Essays on Genetic

Introduction

Exom sequencing is also known as whole exom sequencing (WES). This sequencing technique is used to sequence all the expressed genes in a genome also called as exom. It is one of the most widely used targeted sequencing methods. The exom which is the protein coding region of the human genome consists of less than 2% of the genetic code. This region is responsible for containing more than 85% of known disease-related variants. Thus, whole exom sequencing is a cost-effective alternative to whole genome sequencing (WGS). This technique is efficient in identifying coding variants across a wide range of ...

Body Mass Index

Body Mass Index (BMI) Introduction Historically, the use of the Body Mass Index (BMI) has been the standard method of measuring obesity among the adults. The standards of BMI were created using population samples, which were calculated from the measurement of the weight and height of Caucasians. Recent research has proved that BMI alone cannot be an appropriate way of measuring obesity. The main reason for this is the differences in ethnicity and the genetic make-up of individuals. The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) has evaluated the trend of the BMI and the result is that the African ...

Introduction

The most severe discriminations and oppressions of all times had been based on race and gender. Women and people of color had been subjects to this mistreatment because of their gender and races respectively. Societies have always tolerated the exploitation of women by men. Women have being viewed as the weak creature within the society for a long time with consequential oppression (Glenn 5). On the other hand, the people of color have been viewed by the white people as being the primitive races. This has made them be poorly regarded, and to some extent heavily exploited and discriminated ( ...

Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to expand the readers’ awareness about the philosophical and ethical principles that may be associated with abortion. With that, the topic that will be discussed in this paper is abortion. Abortion can be defined as the process of ending a pregnancy. It is important to note, however, that an abortion can happen intentionally or unintentionally. Unintentional abortion typically occurs naturally. Examples would be when there are birth defects that have been found during pregnancy; this is otherwise known as spontaneous abortion or simply a miscarriage. Intentional abortion, on the other hand, is done ...

Obesity and insulin-dependent diabetes are common health problems prevalent in the Pima Indians residing in the United States. Lifestyle and dietary habits are two major contributors to these problems, and physical activity is the main factor which is responsible for their health condition. The tribes are residing both, in Mexico and Arizona, have been accustomed to traditional farming and a lifestyle which has been rife with work, especially that on the farms and fields. There is a stark difference in the obesity rates of the Pima Indians in the U.S and Mexico because their Mexican population does not have ...

The demographic profile

As it has been indicated by Kumar et al (2014) in the scope of their study, the lion share of the statistical data on demographic profile of epilepsy from both developed and developing countries may be referred as a retrospective one. It means that there is an insignificant number of the studies, which pertain to the selected age group – children in the current realities of the 21st century (Garzon et al 237-245). As it was indicated by Garzon et al (2003), the core limiting factor in this case is the access to the professional health care services in the ...

The chromosomal theory of inheritance is a theory that defines the role of the chromosomes in the execution of the process of Mendelian inheritance (Waddington, 2016). The theory makes a maximum application of the Mendelian laws of inheritance based on various observations. Some of the observations affiliate to the laws includes; the migration of the homologous pairs of chromosomes as discrete structures independent of the other pairs that exist in the same strand. In addition, the theory explains the random process of the pre-gamete occupation of each homologous pair of chromosomes (Waddington, 2016). The parent contributes half of the ...

Abstract

Research shows that the invertebrates can undergo both asexual and sexual reproduction, for example, the case with the female copperhead snake. Various studies took place to explore the instances that commonly occur in snakes and lizards, whereby the organisms reproduce through the process of parthenogenesis. The essay will entail an analysis of the processes of asexual and sexual reproduction, about the genetic diversity. In particular, a strong relationship exists between the processes of cell division with the common genetic diversity that exists among organisms. Additionally, there will be an analysis of the processes of cell division, and most specifically ...

Abstract

The ecological settings in an ecosystem change from time to time. The changes in the ecological settings are brought about by a plethora of factors. Through evolution, the organisms that live in the ecosystem also change to adapt to the aforementioned ecological changes. The adaptation of the organisms to the ecological changes yields variations because different organisms and even organisms of the same species are exposed to the elements to different levels. Man has a significant role to play in the ecological changes. Through his economic activities, the effect on ecosystems has been both positive and negative. Urbanization as ...

