an animal being butchered (either in person or in a video) and watching the animal die makes them unwilling to be even remotely responsible for any animals’ deaths (Kim, 2010).
Those who are against livestock (meat) production claim that it causes a number of extremely serious problems. According to supporters of the vegetarian diet, “the mass consumption of animals is a primary reason why humans are hungry, fat, or Continue reading...

Millions of animals undergo distressing scientific procedures, and some of these can be very painful. Does the Legislation of animal experimentation under modern societies make the issue ethically acceptable? The “3Rs” concept focuses on the efforts to replace, reduce and refine the animal testing and experiments. There is a continuing debate going on ethical issues of the use of animal in scientific experiments (Kolar111-22). Animal testing is nothing new in the society, and it has been done since centuries. The animals have been used in different researchers working in the areas of health and food. Earlier, the animals have Continue reading...

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms. Microorganisms are those organisms that are less than a millimeter in size and require the help of a microscope to view them. Microorganisms can be unicellular or multicellular but have very simple cell structure, unlike the highly developed, complex organisms such as larger animals and humans. Microorganisms are classified based on criteria such as their cell structure, pattern of growth, nutrition, reproduction method, etc. However, microbial classification is a challenging task due to the dual nature of some microorganisms that exhibit both animal and plant like characteristics. Some microorganisms are photosynthetic like plants Continue reading...

Effect of lemon, garlic, and whole Jalapeño pepper on Bacillus

Introduction

Most of the commonly used fruits and spices have been studied for their possible antimicrobial properties. Spices can be defined as the plant substances that are used to increase the flavor. They may include leaves such as mint and coriander, flowers such as clover, bulbs such as turmeric and garlic, fruits such as pepper and lemon, stems such as cinnamon, and rhizomes such as ginger. These plants can have some bioactive molecules having both antibacterial and antifungal properties. Extracts from plants such as garlic and lemon are effective Continue reading...

Impact of Triclosan on Health

Introduction
Antimicrobial or antibacterial agents are commonly used as ingredients in many of the household products. This trend has increased the concern of growing level of chemicals in the environment that ultimately bring negative impact on human as well as animal health. Triclosan is one among them. It is a synthetic, and an antibacterial agent having broad spectrum that has exploded in the consumer market in last few years. There has been tremendous debate on the safety, regulation of its use and effectiveness of triclosan (The European Consumer Organization, (2012).
Triclosan contains antibacterial properties along with antiviral and antifungal Continue reading...

Implementing Standard Practice for Collecting Blood Cultures Among ER Nurses

Abstract
Collecting blood culture samples is an important part of data collection for the process of diagnosis. The results of such a test can provide information regarding the presence of bacteria within the patient’s blood with great certainty. Therefore, it is an integral procedure for the verification of a prognosis. Unfortunately, there are a variety of factors that can lead to false positives of these tests. It mainly occurs due to the improper collection practices. This is most seen among the emergency room nurses. Because of the great risk associated with diagnosis and future medical treatments based on Continue reading...

Sepsis is a clinical condition that evokes an inflammatory response of the host immune system in response to clinically-suspected infections. It usually occurs in an individual with a weak immune system such as a post-surgery patient, organ transplant patient, cancer patients or an AIDS patient. It spreads throughout the body via the bloodstream. There are several degrees of sepsis such as severe sepsis, septic shock and refractory septic shock (Morrell, Micek & Kollef, 2009) that together make up the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) (Mayr, Yende & Angus, 2014). Sepsis and septic shock are some of the leading causes of death Continue reading...

(Author)

Use of Restriction Enzymes in Pharmaceuticals
Restriction enzyme, which is also referred to as restriction endonuclease, is a class of enzyme that is helpful in cutting DNA at restriction sites. Restriction sites are particular recognition nucleotide sequences on double stranded DNA having the length of 4-5 base pairs. Restriction enzymes are also known deoxyribonucleases (DNases). Presently, there are four different types of restriction enzymes:
- Type I enzymes that are “classical” in nature, e.g. EcoKI, EcoBI, and EcoR124;
- Type II enzymes that are “orthodox” in nature, e.g. EcoRI, HindIII, EcoRV;
- Type III enzymes having more than Continue reading...

