Essays on Immune System

Organ transplant can be defined as the transfer of an organ from one person to another or from a different location on the body of the patient, with an aim of substituting the missing or damaged organ of the recipient. Matching donor and recipient is currently done using a computer program, which performs the matching of the donor’s organ and recipients on the basis of specific features. These include tissue type, blood type, weight, and height. The time that the patient has been awaiting, how far the recipient's hospitals is from that of the donor, as well as the ...

Ultraviolet light (UV) is a largely invisible variant of light which has intense electromagnetic energy and whose wavelength ranges from 0.1 μm to 0.4 μm. Normal visible light varies from 0.4 μm to 0.7 μm. There are, however, levels at which UV light can be visible to some organisms like birds and insects. It is different from visible light because it is of its high concentration; can result in chemical reactions and can harm human beings. UV light is majorly derived from the sun. In addition there are other particular sources which can be utilized for production of these ...

Vaccinations

Part 1: Vaccinations are mandatory for most babies and school-aged children as they build the body’s immune response. What are some pros and cons of vaccines? Despite some reported risks of vaccines, for many medical professionals, these risks outweigh the benefits children get from them. Vaccines are believed to be responsible for the decline and prevention of infectious childhood diseases. However, vaccines do not guarantee 100% protection from illnesses. If a child contracts (who has been vaccinated) a particular disease, he or she experiences milder symptoms and complications (“Pro & Con Arguments,”2014), making it a lot easier to treat and ...

Indoor Air Pollution: Diagnosing the Causatives and Effects

Indoor air pollution is the presence of physical, chemical and biological contaminants in the indoor air that are never present in the quality and environmental friendly atmosphere. These contaminants can be particulates, gases, moulds or radon which is the main causes of the pollution. The human immune system protects the entire body against the negative effects of these contaminants. The contaminants impair the immune system after prolonged exposure. A survey published on the metropolitan area of Toronto revealed that almost 2 percents of the annual deaths were caused by indoor air pollution (Tom, 1996). In this essay, we have ...

Immunology Disorders

The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from various parasites, bacteria, virus etc. that try to destabilize the homeostasis. Naturally, the immune system is considered one of the most important mechanisms that help us recuperate from diseases. When the immune system malfunctions and starts destroying self-cells, it leads to certain disorders. In other circumstances, the immune system may be suppressed and fail to kill disease causing cells. Here we will discuss a few disorders of the immune system.

HYPERSENSITIVITY TYPE I

Allergy or hypersensitivity type I is also known as allergic reaction or intolerance, in this scenario the immune system creates a ...

The immune system has an immune arsenal that help in the combat of infections including the challenging viral infections (Iannello 2006). Upon infection by a virus, the host invariably reacts by activating its line of defenses. These immune defenses can fall into two main groups: the innate immune system (first line of defense) and adaptive immune response. The innate immune system is non-specific in nature, but the adaptive immune system is acquired following previous infections or vaccinations (Iannello 2006). However, viruses continue to undergo an evolution and have engineered strategies that evade the hosts’ immune antiviral responses. This paper examines ...

‘Stem cells’ is one of the widely discussed topics in recent years. Scientific progress led to the understanding the mechanism of stem cells and their use in therapeutic applications, which involve the treatment of cancer, diseases related to heart, brain and many others . Stem cells are a distinct type of cells, which are capable of regenerating themselves through the process of cell division. Under experimental conditions, stem cells have the ability to transform into tissue-specific or organ-specific cells. Since stem cells are unspecialized cells, they are capable of producing specialized cells through the process of differentiation . While embryonic stem cells ...

What is septic shock? Septic shock is the situation in which the blood pressure dangerously and in result of wide-body infection is reduced. Therefore, in result of the presence of the bacteria in the blood, or bacteremia septic shock may happen. When the toxins produced by bacteria is released into the blood the immune system responds, which leads to a blood pressure reduction, in order to prevent the delivery of the toxins to the vital organs. Generally, in result of septic shock multiple organ failure may happen, such as respiratory failure that may lead to rapid death.

Pathophysiology of Septic Shock

As the infection ...