The nature versus nurture argument is one of the oldest discussions in psychology. The debate revolves around the contributions of environmental factors and genetic inheritance to the growth and development of human beings (Zaky, 2015). Different branches of science rely on one part of the discussion. Nature is the influence of biological factors and genetic inheritance while nurture is the influence of external factors such as experience, exposure, and learning. This discussion is used in explaining medical conditions such as medical disorders and diseases such as diabetes. The position of medical professionals on this discussion can influence the kind ...

Psychology

Hypothesis: Intelligence is not genetically inherited. Intelligence has less to do with genetics than with the socio-cultural environment in which a person has grown. The rise of genetics gave people a chance to prove that intelligence is genetically inherited. However, deep studies suggest otherwise. It is the environment and availability of resources that shape the intelligence of an individual. If people who are considered non-intelligent, are provided the same educational opportunities and social environment, then their display of intelligence will be on par with other people who developed in the same environment. Turkheimer and co-researchers (623) in their article ...

Discussion

Post#3: The high added sugar content in snacks, beverages and baby food is a critical health issue, worldwide. The three articles I retrieved from different sources showed the similar information on packaged food that is highlighted in my first post. One article by Chai et al. of Global News cited the quote of Dr. Hammond, “Canadian kids consume 33 tablespoons of sugar” (Chai et al.). According to this, the major concern related to this sugar consumption is the extra supply of sugar to the body that may lead to obesity and other health problems. Another article authored by Puzic ...

Introduction

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is among the most common mental disorders developing at rather early stages of the individual’s life and entailing a wide range of implications for physical and mental health, social interaction, behavior and further life. As findings of some epidemiological studies demonstrate, this disorder is characterized by rather significant prevalence among children of school age – from 3 to 5% (Dryer et al. 79). The effect of ADHD might create numerous difficulties for children in various environmental contexts, from classroom to home setting. However, disruptive nature of this health condition is even more outstanding as ADHD ...

Introduction

Japan is reported to have the world’s third largest economy, which gives it an essential role in the global community. This calls for the need to understand the Japanese people’s self-concept and how they hold themselves up as individuals and as members of the society. It has been widely established that self-concept is far from being a static perception, rather it is a changeable system which is generally a result of an individual’s social relationships. It is observed that people normally hold a different perception of themselves as individuals, and as a social group member. Consequently, ...

Neurodegenerative Disorder

Introduction Neurodegenerative disorders refer to debilitating health care complications that occur because of slow degeneration of nerves cells. Neurodegeneration process is the progressive deterioration of structure and functionality of neurons in human body systems (Kovacs, 2016, 189). Ideally, neurodegenerative disorders represent the long-standing challenges in the field of basic science and clinical medicine. This is because of the persistence showed by the illnesses despite the unending attempts to adopt solutions to mitigate their health effects and severity on patients. The diseases affect the neurons in the human brain. As a result, it causes instabilities in the brain and spinal ...

Promoting Family Lifestyles

Question #1: Politics, Stress, and Sleep Research has shown where politics has a great influence upon who gets the best treatment for HIV infections in America. For example, the drug used in treatment of the condition is very is very expensive. As such, only persons who can afford treatment will be cured or relieved of the infection side effects (Parker, 2013).

References

Parker, P (2013). The Global HIV/AIDS Pandemic, Structural Inequalities, and the Politics of International Health. Am J Public Health. 92(3): 343–347. Question 2: Weight Management and Exercise – Weight Hysteria Research shows where society has placed ...

An eco map, also referred to as an eco graph, is a diagrammatic representation of an individual’s personal and social relationships with his/her environment (Bennett, 2011). The eco map was developed by Dr. Ann Hartman in 1975, and it documents the interaction of people, their families, and the external environment. An eco map enables one to not only see the connection, but to also visualize the quality of the interaction between people and their environments. Words such as “positive and nurturing” and “negative and wrought with stress” are used to describe the relationships between families and their external ...

