Essays on Gene

A gene catalogue of the human gut microbiome

An international group of researchers has established a catalogue of the human gut microbiome. The human digestive system housed millions of bacteria which are important for a healthy life. However, the modern World faces problems like obesity and it is important to understand processes happening in microbes in patients. The group has investigated microbial genes in the materials taken from 124 individuals of Nordic and Mediterranean origin suffering from overweight and obese, as well as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). They aimed to cover prevalent intestinalmicrobial genes and in the end the 3.3 million microbial (.86% of prevalent genes in ...

I. Google Search A. http://www.mymsaa.org/about-ms/overview/ This is a website of Multiple Sclerosis Association of America. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease wherein the myelin sheath sof the nerves are damaged causing symptoms such as numbness, fatigue, mobility problems and more (Mymsaa.org). 5 Facts

A steroid (Cortisone) was first to treat Multiple Sclerosis relapses in the year 1951.

The French neurologist, Jean-Martin Charcot gave MS its name in 1868. The myelin sheath or the protective covering of nerves is damaged in MS. “Lesions” or “plaques” are the inflamed or damaged areas in the brain and spinal cord. Worldwide, about 2.5 million individuals have Multiple Sclerosis. (Mymsaa.org) No specific author was indicated in the page. ...

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Introduction

Aside from the fact that depression hinders people in reaching their full potential, it has been proven to cause premature death. According to Osby et al., “major depressive disorder among inpatients carries about a 20-fold risk of completed suicide” (as cited in Sokero et al. 2005). In order to effectively come up a resolution to this issue, the following questions need to be answered first: What feeds human depression? Is it nature or nurture?

Body

According to Klaus Peter Lesch (2004), depression originated from “complex genetics and obscure neurobiology”. Based on his ...

There are many different genetic disorders, conditions and diseases that can effect human beings of all ages, all genders, races and ethnicities. Rett Syndrome is a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder that effects females almost exclusively and occurs in 1 in 10,000 female births. Rett Syndrome, RTT, is believed to be caused by mutations in a gene identified as MeCP2, called a transcriptional repressor, which functions by coding for protein and has influence on other genes. This gene is found in the X chromosome; this is why the mutation is more likely in females than in males. When that gene ...

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Abstract

Polymerase Chain Reaction is a useful technique for the detection of genes done through the amplification of specific sites. Alu elements are a polymorphic group of elements found in the primate genome amplified by retroposition. The Alu element help in the polymorphism of the populations. The aim of this study was to use the PCR technique to detect the Alu insertion TPA-25 in cells from student population and its relation with genotype frequency, allelic and ability to establish the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Samples were taken from 81 students. Cells were obtained by mouthwash and Polymerase Chain reaction ...

One of the great researches in history, The Human Genome Project (HGP) that started in the year 1990 and was completed in 2003 was a collaborative venture to read the complete genetic blueprint of Homo sapiens (Genetics Home Reference, 2016). Basically this would be done by determining the sequence of the genome and mapping out all of the genes. The goal of this project is to look for a permanent cure and treat diseases by going deep into its genetic roots (Genome.gov, 2015). The results of the HGP will be beneficial in molecular medicine. It will help improve the ...

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Abstract

Alu elements are a group of mobile elements amplified in primate genome through retroposition. One of the Alu elements is the TPA-25. This element presents a high degree of dimorphism within human population, showing different alleles frequencies in different human group. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique allow the amplification of part of the nucleic acid, including DNA being detecting by agarose gel. The objective of this study was to compare the genotypes of several individuals by using the Alu insertion detected by the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Cell samples from 82 students were taken. Samples proceed from ...

Introduction

While it is hard to expound on life’s origin, in biology, we have learned that evolution occurs when the original species of life forms or living organisms develop and experience changes and alterations as they adapt to their environment. Thus, life constantly transforms and results in variety or variation among species and population.

Species, Population and Variation (between populations)

Species is a group of living organisms of the same features that can reproduce and whose fertile offsprings can likewise reproduce and so on within and among that particular species; while population is a closely associated group of the same species living at a certain ...

In the heart, a large number of the vital pathway, which includes energy metabolism, stress response, and survival, apoptosis, oxygen sensing, and inflammation response are all regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a cellar redox state (Dickinson & Chang, 2011). Through upregulation of proapoptotic proteins and mitochondrial-dependent signaling pathways, ROS is part of a process of cardiac remodeling, cell death and hypertrophy (Dickinson & Chang, 2011). Molecular oxygen is a center for both formations of NO and regulation of ROS as significant energy metabolism by-products. Since the intermediates that are meant to be short-lived can either act as signaling molecules ...