Contemporary Policing

Abstract The immune system denotes the human body’s emplacements against any contagious entities that might be in a position to attack and weaken the body. Any disarrays to the human immune system would results to various ailments that would eventually result to death. The system is encompassed of various cells, tissues, and organs that work collectively in defending the body. It is imperative to note that the components mentioned ought to be functional for the objective to be attained. Evidently, there are various aspects that hinder the effective functionality of the human immune system with stress and depression ...

Differentiation of white blood cells by light microscopy

Most mammals have blood consisting of three types of blood cells, Red blood cells (Erythrocytes), White blood cells (Leukocytes) and Platelets (Thrombocyte). These are collectively termed as hematocyte, which simply means blood cell. These cells constitute to around 40% to 45% of the blood volume. The remaining consist of Plasma, which is referred to the liquid part of blood. The total volume of blood can be determined by centrifugation or flow cytometry. The 45% of blood component (blood cells) is termed as hematocrit. Another important component of blood is hemoglobin, which gives blood its red color. It is ...

Benefits of Lymph Drainage Massage

The lymphatic system plays the vital role of defending the body against infection and disease. It can be viewed as the second circulatory system of the body and comprises of the lymph nodes, the lymphatic vessels, the lymph fluid and the lymphocytes. Other parts which form the lymph system include the spleen, adenoids and the tonsils. Since the lymphatic system helps in flushing toxins out of the body, one of the best ways to ensure it functions well is through lymphatic drainage massage (Romano, 2013). The function of this massage is to drain excess fluid from the tissues. Lymphatic ...

It is prudent to begin this discussion by pointing out that there is no definite definition for stress, either as a condition or a word. Therefore, its meaning depends on the context of use. Accordingly, this discussion focuses on stress as a situation that disturbs the equilibrium between a being and its environment; the feeling a being has that demands surpass its resources. This condition no doubt precipitates change in the body’s hormones serum level, as the body tries to respond or protect itself from the stressful stimuli. The most common response is the increase in the levels of hormones, which is geared ...

The human immune system is a proverbial double-edge sword. On one had humans depend on the immune system, and on the other hand there are diseases as a result of its improper function. These diseases due to its disorder in its function can range from immunodeficiency states to hypersensitivity . Put in simple terms, the disorders range from doing too little to an overreaction of the system. There disorders will be considered under the following heading: immune mechanism of tissue injury, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiency diseases. Before we go into the details of the diseases, we would like to describe what the ...

Vaccination is the application of antigenic material, also known as a vaccine, in order to trigger the immune system of a person to create adaptive immunity to an infective agent. Vaccines can preclude or improve morbidity from disease. The vaccination’s efficiency has been broadly analyzed and confirmed. For instance, the HPV vaccine, the influenza vaccine, as well as the chicken pox vaccine (Fiore, Bridges, & Cox, 2009; Chang, Rinas, Schmitt, & Smith, 2009; Liesegang, 2009). Vaccination is regarded as the most effectual way of preventing communicable disease. Widespread immunity on account of vaccination is mainly accountable for the global obliteration of smallpox, ...

These foods have a high nutritional value than others. They are the indigenous food rather than the manufactured ones. The list of the super foods includes salmon, sweet potatoes, avocados, pumpkin seed and blueberries. Super foods have various nutritional disadvantages these include, they may be high on calorie, may not be part of human optimal diet and their availability is seasonal and affected by agricultural waves. In addition, they are economically unviable because they take too long to produce. Super foods have many advantages to the human body. Their nutrient composition helps the immune system, some can treat diseases, ...

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that is hard to treat because of nature in which the body fails to identify itself and starts to destroy itself. The immune system of a MS patient initiates the destruction of the myelin layer around the nerves of the spinal cord, brain and nerves. The breakthrough in the first trial treatment to reset the immune system of MS patients was successful with the research therapy capable of reducing the immune systems reactivity to myelin by up to 75%. When the insulation of the nerves is destroyed, electrical signals transmission is negatively impacted leading ...

In clinical transplantation, an observed complication is that previous red blood cell (RBC) transfusions may reduce the risk of solid organ transplant rejection but increase the risk of bone marrow transplant (BMT) graft failure (Storb and Weiden, 1981). This statement is seemingly a contradiction. It is difficult to understand how RBC transfusions can both reduce the risk of solid organ transplant rejection and increase the risk of BMT rejection. But this contradiction can be resolved by understanding three considerations. First, the immune system is extremely complex and attempts to control its effects routinely have both positive and negative effects ( ...