Genetic counselling has been described as the process by which an individual fully understands and adapts to the contribution of genetic makeup in the medical and physiological state of the individual along with its influence on the familial implications of a disease condition [1]. Genomic medicine is at an all-time high in these years of fast developing technology in medicine [2]. The traditional process of genetic medicine and counselling involves the collection of data and interpretation of the history of pathology in the familial background of the individual along with the assessment of risks, informed consent, and psychosocial analysis ...

A total of 57 million deaths were reported worldwide in 2008, and the majority of those deaths were caused by either non-cardiovascular diseases (36 million; 63%) or cardiovascular diseases (17.3 million; 30%) according to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2011). The highest mortality rates are associated with ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases, which account for 45% and 29% of the cardiovascular-related deaths in men and 37% and 33% of cardiovascular-related deaths in women, respectively (see Figure 1). Ischemic heart disease is considered the most common cardiovascular cause of death as it accounts for 7.6 million deaths worldwide (Institute ...

Introduction

The Ebola virus has existed for centuries. Like all life forms and viruses, it has been changing and adapting since the beginning of time to survive. Despite this the disease did not make itself known until the twentieth century. However, once the virus revealed itself only three major outbreaks have occurred. There were two in 1976 and one which took started in 2014 (CDC, 2015). The latest outbreak has been the longest and worst, effecting numerous countries such as, Mali, Nigeria, Liberia and Senegal in West Africa (CDC, 2015). This paper will look at the scientific aspects of the ...

Literature on the effect of environmental stress caused by changes in the climate is more relevant today than it has been before, especially in the context of global warming (Beniston 2010). Schulte (2014) and Somero (2010) published articles on environmental stress and climate change respectively. Reading the two articles offers an understanding of how the two variables are interrelated and the effect that they have on living organisms. The manner in which the arguments are constructed presents with various positives and negatives. This critique will highlight the positives and negatives with the help of literature from other scholars. Schulte ( ...

Understanding Cleft Palate

Thesis Statement: Recently, cases of cleft palate cases are reported to be increasing. Parents in all part of the world can be worried about facial deformation that results from cleft palate more so if they do not have a good understanding of what cleft palate is. However, the deformities, just like a lot of congenital defects can be managed to make it plausible for patients to lead a normal life.

Search strategy and evaluation of resources:

Cleft palate and other facial malformation can be so detrimental to a child in many different ways. However, the author alludes that the invention of many fascinating clinical interventional ...

Doctor

ABSTRACT Young people in the United States are battling depression in record numbers, reaching an all-time high of 3 million patients in 2015. Researchers are continuing to search for alternative or additional methods than therapy and medications to improve depressive symptoms in teenagers and young adults. Some studies have demonstrated that as possible option in easing depression is physical exercise. In addition to assisting mental health issues, exercise promotes social interaction, physical health, and appearance. However, research has focused primarily on adults and therefore additional studies are needed with focus on the impact of exercise on depression in young ...

Abstract

The impact of coffee (caffeine) on diabetes is an issue that has not found significant exploration in past literature. The general hypothesis and one that has been adopted in this study is that coffee and particularly it major ingredient caffeine has significant positive influence on prevention of diabetes in humans. In this experiment, the researchers utilized a sample of eleven mice that had a genetic mutation for becoming diabetic. These mice were subjected to a diet of water (control group) and diluted coffee in the experimental group (Yamauchi et al., 2010). It was assumed that the experimental group would ...

INTRODUCTION

Modern science and technology has made fascinating discoveries and incredible innovations. There have been amazing advances in all areas and disciplines from engineering and robotics to science and medicine. It is the latter that has made some of the greatest advances and innovations. Human beings learn more and more everyday about how to treat illnesses and prevent diseases. They have also learned so much about the how the human body works; right down to the genes that make all living things what they are. It is possible today for scientists to understand how genes affect traits and that sometimes ...

Introduction

Migraine is a common type of headache disorder which is characterized by moderate to severe recurrent headache. Migraine headaches are generally severe and could last up to 3 days, wherein the pain affects half of the head but the pain is pulsating in nature. People with acute migraine headache may have suffer from sensitivity to light, vomiting, nausea, and sensitivity to smell and sound. In some cases, the pain may become severe and worsen after physical activity. In 1/3rd of patients with migraine, a short period of visual disturbance or aura occurs which is an indication that the pain ...