Heat shock proteins in pacific white shrimp

The aquaculture is admired from Europe to Argentina and now it experiences the continuous growth and intensification. One of the commercially important crustacean species, which is a worldwide cultured, is the pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vanname. Their cultivation is complex and often ruined by external factor like temperature and diseases. Now a lot of researcher are trying to get full understanding of the ongoing processes to prevent the unwanted murrain. (Zeng et al., 1; Flores et al., 547) As shrimps are too sensitive it is necessary to avoid any shocks and understand mechanisms. Thus, heat shock protein is ...

The safety of genetically modified foods has been a significant matter of dispute in the last years. Many people are suspicious of GMOs claiming that they have been introduced not so long ago and may bear considerable risks. However, during nearly twenty years that “bioengineered foods” have been on the market, there haven’t been documented any serious cases of health hazard due to their consumption (AMA CSAPH). Thereby, it can be stated with a high level of certainty that it is secure to eat genetically modified products. A wide range of respectable institutions supports the idea that all ...

Introduction

An organism whose genome has been contrived in the laboratory in order to favor the expression the production a desired biologically products is known as Genetically Modified Organism (GMO). In crop farming, livestock production and pet breeding, it has long been practiced to breed selected individuals of species in order to produce offspring’s that have desirable characters (F. J, 2012). This kind of production is through the use of scientific methods including recombinant DNA technology and reproductive duplicating. In generative cloning method a nucleus is removed from a cell of the individual to be cloned and inserted into ...

Sickle cell disease is a genetic blood disorder that affects the hemoglobin, the protein molecule in the red blood cells responsible for delivering oxygen to the body cells and throughout the body. The disease is characterized by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin that forces the red cells to assume a sickle shape. Normal blood cells are disc-shaped which allows them to be flexible as they navigate through the blood vessels. The abnormal hemoglobin forms rod-like structures immediately after unloading the oxygen. The sickle-shaped red blood cells are inflexible making it difficult to navigate the blood vessels and can stick ...

The etiology of depression

Depression is a pathological condition that affects many people across the universe. To date, medics are yet to establish the exact causes of depression. It is said that multiple factors that cause depression are involved in many mental disorders. These includes biological differences, brain chemistry, hormones, and genetics. The paper describes the major causes of depression, the cells, tissues and organs affected by depression, and the organ system functions that are affected by the pathologic condition.

Biological differences

Genetic, hormonal, neurological, neuroendocrinological, and immunological mechanisms play a significant role towards the development of depression. Nonetheless, the majority of these factors revolves ...

Epigenetics

Introduction to epigenetic regulation of gene expression Epigenetics helps in the study of diversity of phenotypes in a population. It can also help in finding different susceptibilities to a disease in cloned animals or monozygotic twins. Epigenetics are considered as heritable changes in gene expression (Esteller 1148). Researchers have found that early life experiences can result in epigenetic effects leading to long-term outcomes in life (Hall 15).

DNA Methylation.

DNA methylation is considered as the best-known epigenetic marker (Esteller 1148). It is the addition of a methyl group to DNA at the 5-carbon of the cytosine pyrimidine ring preceding a guanine ( ...

Osteochondroma refers to non-cancerous tumors which develop during the childhood and adolescent phases of growth. They are abnormal growths in nature which usually form near the surface of a bone where growth plates are situated (American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 2012). Growth plates are the areas in children where cartilaginous tissues are situated near the end of long bones. Osteochondroma develops in areas near these growth plates during the growth phase of children and when they attain maturity, the growth plates consolidate into concrete bones (American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 2012). The commonest time when these growths occur is ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

Introduction Methillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by staphylococcus bacteria that is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillin, methicillin, and amoxicillin), which are normally used to treat staphylococcus infections. Studies have shown that about 40% of Staphylococcus aureus strains have developed resistance to methicillin (Durai, Ng, & Hoque, 2010). Most of the MRSA infections occur in people, who have been admitted in hospitals or other such healthcare settings as, for example, dialysis centers and nursing homes. In case of the development of infection in healthcare settings, it is also known as healthcare-associated (HA) MRSA infections. Usually, ...