Whereas individuals can respond differently to the same type of stress, if stressed too frequently, the body may suffer harmful effects given that stress is the body's response to challenging situations and circumstances. In biological terms, stress refers to responses by organisms to stressors that could be environmental stimuli or conditions (Heidenreich, 2009). It is usually a way in which individual’s bodies respond to challenges by means of the activation of the sympathetic nervous systems. The resultant effects of the responses to stress could either be a flight response or a fight response. Stressful conditions are typically conditions that are either ...

A pesticide is a contraction that is used to describe various agents, which are categorized based on their ability to kill living beings. These include herbicides, insecticides, as well as fungicides. Even though the utilization of pesticides has duplicated each ten years from 1945, pest destruction to crops is more widespread now than it used to be. Several pests are now resistant to pesticide because of the omnipresent pesticides’ presence in the environment. Residues of chlorinated pesticide are there in the soil, air, and water, with a co-occurrence presence in human beings. Carbamate as well as Organophosphate pesticides, the compounds that ...

Immunoglobulins (Ig) are also known as antibodies and they have molecular weights between 160000 and 970000 (Guyton, 2006, p. 443). They are key components of the vertebrate immune system and are a part of the humoral immune system, forming the base of the B-Cell. Igs function in cell-cell recognition as well as structural organization and regulation of musucle (Harpaz, Chothia, 2004). All Igs are made up of a light and a heavy polypeptide chain, usually two of each, but they may contain many more (Guyton, 2006, p. 443). They contain discrete domains of approximately 100 amino acids that are divided into categories ...

In the 21st century, many people have opted to work out on a daily basis. As a matter of fact, this is caused by the eating habits of individuals in the world, and the food that people take in. The fast food restaurants have become the order of the cities and stop over today. This implies that people are consuming a lot of junk food, which has the list diet. Exercise is very important for fitness of the human body. The essence of working out is to have a lot of energy, feel better, and live longer. It is worth noting that the ...

Transfer factors are tiny molecules that modulate the activities of the immune system like Natural Killer cells, T cells, and immunoglobin antibodies. These molecules were discovered by Dr. Sherwood Lawrence and in the recent times 4life came to understand that extracts of pure transfer factor can be obtained from egg yolks, colostrums and got patents for the processes of the extraction. The 4life Transfer Factors products are health nutrition supplements which utilize Transfer Factors in supporting of the immune system better than any other source. This paper evaluates whether these dietary supplements can be used for management curing of ...

Helicobacter pylori, which was formerly known as Campylobacter pyloridis, is a microaerophilic, Gram-negative bacterium present in the stomach. In 1982, Robin Warren and Barry Marshall discovered that it was found in persons who were suffering from chronic gastric ulcers and gastritis, diseases that were not formerly thought to have been caused by microbes. It is also associated with the development of duodenal ulcers and stomach cancer. Nevertheless, more than 80 percent of persons infected with the bacterium show no symptoms, and it has been contended that it may have a crucial role in the natural ecology of the stomach (Blaser, 2006). ...

Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV is a retrovirus, which is a unique virus family consisting of RNA as the genetic material instead of DNA. This genetic material is surrounded by an envelope of lipoprotein. HIV differs structurally from other members of the family retrovirus. It is roughly spherical and has a diameter of around 120 nm. Human Immunodeficiency Virus comprises of two copies of non-covalently joined positive single-stranded RNA enveloped by a conical capsid that consist of the p24 viral protein, which is typical of lentiviruses. Lysine tRNA is reverse transcriptase that is magnesium dependent and is involved in the packaging of both ...

Recently United Kingdom research community has proposed several challenges in computer science research with the ambition for development implementation in a wide research area. These Grand challenges would address areas in Non-classical computation which would include the exploitation of the natural world such as DNA and quantum computing in order to develop new areas of computations key being the artificial immune system (AIS). This has been well commented considering the lack of certain issues key being the lack of thought in areas of AIS, theoretical work and the limited view of the immune system. However it has to be agrees ...