(Author)

Genetically Modified Organisms
Introduction
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are those organisms in which genetic material is changed with the help of genetic engineering and other advanced techniques in laboratory. In GMOs, genomes are precisely changed at the molecular level with the help of techniques such as recombinant genetic technologies. In these organisms, genes from unrelated organisms are added to produce required characteristics, which are not easy to produce through traditional ways of selective breeding. Scientists have successfully modified many organisms including bacteria, yeasts, insects, plants, and mammals. Plants are among those GMOs that have faced much controversy.
Importance Continue reading...

Gonorrhea refers to a group of clinical conditions caused by infection with Neisseria gonorrhea. N. gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen. Gonorrhea is an old disease that dates back to more than 2000 years ago (Walker & Sweet, 2011). It is the second most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States (US) after Chlamydia (LeFevre, 2014). The disease is gaining public health importance because N. gonorrhea has developed resistance to the antibiotic drugs previously used to treat it in the United States. Currently, only one class of drug, the cephalosporins, is recommended for its treatment (Walker & Sweet, 2011). Continue reading...

Introduction

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive condition that is caused by the mutation of the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator. The mutation affects the absorption of chloride ions which impairs the movement of sodium and water at the cellular level. This results in production of abnormally thick secretions that cause inflammation and damage to the cell. This affects the functioning of the organs. It is one of the most common genetic disorders that affects Europeans. Statistics indicating that one out of 2381 people in the United Kingdom suffer from the condition.
The complexity of the disease calls for a Continue reading...

Establishment

The problem of genetically modified organisms continues to preoccupy scientists and ordinary people. This is due to the fact that their effect on the human body is still little known. According to some scientific points of view, such products are able to save the world's population from an impending famine, which sooner or later will come. Although, the impact of GMOs on the human body can be much more damaging than hunger. The last few years, the subject of genetically modified foods became very popular in debates and researches. Many people have been interested if there are GMOs in Continue reading...

The health status of citizens gives an indication of the overall health levels in the nation. It involves several aspects on matters concerning health from personal health to the services provided at the healthcare setting. The PICOT questions analyzed is "in nurses who work in the orthopedic care centers (P), what effect do they, and the use of (C) different preoperative antibiotics prophylaxis among different patients (I) have on the rate of hospitalization or mortality of the patients (O)?" The issue about surgical site infection has been a great threat in ensuring the success of surgical procedures may Continue reading...

A Hospital setting is the most conducive environment for the patients. It has all basic infrastructure to cater the ever growing needs of patients who may present a spectrum of health complications. Certain limitations appear to decrease the quality care which in turn raises concerns among the patients and their family members. Healthcare professionals, especially nurses have a great role to play in contributing to an improved patient care by decreasing the patient concerns. In such context, the present description deals highlighting g a topic on surgical site infections with a special emphasis on its evidence-based management.
Briefly, as Continue reading...

- Scope and purpose of the clinical practice guideline
Surgical infection is a healthcare associated infection where a wound infection occurs after an invasive/ surgical procedure (Gruendemann & Mangum, 2001). Other types of infections that occur especially for surgical patients include urinary tract infection, bacteraemias, anti-biotic- related diarrhea and postoperative respiratory. Surgical infections are usually experienced with the first seven to ten days after the operation/ surgery to a life threatening postoperative complication. Some of these include a sterna infection, which occurs after an open heart surgery. Surgical infections, at least most of them, are caused by contamination of an Continue reading...

What is septic shock? Septic shock is the situation in which the blood pressure dangerously and in result of wide-body infection is reduced. Therefore, in result of the presence of the bacteria in the blood, or bacteremia septic shock may happen. When the toxins produced by bacteria is released into the blood the immune system responds, which leads to a blood pressure reduction, in order to prevent the delivery of the toxins to the vital organs. Generally, in result of septic shock multiple organ failure may happen, such as respiratory failure that may lead to rapid death.

Pathophysiology of Septic Shock

As the Continue reading...

Literature Review and Resources

Surgical site infections (SSI) are the typical type of infections that occur in a wound caused by invasive surgical process. This type of infections is the prevalent causes of healthcare-associated infections. Most patients who undergo a surgical procedure always fall victim of surgical site infections. In minor cases, these infections do occur after the patient is discharged from hospital. It is of great significance to note that, surgical site infections can range from a normal trivial wound discharge without any apparent complication to an adversely complicated condition. This type of infection is related to morbidity, a considerable statistic of Continue reading...