In this paper, the author focuses on the process of gene cloning, particularly the cloning a TROVE2 Gene to a PNEB193 Plasmid. This paper answers the research question on whether it is possible to clone TROVE2 Genes to PNEB193 Plasmid. Cloning is a complicated process that involves the combination of various significant molecular processes, both natural and artificial; in general, copies of a specific gene can be generated through cloning. The sheer complexity of the concepts and principles surrounding cloning appears to be the major reason why not a lot of researchers delve into the topic and why not ...

Tay-Sachs disease is an inherited disorder that mainly affects infants after their third month after birth. This disease affects the central nervous system by destroying nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. This results in the loss of motor skills meaning the infant is not able to turn over, support their neck, crawl or even sit down. The condition worsens as the infant grows with seizures, loss of hearing and vision and general paralysis with intellectual disability setting in. Tay-Sachs is a very rare condition often found among people with Jewish heritage but some cases have been ...

Before talking about public awareness campaign on ovarian cancer and how badly it is needed, let’s clarify what ovarian cancer is. As American Cancer Society explains “ovarian cancer begins in the ovaries that are reproductive glands found only in females (women). The ovaries produce eggs for reproduction. They are also the main source of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. One ovary is on each side of the uterus in the pelvis” ("What Is Ovarian Cancer?"). One should understand that there are several types of cancer that develop from cells of the ovary and are considered to be ...

Lis Rodriguez

ASA COLLEGE Abstract Marfan syndrome is connective tissue disorder. It is caused by a mutation of FBN1 gene that is responsible for encoding Fibrillin-1 protein. The mutation causes the drop of the amount of Fibrillin-1 which consequently affects the connective tissue. Connective tissue loses its strength and support which leads to various defects in different parts of the body. Cardiovascular, skeletal and ocular systems are most often affected. However, further symptoms include tall and slender build, disproportionately long arms, legs, fingers and toes, a breastbone that protrudes outward or dips inward, a high, arched palate and crowded teeth, heart ...

Microbial Genetics

This is an area of study within microbiology and genetic engineering that studies the inheritable characteristics of microorganisms. It is an area of study of great significance in the field of health and medicine. In this essay I will be focusing on this significance both positive and negative as it relates to the field of health and medicine and the new ways in which genetic engineering is finding its application. HIV infection usually infects cells with CD4+ markers. The other markers that are essential in making infection of these cells possible are CCR5 and CXCR4 without which cell entry ...

Genetic engineering has made significant strides in the treatment of different diseases. Technologies that are employed in genetics have been growing in efficacy in the recent years, and they hold promise in the treatment of diseases proved difficult to treat in the past few decades (Bess 56). In addition, these technologies have opened new avenues in which people can make advancements to their bodies and minds. However, in the wake of genetic engineering, there are a number of problems that are cropping up. One of the most significant challenges is perfection. Because of the great promise that genetic engineering ...

Abstract

The central dogma of biology is performed within this study. A vector of T7 RNA Polymerase gene was inserted into E.Coli where it could be transcribed into RNA and subsequently translated into protein. The protein was extracted and purified. A successful clone was produced by inserting the vector into the expressing cell line and it was observed after achieved an optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.84. A collected 20.87 ug of double stranded RNA was found. Additionally, a linear DNA template OD260: 0.04 µg/ml was transcribed. After expressing it was found that a total protein concentration of ...

Abstract

The current antiretroviral drugs have been efficient in the management of HIV by suppressing the virus's replication. It has, therefore, helped in changing this virus from a deathly disease to a chronic infection. The utilization of extremely active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) calls for a lifetime prescription to prevent viral rebound by reducing the viral load to undetectable low levels. This high maintenance of treatment and the various side effects of the drugs and non-HIV related morbidity have led to the need for a better form of therapy. There has been an extensive study on stem cell manipulation done to develop gene therapy ...

Is Evolution True?

Is Evolution True? Development can be defined as the fundamental process whereby species that are new develop from earlier species through accumulated changes. Sometimes an evolution is described as "descent with modification". As this process of speciation continues to take place, many species start to appear thus becoming increasingly different, and this continues over time and becomes a pattern. Through many observations of the changes in life forms over time, these models have been developed. Charles Darwin explains that the mechanism on hoe evolution occurs is by natural selection. Having constantly been observed, natural selection role in being the ...