1.0 Background of Immune Tolerance

The immune system is the natural defense that combats disease causing agents in the body[ CITATION Gre02 \l 1033 ] through an intricate and coordinated interactions of many classes of proteins and cells[ CITATION Len00 \l 1033 ].The immune system has a potential to destroy the body cells but in all vertebrates the system is capable of distinguishing “self” from “non-self” molecules. That way the immune system eliminates pathogens and molecules that are a threat to the integrity of the organism without “self-destructing”[ CITATION Len00 \l 1033 ]. The human body has several mechanisms of either suppressing or eliminating autoreactive immune cells. Some ...

Abstract

Organ transplantation is an important life-saving procedure for those people, who have some problems in their organs. However, the problem of organ transplant rejection is an important issue in this case. In this problem, patient’s immune system starts rejecting the organ as a foreign body. This problem of rejection of the organ can be acute or become chronic. Several diagnostic procedures have also been developed to reduce the problem of rejection of an organ. Scientists have done a lot of research in this regard. Acute rejection needs immediate care. In order to reduce the problem, specialists will check the area ...

Impact of Triclosan on Health

Introduction Antimicrobial or antibacterial agents are commonly used as ingredients in many of the household products. This trend has increased the concern of growing level of chemicals in the environment that ultimately bring negative impact on human as well as animal health. Triclosan is one among them. It is a synthetic, and an antibacterial agent having broad spectrum that has exploded in the consumer market in last few years. There has been tremendous debate on the safety, regulation of its use and effectiveness of triclosan (The European Consumer Organization, (2012). Triclosan contains antibacterial properties along with antiviral and ...

The Role of Diet in Human Health

The human immune system is highly developed and complex to ensure that it fights with a wide range of microorganisms, viruses, bacteria, particles and other foreign objects that may affect the body in any way. The system is made up of various components within the body, and all are in some relation with each other to ensure that there is an effective immunity against any foreign body capable of causing some pathological conditions in the body. The major components of the human immune system include a group of immune cells such as the T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, natural killer cells, memory cells, and ...

Abstract

The research paper deals with the problem of Merkel cell carcinoma, chief peculiarities, and the possibility of medical treatment. Disease signs and symptoms are highlighted in the opening and subsequent paragraphs of the paper. The pathophysiology, etiology, manifestations, possible complications, and disease treatment are the focal point of the research paper. The research is based on the opinions of the finest subject-field experts, such as professors, doctors, and scientists. Keywords: Merkel cell carcinoma, medical treatment, disease, complication, cure Merkel cell carcinoma is an aggressive skin cancer usually caused by polyomavirus. Scientists and doctors have not managed to ...

Innovative Research Views on Onset and Treatments

Schizophrenia:Innovative Research Views on Onset and Treatments The term “schizophrenia” was coined by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler to describe a splitting of psychic functions (Crespi, Sted & Elliot 2010, p. 1736). Schizophrenia is an extremely serious and devastating illness affecting 1% of the American population, causing symptoms that disrupt thought patterns, behavior, and emotions of individuals (Richard & Brahm 2012, p. 757; “Schizophrenia: What” 2012, p. 1). While some sources refer to schizophrenia as a “mental illness,” others refer to it as a “brain disorder” (“Schizophrenia: What” 2012, p. 1; “Schizophrenia” n.d.). Indeed, schizophrenia is a difficult disorder to characterize because its primary symptoms, ...

English

Introduction Several medical and health organizations have recognized marijuana’s medical value. In fact, some of these medical organizations and other prominent associations have favorable medical marijuana positions such as the AIDS Action Council, American Academy of HIV Medicine, AIDS Foundation of Chicago, AIDS Project Rhode Island, just to name a few (Logos). Medical experts say that there is substantial evidence that have proven that marijuana is safe and effective for some patients (Ethos). My point is that marijuana is not to be considered as a purely illegal substance because of its medicinal value (Metacommentary). Essentially, I am arguing ...