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A 17 years old girl was born on term. At the age of 2 years, the girl went into an unconscious state and admitted to a hospital. Laboratory diagnosis represented severe level of diabetic ketoacidosis (Nagy et al., 2010). Some important signs of diabetic ketoacidosis are abdominal pain, hypotension, rapid shallow breathing, and dehydration (Buttaro, 2013). Blood glucose level of the girl was 37.6 mmol per liter. After thorough diagnosis, type 1A diabetes was found and she was given insulin treatment (Nagy et al., 2010). At the age of 11 years, she became pale and started ...

Introduction

Genetic counselling is defined as the information, guidance, and support provided by a genetic counsellor or medical geneticist to an individual, a couple, or a family about a genetic condition. The information may help the client (affected individual or family) understand how a gene variant underlies an observed phenotype, disease prognosis, and the probability of transmission to progeny. Apart from information to help the client make informed decisions about lifestyle, treatment, and reproduction, a counsellor provides psychosocial support to minimize the adverse psychological, intrafamilial, and social consequences of genetic testing. Therefore, genetic counselling has an educational as well as ...

The prevalence of teen suicide is a growing concern in the healthcare industry, as it is ranked as the 2nd highest cause of death among the teenagers (Jason Foundation, 2016). Generally, the suicide rates in the United States continue to raise concern, as it is ranked tenth cause of death in the country. While the incidences of suicide had significantly decreased in the ‘90’s, this trend has now reverted, as there is an increase in suicide deaths. AFSP (2016) argues that statistics indicating the prevalence and incidences of suicide in the United States could be an underrepresentation, as ...

Psychological disorder is a disorganization of the central nervous system work. A personality disorder is sustained template of standing and conduct that differs from templates that are regarded as normal by a human’s culture. Symptoms of any personality disorder stay the same in various situations and become apparent by early matureness. These symptoms induce anguish or make it hard for a person to act normally in public. (Claridge, 60) The aim of this paper is to research the paranoid personality disorder, its symptoms, environmental and biological causes and possible treatment methods, and finds out the prognosis and prospects ...

The first part of the film discusses the biology of human race variations. The section of the film illuminates the differences that exist between individuals are only based on the skin and the genetic code for humans is similar (Vidal 1). The main argument of the video is that there is not a sole gene that can exclusively define race. The section should be discussed as there is a misconception of race and biological set ups that cause a difference among individuals. Misconceptions on genetic variations should be done away with and the truth illustrated on the issue that ...

Medical genomic can be defined as the utilization of genome-based information in the making of clinical decisions. A broader concept, personalized medicine, is often used to describe the models of healthcare that emphasize the application of an individual’s unique environmental, genomic, genetic, and clinical information to the treatment and prevention of diseases (Brunicardi; Offit). In their practice, doctors combine the results of patient data, which include individual genomic information, family history, medical history, conventional test results, and symptoms. The combination of the data allows the physicians to diagnose diseases accurately and personalize treatment strategies (Alzu’bi et al.). ...

Introduction

Climate change is a major environmental problem, causing concern to various corners of our ecosystem. It is a result of global warming, environmental pollution and inefficient use of our natural resources. Climate change has affected almost all living organisms, including plants, animals, microorganisms and undoubtedly, man. It poses a serious threat to our ecosystem and is listed as a major concern in the Grand Challenges of the U.N. for Millennium Development and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Garrett 490). A wide variety of its implications, have made climate change, an important topic for researchers. There has been more awareness among researchers ...

DNA in Forensic Science

Forensic Science deals with investigations of suspects or criminals in crime scenes legally. In most cases, there are usually a lot of people involved in crime scenes. Some of them being innocent while some are the criminals. Also, there may be one criminal involved in an incidence. In Forensic Science, DNA is used to differentiate the individuals so that the criminal among them can be known. Additionally, DNA analysis is performed in the paternity testing. It enables the determination of a parent or parents of a child. DNA analysis is now being regarded as scientific evidence ("Application of forensic ...