Abstract

The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks were a series of four suicide attacks on the US (CNN, 2013). Four passenger jets were hijacked by 19 Islamic terrorists operating under the group al-Qaeda. Two planes were crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center. The two towers collapsed in a matter of two hours. A third plane was crashed onto the Pentagon while the fourth plane crashed in Pennsylvania when passengers tried to take over the plane from the hijackers who were aiming at Washington D.C. Almost 3,000 people died during these attacks. These attacks have led to major ...

Gene regulation involves the cellular process that aims to prevent and control the manner in which gene expression occurs. Gene regulation includes a range of mechanisms used by the cells to decrease or increase the production of specific products of the genes. Many sophisticated programs of gene expression are observed in biology that includes response to the environmental stimuli and triggering of other developmental pathways. Steps involving expression of genes can be controlled from the initiation of transcription, to processing the DNA, and to the mechanisms involved in the post translational modification of the proteins. Gene regulation is important for ...

Choose a gene that has been implicated in a human developmental disorder

FOXP2 is a gene that codes for a member of the transcription factors’ forkhead /winged-helix family, FOX. It is situated from base pair 114,086,309 to base pair 114,693,771 on the chromosome 7’s long (q) arm at position 31. The gene has 42 distinct introns, which include 41gt-ag and 1 other. The first FOXP2 report depicted 19 exons, of which two, namely 3a and 3b, are variably spliced into transcripts that cover about 300 kb on the chromosome 7q31 (Lai, Fisher and Hurst).

Several alternative transcripts, as well as protein isoforms, have been predicted on the ...

Specific Purpose: The purpose of this speech is to create awareness about the diseases caused by obesity and how they can be overcome.

Thesis Statement: Obesity is an increasingly prevalent human condition worldwide but no safe and effective drug treatment has yet been found.

Introduction

Obesity has been a growing global issue for decades and is still rapidly growing forming a great threat to human health. It results from over-eating and not exercising which causes the body to create a lot of fat. In today’s world, cheap food with high calories has become business and everyone is eating ...

Introduction

It is important for the organization to train their nurses and explain the different types of patient care activities that could result in hand contamination. The advantages and disadvantages of hand-washing should be explained to the nurses in order to make them more efficient in their nursing practices. I have reviewed three articles in this direction so as to justify the arguments put forward.

- KuKanich, K.S., Kaur, R., Freeman, L.C., and Poweel, D.A. (2013). Evaluation of a Hand Hygiene Campaign in Outpatient Health Care Clinics. AJN, 113(3), 36-42.

- Why did you choose this article? After ...

Epigenetics has gained researchers attention from around the globe as it offers novel hope in understanding the molecular mechanisms that may reveal the cause of diseases, abnormalities, disorders and even behavior. It is the manifestation of changes in gene expressions without any modification of genotype. Basically, three processes of DNA methylation, histone protein modifications, and non-coding RNA associated gene silencing are considered to play the significant role in sustenance of epigenetic changes. Environmental stresses, lifestyle, various physical factors are supposed to play role in causing such phenotypic changes that inherit to one or few successive generations. Hypomethylation and hypermethylation ...

Per the records of the National Institute on Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Health Center, Alzheimer’s is the most common form of Dementia. The illness is considered irreversible and progressive brain disorder that affects 1 of 10 people who are over the age of 65. The disease can be classified into either sporadic or familial. The variation of the two categories is that Sporadic Alzheimer’s disease can be observed in adults at any age but is commonly diagnosed at the age of 65. The Sporadic Alzheimer’s disease is more common of the two categories. On the other hand, ...

‘The Elephant Man’ is based on the life story of man who suffered from a disease not being identified correctly till date. The man Joseph Merrick was born on August 5, 1862 and was a normal child till the age of 21 months. At this stage, the child displayed unusual growth on his lip and forehead which grew with his age. After some time, the difference in the size of his left and right hand became prominent, thus indicating a problem in the child. The disease was associated with physical deformity and by the age of 13, Joseph Merrick had physical deformity ...

Natural selection can be referred to as a process through which biological traits turn either more or less common within a population as a function of the impact of hereditary traits on the differential reproductive victory of organisms’ interaction with their surroundings. It is a major evolution mechanism. Charles Darwin popularized the term natural selection with an intention to have it compared with artificial selection, now referred to as selective breeding.

There exists variation within every organism’s populations. This takes place partly since random mutations happen in the genome of an organism, and these mutations can be acquired by offspring. All ...