English

Introduction Several medical and health organizations have recognized marijuana’s medical value. In fact, some of these medical organizations and other prominent associations have favorable medical marijuana positions such as the AIDS Action Council, American Academy of HIV Medicine, AIDS Foundation of Chicago, AIDS Project Rhode Island, just to name a few (Logos). Medical experts say that there is substantial evidence that have proven that marijuana is safe and effective for some patients (Ethos). My point is that marijuana is not to be considered as a purely illegal substance because of its medicinal value (Metacommentary). Essentially, I am arguing ...

1.A. Penicillins are β-lactam antibiotics in structure. The remodeling process takes place in the bacterial cell walls due to the presence of a layer called peptidoglycan layer, which includes the breakdown of β-(1,4) linked N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine and cross-linking peptide chains . Cross-linking peptide chains provide rigidity to the fluid cell wall. Transpeptidase, an enzyme used in the breaking of peptide chains also reforms the peptide bonds after the restructuring of the cell wall. The penicillin inhibits the enzyme transpeptidase, which prevents the peptide bonds from reforming. Thus, penicillin makes the cell walls weaker, which results ...

ABSTRACT

Human beings deal with the reality of a world with a plethora of conditions, illnesses and diseases that threaten the health and livelihood of the population on a day-to-say basis. One such persistent disease that many Americans, both young and old, are suffering from is Crohn’s Disease. Crohn’s disease is commonly diagnosed on a regular basis all across the United States, however the reality is that medical realm does not specifically known what causes Crohn’s disease or why it has become so prevalent; some believe it is a combination of immune system deficiencies, genetic predisposition and environmental factors. The condition effects ...

Sepsis is a clinical condition that evokes an inflammatory response of the host immune system in response to clinically-suspected infections. It usually occurs in an individual with a weak immune system such as a post-surgery patient, organ transplant patient, cancer patients or an AIDS patient. It spreads throughout the body via the bloodstream. There are several degrees of sepsis such as severe sepsis, septic shock and refractory septic shock (Morrell, Micek & Kollef, 2009) that together make up the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) (Mayr, Yende & Angus, 2014). Sepsis and septic shock are some of the leading causes of death in the world, ...

Abstract

Stress is a dynamic and interactional process involving intricate body systems with formulations and operationalisation of the components at different levels(1).There is growing evidence that there is a positive correlation between emotional stress and oral health. As will be demonstrated from the literature reviewed in this paper emotional stress can be implicated in oral problems such as ulcerative conditions, inflammatory conditions, dental decay, TMD, RAS and others that continue to be linked to stress. Stress has also been found to aggravate some oral conditions such as oral lichen planus. In some of these conditions the precise mechanisms by which ...

Do people who take vitamins recover faster from the flu and produce a more significant immune response?

Flu, also commonly known as influenza or Grippe, is a virus disease that attacks by infecting the respiratory system, nervous or gastrointestinal system (stomach flu). Rarely fatal, it often opens the door to Pneumonia, Eye and Ear infections and Brian inflammation that do threaten life. Common colds are usually confused with Influenza, in view of both these ailments attacking the upper respiratory system and showing similar symptoms. In fact they are both caused by different viruses. The worst catastrophe was a devastating world-wide epidemic (pandemic) of Influenza stuck during the summer-winter of 1918 taking the total death toll to about 10 ...

HIV infection is slowly progressive disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The virus affects the immune system cells that have receptors on their surface CD4: Helper T cells, monocytes, macrophages, Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, microglia. As a result of the work of the immune system is suppressed, is developed acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), the patient loses the ability to defend against infections and tumors that occur secondary opportunistic diseases that are not typical for people with normal immune status.

Etiology

HIV is a human immunodeficiency virus, belonging to the family of retroviruses, lentivirus genus. The HIV genome contains a ribonucleic ...

Immunization

Parents have the ability to protect their children from numerous diseases before they attain the age of two years. Immunization is a sure way to prevent over fourteen serious illnesses that can lead to diverse consequences. Vaccines offered to infants are meant to introduce antigens that are essential in preventing diseases, which may occur in a given jurisdiction. Immunization is the only way to ensure that children are protected from diseases that may have devastating consequences hence limit the growth and development of an infant. Immunization helps in strengthening the immune system of an infant hence protecting him from diseases that ...