Opinion on Genetic Engineering

In my opinion, genetic engineering is one of the key forces that will help humanity survive and live better lives in the future. Despite the proliferation of views against genetic engineering, I still believe that it can do more good than harm. Many people are already benefitting from it, and we cannot these benefits. Diabetic patients for example have been taking insulin to live longer. Note that the current insulin drug is prepared through genetic engineering. Nevertheless, I also believe that there should be strict rules on applying genetic engineering because I consider it a double edge sword that ...

Introduction

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) involves peripheral circulation, the brain, and the heart. The disease is a primary health issue in many countries around the world (Sawhney, et al., 2012). CVD develops through complex processes involving novel risk markers and common risk factors. Decades of research have demonstrated that a sibling’s or parent’s family history is linked to the development of atherosclerotic CVD (Gupta et al., 2013; Nelson, 2013; Imes and Lewis, 2014), which manifests as peripheral arterial disorder, stroke, and coronary heart disorder (CHD). Various Mendelian disorders have also been shown to contribute to atherosclerotic CVD. Although ...

Abstract

In the last century, the knowledge of molecular biology has increased, opening new opportunities for addressing different diseases that have been affecting all populations. Before, genome and proteomic studies were seen as complicated field due to inability to get significance understanding of disease components at the molecular level. However, with the expansion of molecular biology, different techniques and tools have been developed to aid diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this study, these tools have been investigated to understand how the knowledge on molecular diagnosis helps in detection and treatment of diseases. This study focused on the application of ...

B. OBJECTIVE

C. METHODOLOGY Over a period of time of four week study three generations of flies starting with a parental (P) generation that has already separate the flies in each generation of each cross into males and females and separate the flies according to their mutations. Based on the observed numbers of each phenotype in each generation of each cross hypothesize the parental cross and use the chi-square (x2) test and if there is little difference between the observed results and the expected results, the chi-square will have a low value, thus, the hypothesis will be supported in this case. ...

The development of CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) technology has transformed genetics and gene editing. CRISPR’s precision and efficiency have allowed scientists to control and modify genetic material with unparalleled precision. This technology, however, presents a slew of ethical issues about its possible ramifications and implications. This essay will outline the CRISPR technology, discuss the ethical problems with CRISPR and conflicts surrounding it, as well as argue whether gene editing is ethical in general.

What Is the CRISPR Technology?

CRISPR technology is a genetic technique that allows researchers to alter particular genes in an organism’s DNA. The method employs a class of enzymes ...

COMPLETE EXAM USING Powerpoints CH. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14

COMPLETE EXAM USING HW & BB assignments, CWP, and study guides.

Each question is worth UP TO 10 points. TOTAL EXAM POINTS = 100 points

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LATE EXAMS WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED (0 points)!! Submit ORIGINAL WORK. Submit ORIGINAL WORK!! Question 1: 10 points POSSIBLE (MUST ANSWER ALL PARTS OF QUESTION) Define “INTENSITY” and “TYPE” of aerobic exercise. Aerobic intensity can be derived by finding ...

Genetic and genomic knowledge is a vital part of being a good nurse and meeting all of the competencies that are required to care for patients. There are a large number of genetic diseases, for example, and the field is extremely fast-paced. This makes keeping up-to-date with the information available important but challenging. It was an interesting process learning about all of the various elements of genetic information and how it can be used in nursing as well as generally assisting all health care professionals. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the information that I ...

The concepts presented in the film, Gattaca are not entirely fictional. Advances in science and technology have presented some exceptional cures and treatments for the human species. There are numerous discoveries and inventions that have made the quality of one’s life better than what was once possible. However, along with the numerous phenomenal breakthroughs in medicine, there are also some developments that come into question as unethical. The premise of the movie was structured around genetic engineering of embryos’ to be designed into the perfect human based on the requests of the parents-to-be. The main character Vincent was ...

Historical Background

Despite gender selection going back to our earliest societies, the history of gender selection in human embryos is relatively short. Gender Identification was first made possible in the 1970’s with the advent of technologies such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS) combined with ultrasound. This early method of sperm sorting has an average cost today of $400-600 More recently in the 1990’s the ability to reliably sex embryos for in vitro fertilization (IVF) has been the basis of the media focus on gender selection in human embryos. In 1995 clinical trials to achieve FDA approval, of this second ...