Background:

- Introduction: Our position is against choosing traits, which is a violation of the principles behind biomedical ethics. Trait and gene selection is morally wrong and defies nature. With the advancement in biomedical and genetic engineering, more and more people are aware of the possibility of selecting traits for their children. On the positive side, such technology and possibilities are outstanding innovation and shows the great leaps taken by science. On the other hand, having such power has brought about a lot of discrimination towards those viewed as genetic flaws. The effects of trait selection are negative and may continue ...

Introduction

Breast cancer is a genetic disorder so common that it has claimed the lives of many women all over the world with statistics showing that it’s concentrated on the age of 45 - 55 years. Breast cancer, along with the other category of this disease is the product of the occurrence of a metastasized tumor. Neoplasm forms when genes are expressed abnormally such that the natural outcome of somatic cells is associated. Mutation, deletion and amplification of genes that control cellular growth and differentiation also cause the formation of a neoplasm. Thus, it is very critical to understand the genetic components ...

The term genetic enhancement, when used in scientific circles, means the use of genetic engineering skills to modify the characteristics of an individual that are non-pathological in nature. It has come to the fore in the last few decades, thanks to tremendous technological advancements that have been made as far as the human genome is concerned. Of particular importance is the completion of the human genome project which has, now than ever, made it very easy for the scientists to accurately describe the specific gene responsible for certain characteristics in an individual, be it ...

Introduction

Marfan syndrome is named after the French paediatrician Antoine Marfan, who first described the condition in 1896 after observing the outstanding features in a five-year-old girl. The gene linked to the disease was first identified by Francesco Ramirez at the Mount Sinai Medical Centre in New York City in 1991 (Katarina et al, 1990). Marfan syndrome is an inherited disorder that harms the body’s connective tissue such as blood vessels and capillaries. This tissue holds all the body’s cells, organs and tissue collectively. It as well plays an important role in allowance of the development of the human ...

Asthma

Aetiology - A combination of factors, primarily environmental and genetic factors, are believed to cause asthma - Allergens, which are airborne, cause the disease; they include pollen, mold and animal dander among others - Irritants such as smoke and dust also cause the disease - Tough stress and depression - Physical activities and particular medications can induce asthma - People with a genetic predisposition to utilize Tp helper cell can contract the disease

Pathogenesis

- Fundamentally, asthma comes in as immunological - Several factors obstruct the airway, injury of the epithelium, bronchospasm, edema, a higher ...

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, is the primary structure that carries the genetic material in cells of living organisms and some viruses. The DNA is made up of strands of nucleotides that are made up of nitrogenous bases, a phosphate compound and, a ribose sugar. The nucleotides form a ring or ladder that over lapses to form double helix strands of polynucleotides. DNA aggregates to form the chromosomes that are strictly found within the nucleus of the cell. Some DNA are found in the ribosomes outside the nucleus. In the DNA structure, the series of the bases is arranged, and the sequence in one ...

Gene expression refers to the mechanism by which information from a gene directs the synthesis of proteins. This process is utilized by eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Gene expression involves various steps. These includes; transcription and translation. The central dogma indicates the flow of genetic information from the Deoxyribonucleic Acid to Ribonucleic Acid and synthesis of the required protein.

Transcription is the production Ribonucleic Acid copies of Deoxyribonucleic acids in the nucleus. The DNA consists of two anti parallel complementary strands, each having 5’ and 3’ ends. The strands serve as a template strand for the production of an RNA transcript. The ...

DISCUSS THE ROLE OF ION CURRENTS IN DETERMINING THE SHAPE AND DURATION OF CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL

Introduction Selective permeability to various ions is an important characteristic of cell membranes, one that determines myriad cellular functions. In animal cells, ion permeability and the electrical potential generated thereof determines the activity of neurons, myocytes and the like. The electrical potential depends on the concentration of the ions inside and outside any given cell, the permeability of the cell membrane to the ions and the ion channels that are present on the surface of the cell. Cardiac cells also possess different ion channels on their surface. These determine the two types of electrical potentials, namely, resting membrane ...

Introduction

Prostate cancer was identified in 1853three hundred years after the discovery of the prostate gland by Andreas Vesalius in 1538. Prostate cancer was considered as a rare malady, as a result, of the poor detection methods in the 19th century. The treatment of the rare malady was the removal of the testes in the 1890s, in the dawn of the 20th century doctors shifted from the removal of testicles to the removal of the prostate gland. Charles Huggins discovered chemical castration, a procedure that involved the use of estrogen to reduce the influence of testosterone in men who were suffering from prostate ...