Proposal for Developing Electronic Medical Records

Proposal for Developing Electronic Medical Records

Executive Summary

An electronic medical record is a computerized version of a medical portfolio which stores all medical information of a patient including clinical history, medical condition, treatments received in the past, present medications, allergies etc. This file consists of data which is very useful for emergency treatments where delay can prove to be fatal, but in absence of critical information related to medical history of the patient, doctors are forced to delay treatment until they receive all clinical information about the patient. Healthcare organizations have started to rely increasingly on Electronic Medical Records of ...

Narratives are extremely important as they act as windows to our soul. In a narrative, a person describes his true the hidden feelings. He takes the listeners or the readers through the emotions and feelings he has been going through with the help of the narrative. Basically, narratives are the picturization of one's thoughts, emotions and experiences. Narratives play great role in the medical field especially for the nurses. It becomes highly important for the nursing professionals to understand the patient in and out in order to portray the true picture of the disease and the patient. Increase in ...

Synthetic biology is the latest trend that integrates biology with engineering. It deals with the making of biological molecules or systems that does not natural in the biological world. These molecules or system that are constructed, help to complement natural biological systems and help in performing particular biological task (Khalil and Collins 367-379). A simple example of synthetic biology would be manipulation of bacteria through recombinant technologies to produce recombinant protein. A vast number of applications are possible with synthetic biology. With the advancement that are currently happening in the area of bioinformatics, it is possible to reprogram human ...

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Introduction Gene therapy is a genetic technology in which genes and nucleic acids (RNA or DNA) are used for the cure, treatment, or prevention of a disease. This technology can be accomplished by replacing a defective or mutated gene with a healthy copy to reduce the problem; removing or inactivating a mutated or defective gene to reduce or eliminate improper functioning, and/or introducing a new kind of gene in the body to help in the fight against disease. Initially, the technology was used for orphan diseases such as primary immunodeficiencies, but with the passage of time, ...

THE SCIENCE OF FOOD

Cancer and nutrition – good nutrition is very important in the management of cancer and thus healthy eating habits are encouraged during this period. Tumors that develop in the stomach or intestines may, however, affect the way the body uses the food that is ingested and may not absorb all the food, although the patient may be seen to be eating enough food. The side effects that may affect eating when one has cancer include vomiting, dry mouth, constipation, mouth sores, loss of appetite among others. Nutrition therapy is advised for cancer patients to help maintain a good quality life ...

Cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Every year, various types of cancer kill millions of people. The problem of cancer disease is unique because of its complexity and importance to humankind. Cancers affect all segments of the population, causing enormous damage to society. Although malignant tumors are extremely diverse and complex for the perception, the risk factors and mechanisms of development of cancer are well known enough so that it becomes possible not only to heal, but also to engage in cancer prevention. Cancer is the most difficult and dangerous disease, since it can ...

Step1: Patient situation:

The first step in clinical reasoning is to describe the patient in the context of the clinical situation. Ms. Melody King, a 36-year-old female was presented for an emergency laparoscopic surgery for a ruptured appendix. She has a medical history of asthma and depression. Her medication list includes Ventolin, Seretide, Sertraline. Postoperatively, Melody developed peritonitis and was treated with antibiotics and analgesic. The biopsy results of Melody’s sample revealed the presence of adenocarcinoma. Melody will need to undergo a few most test, and till then continue her stay at the hospital. The diagnostic tests: CT scan of chest, ...

Taking a trip down memory lane my personality has undergone many changes; certain aspects of my personality have remained the same whereas others have considerably changed. At times it becomes tricky describing my personality because one day I presume I'm very extroverted while the next those around me feel I'm introverted. However, I have learned to embrace all these changes positively as they continue to shape me into a better person. For years, certain aspects of my personality such as my height and skin color have remained consistent for a long time. After undergoing all the adolescence changes, I ...