Bibb, R., D. Eggbeer, and P. Evans. "Rapid Prototyping Technologies in Soft Tissue Facial Prosthetics: Current State of the Art." Rapid Prototyping Journal 16.2 (2010): 130-7.

The objective of this study is to determine the implications of prosthetics to the quality, economic status, technological and clinical aspects of digitizing maxillofacial prosthetics. This study also focuses on the rapid prototyping of prosthetics. Using multiple case studies on the capacity of digital technologies to prepare, design and produce maxillofacial prostheses, findings show that rapid prototyping illustrated the potential clinical uses of prostheses that cater to the needs of maxillofacial ...

The conversation and series of treatments administered to Addie from 8:06 to 10:00 underscore the significance of the Gram negative bacteria which are encapsulated with an impermeable lipid bilayer, which confers upon them the ability to exclude and combat the effect of a wide range of antibiotics. This part of the video aptly depicts how the nasty bacterium Stenotrophomonas develops multi-drug resistance through acquisition of certain resistance genes.

The images in the clipping 16:45 to 16:55 accurately illustrate the horizontal gene transfer mechanism of antibiotic resistance of bacteria containing NDM-1 gene that encodes the enzyme metallo-beta-lactamase, which can degrade the ...

Formation of bone during foetal development occurs through the process of ossification. This process is extremely important to proper bone length, density, and uniform skeletal formation. It is driven by a complex network of genes that code for signalling proteins whose function is to turn the ossification process on, off, or slow it down. Defects in these genes can cause problems with the ossification process, and can lead to conditions of skeletal dysplasia (improper formation of bone). One such condition is Achondroplasia, one of the most common forms of dwarfism, or congenital short stature (Lister Hill National Centre for Biomedical ...

Agricultural Biotechnology

The field of agricultural biotechnology is mainly a collection of scientific techniques that are used to improve plants, animals and microorganisms. Agricultural biotechnology has many environmental and social impacts. Scientists constantly work on developing solutions to increase agricultural productivity based on the understanding of DNA. As expected, the issues associated with agricultural biotechnology are complex and varied. The complexities of this field arise from the creation and management of science, the intellectual property rights, public and private research interactions, safety concerns, marketing of products and the economic factors influencing industries participating in agricultural biotechnology (Carpenter J, 2001). Different countries ...

Introduction

Arable soil can be described as soil tilled or ploughed regularly, usually under a crop rotation system. It is also an agricultural soil that is filled by crops sown as well as harvested in a similar agricultural year, at times over one time. Soil can as well be regarded as arable if it is utilized as temporary hayfields for pasture or mowing, kitchen and market gardens, and temporary fallow land. This means that this kind of soil is not sown for one or more seasons of growing, but it is not left to lie idle for over five years. Arable soil ...

- Describe two features that make all enzymes catalysts.

Enzymes are catalysts that increase the rate of reaction between substances and remain unchanged in the reaction. Enzymes are vital to several bodily functions and make possible such processes like metabolism and catabolism. Two features that make enzymes catalysts is their ability to lower the activation energy and their inherent tendency to combine with coenzymes and cofactors. Activation energy is the minimum energy required to activate the molecules of reactants in order to initiate a chemical reaction. Some substrates have high activation energies that would need very high temperatures to activate ...

Dopamine hypothesis is a theory that links schizophrenia or psychosis to the dopamine levels in the brain. This theory is derived from several clinical observations and otherwise symptom related results of medication from different patients. The significant presence of dopamine level in a patient’s brain may be the strongest link in the study of patient psychosis. However, since the theory is still in clinical studies; and other factors are now being studied in relation to the change in mental state.

There are several evidences supporting the dopamine hypothesis. Firstly, the evidence comes from pharmacological studies of a group of drug called ...

Many creatures depend on reasoning because it goes hand in hand with the ability to survive. The author argues that creatures use these skills to conclude events on a certain way based on other evidence, or infer information based on experience. It helps them adapt and stay alive on earth. Basic reasoning and imagining, when applied to humans, is referred to as common sense. People usually fail to act with the direction of their common sense. For example, bank robbers may think that they can outdrive police using their Toyota Camry. Other creatures fail when the sophistication of their reasoning ...

Genetics has progressed over the recent years. Very sophisticated methods of studying genes and researching how species have evolved from one cell into complex animals. The purpose of the research by Lee, Lai, Malik, Saldarriaga, Kelling, and Slamovits at the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University was to observe and gather more information about The Oxyrrhis marina (O. marina). The species is very good for studying about the development of two taxonomic groups of “protists, dinoflagellates and apicomplexans” (1). The molecular structure is simple, so it is at the ...

Part 1

A: In the pea plant, the purple color is the dominant one while the white color is the recessive color. The F1 offspring that had purple colored flowers were 445 while those that had white colored flowers were 437. This gives a phenotypic ratio of almost 1:1. To attain this ratio, a parent with white colored flower (pp) had to be crossed with a heterogeneous purple colored parent (Pp). This can be confirmed by crossing the two patents as shown in the Punette square below.

B: The pattern observed can be explained using the first law of inheritance also called the Law ...

Several people in different parts of the world in both developed and developing countries go without or with little food every day. This is attributed to the fact that there exists not enough food to supply the needs of the people in these countries. As result of factors such as war, political feuds, poor economic prosperity and poor infrastructure, hunger and poverty are generally witnessed in such countries. Therefore their use of genetically modified food is seen as a source of relief to the starving population. It has to be understood that the use of Genetically Modified food may not ...

1) Proto-Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes are two types of genes that ordinarily keep the cell cycle functioning as it should. Explain the roles of these two types of genes, and explain what can occur when these types of gene are not working properly. Provide at least two different examples of cancers associated with mutations of these types of genes.

The purpose of the proto-oncogenes under normal circumstances is to make sure that cells proliferate, in other words the oncogenes stimulate cell production. But when a normal, healthy ocogene cell becomes mutated or expresses at higher than normal levels it causes cancer. The first oncogenic virus was discovered in 1916 and called the Rous virus after the person who discovered it, Peyton Rous. Rous viruses represent a family of viruses called the retro viruses. Retro viruses contain a genetic material called ribonucleic acid (RNA).

There is always the possibility that RNA will be transcribed into DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) by an enzyme of ...

Summary of the Popular Source

The popular article attempts to report on a study that links people’s satisfaction or dissatisfaction in marriage to their gene composition. The article bases its arguments on this study to try to explain the reason why some people happen to enjoy their marriages while others do not. It also explains why the prevailing emotional climate affects people’s ability to enjoy or dread marriage as associated with their respective DNA characteristics.

The article argues that a gene variant called 5-HTTLPR has been discovered to be linked with the influence of certain emotions on marital satisfaction. The specific strain of this ...

Akash, K., Jay, S., & Nelson, P. (2011). Mutations Genome Interrupted: Sequencing of Prostate Cancer Reveals the Importance of Chromosomal Rearrangements. Genome Med , 3-23.

Prostate cancer is a huge public health menace but despite it being the most popular diagnosed cancer, very little is known about its cause due to the heterogeneity in the cells of the prostrate and also lack of an organized on the genes expressing in this tissue. In this article, Akash, Jay and peter try to show sequencing of prostate cancer reveals the importance of chromosomal rearrangements thus paving a way into a discovery of a remedy of the ...

Introduction

Since the Supreme Court declared that abortion is a fundamental human right, this issue has continued to generate a debate for over 3 decades. The proponents have until now Identified themselves as pro choice. They contend that abortion is a privilege that should not be limited by either the government or religious groups. On the other hand, opponents claim that life begins right at conception and therefore abortion by any standard is killing of innocent human being (Carrick, 2001). Despite all this, the debate still carries on without indications of relenting. The big question is; “should abortion be legal?” The reality ...

Keywords : Gene therapy, Sickle Cell Anemia, Stem cells, lentivirus, β-globin

Project type: GBE-492 Genetic Engineering Project I. INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND and AIM Sickle cell anemia is a devastating genetic disease which causes premature death. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused due to single amino acid change (glutamine to valine at position 6) in β chain of hemoglobin molecule, which causes the hemoglobin molecules to aggregate. These aggregated hemoglobin molecules make the red blood cells (RBCs) stiff and deformed (sickle shaped). These deformed cells block the normal blood flow. Although this disease is well-characterized, but no long-term treatment 1 is still available for this disease. The discovery of the sickle ...