How absentee fathers affect teen pregnancy in daughters

Introduction The family is the basic unit of society. From this structure, individuals learn the tenets of how to integrate into society and cope with other members. Most mammal species live in the family unit, be it nuclear or extended. Within the family, members learn to bond, share and assist each other with difficulties. The human species shows the most sophisticated form of human organization. When children get born, they only get taught how to survive as adults, but there are certain values that parents must pass on to their children. Each family and society have different values and ...

Biology is definitely one of the most prominent disciplines that made an enormous progress in recent decades. Contemporary biology is eagerly used by behavioral geneticists and provides a basis for its various researches and projects. One of the major paradigms of the 21st century is probably biosocial criminology. It is an interdisciplinary field, the first and foremost purpose of which is to explain crime and antisocial behavior by exploring both biological and environmental factors (Buss, 2015). Though the study of crime was great while dominated by the governing paradigm of sociological criminology, biosocial criminology is nowadays considered to be ...

Environmental Errors and Developmental Symbiosis

Environmental Errors and Developmental Symbiosis In their book, Hernandez and Blazer (2006) discuss genetic and environmental bases for developmental errors in animals. Although much can be speculated and a great deal is known, the use of animals in the research has allowed greater manipulation of various factors. As such, medical science has been more successful in disentangling the nature versus nurture argument that continues to plague human development. While not all of the information learned through animal study can be generalized to humans, it has opened new pathways for research and understanding. As science has known for some time ...

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to understand the role of the family in the psychological development of an individual. As family contributes genes and the immediate environment into which a child is born and reared into adulthood, it's influence on the individual’s psychology cannot be denied. While certain characteristic of psychology in the context of the family are flexible to change, few characteristics are inflexible. An open minded approach is undertaken to explore the influence of family, and to present different perspectives that can be applied for a better understanding of the topic. The context of family ...

A sexual offender is a person who has committed a sex crime, which is punishable by law. Sex crimes, on the other hand, are determined by a particular area’s laws and jurisdiction and they determine whether a person’s actions fall under sexual offense or otherwise. In many countries, sex crimes are in fact major crimes which are kept side by side with other crimes like physical assault or breaking traffic rules. While some crimes committed by sex offenders are strictly sexual in nature, others might be those that are a violation of those who are chosen by ...

Abstract

Depression is a kind of mental disorder that can affect people’s feelings and everyday activities. It needs medical and psychological care, otherwise, it can cause such a fatal result as a suicide. Depression has its own symptoms and types that depend on different circumstances. Contemporary medical science has different methods of cure for depression that help people to overcome and even prevent it. Depression has been known from the ancient times and was considered as the demonic possession. Priests were the people responsible for it and they used exorcism as the method of the treatment. With the development ...

One of the recurring points of contention in the field of biology is the mode of hereditary acquisition of characteristics of an individual. Some maintain that it is primarily due to genetics, while others assert that the environment plays a major role in developing a person’s characteristics. This debate is also known in some circles as the ‘nature vs nurture’ debate, and given the scientific merits of each side, it can be said that each point of view can be considered probable in determining the quality of an individual. As it turns out, recent research suggests that both, ...

Introduction

The World Health Organization (n.d) defines substance abuse as the harmful or hazardous uptake of psychoactive chemicals, including illicit drugs and alcohol. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (2014), substance abuse refers to the use of legal or illegal drugs inappropriately. This term includes the repeated use of drugs for pleasure, stress alleviation or reality alteration as well as the use of prescription medicines in other ways than prescribed (NIDA, 2014). Substance abuse and addiction can lead to potentially fatal diseases such as lung disease, HIV/AIDS, cardiovascular problems, cancer, and hepatitis (Marsiglia et al., 2014). People who ...

Multiple choice questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Increased erythropoietin production Increased heart rate Increased cardiac output Enhancement in oxygen extraction The answer for this question is b. increased heart rate. A reduction in tissue oxygenation as happens in anemia stimulates increased production of erythropoietin through a complex feedback mechanism. Increased production of erythropoietin enhances erythropoiesis in anemia. Increased extraction of oxygen in anemia is a compensatory mechanism that is mediated by an increase in 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations. Increased cardiac output is the main hemodynamic compensatory mechanism in anemia that aims to increase blood flow to the body organs. An increase in heart rate ...