(City, State)

Introduction

Tuberculosis or TB refers to a common, deadly, and infectious disease that is caused by a number of mycobacteria strains (Kumar, et al., 2007). The most common mycobacterium that causes TB is the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB usually affects the lungs, although it is also possible for the other body parts to be affected. The disease uses air as the medium of spreading the infection when infected people sneeze, cough or transmit fluids from the respiratory organs through air. Some of the symptoms associated with the different TB variant, as well as TB stages, include chills, loss of appetite, fever, ...

One of the most common disorders involving the lymphatic and immune systems is the Castleman Disease which is now more commonly known as giant lymph node hyperplasia and angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia. The condition is most commonly associated to immune disorders like HIV and Human Herpes Virus 8 infections (Schey, Yong, Marcus and Anderson, 2013). The disorder is problemic as the disease process involves the abnormal overgrowth of the lymph nodes (Loachim and Medeiros, 2009) and while it is not a cancer in itself, the disease shows symptoms that are similar to lymphoma which is a cancer of the lymph nodes. ...

Vitamin C helps manage stress

Vitamin C helps manage stress

Introduction

Stress is part of life but an ongoing stress can take a toll on the body. It can lead to digestive problems, weight gain, poor memory, fatigue, moodiness, muscle pain, and headaches. High levels of stress can increase the risk of heart attack and diabetes. Reducing stress provides a good way of staying healthy, increasing productivity and enjoying life more. When the stressed person lacks enough instruments and emotional support, they must device more practical ways of reducing stress. The good news, however, is that consuming certain foods and nutrients, at the right amount and time, ...

Crohn’s disease overview

Crohn’s disease (also called ileitis or enteritis) is a chronic, relapsing–remitting, non-infectious form of bowel disorder that mainly causes inflammation of the digestive tract, and is the general term for diseases that cause swelling in the intestines. This term has replaced older terms that include regional or terminal ileitis and granulomatous colitis; it doesn’t just imply any cause, site, or pathological response. The terminal ileum and the right colon are two sites that are most vulnerable, a close to this pathological disability can negatively influence multiple parts of the body, but this negative effect is connected with ...

Latasha Ross

American Public University Modern science has proven that there is a significant connection between body and mind. Mind and cognition are very important for our emotional functioning in everyday activities. Also, they represent the base for psychological health. However, when it comes to physical health, some scientists are not convinced that mind and thoughts can be responsible for development of ailments. This field has waked up curiosity in many researchers and became very popular during the last few decades. Psychological wellbeing is very dependent on cognitive style and emotional interpretation of reality. If someone has pessimistic cognitive style, ...

Peanut allergies have become widespread with more and more schoolchildren diagnosed with this life-threatening allergy condition. As the body considers peanuts as a harmful matter, the body's immune system tries to ward off the infection and "overreacts and releases chemicals, including histamine, into [the] blood" (WebMD, 2011). The exact reasons for developing allergy on peanuts are unknown, but this is considered as one of the most severe types of allergies. In the United States, an estimated 1.5 million people have peanut allergy, including the adults. The numbers are increasing and affect not only First World countries, but developing countries as ...

Arguably, HIV/AIDS is one of the global issues that affect all people regardless race, culture or nationality. In fact, no drugs have been discovered that can completely treat HIV/AIDS when one has already been infected. Undeniably, the discovery of antiretroviral became as a relief to those who are both infected and affected. Antiretroviral drugs refer to medications used to treat retrovirus infections, especially HIV (Aidsmap, 2010). For its effectiveness, a combination of drugs as well as following instructions from medical practitioners will help in treating HIV. AIDS pandemic today in the world has been given minimal attention by media and public ...

Description of the chickenpox as a communicable disease.

Chicken pox is also refers to as varicella, is a communicable disease (CDC – ACIP, 2015). Chicken pox is a viral disease and it is characterized by an itchy red rash in body which mainly begins on face then chest and eventually to the back before spreading allover the body. Herpes varicella-zoster virus causes chickenpox. The oozing blisters or bed linens of an infected person, or contact with the clothing, or droplets as a result of sneeze or cough are all means of spreading the chicken pox. The person infected by the virus will show the symptoms after ten to twenty days of ...

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) poses a serious threat to the well-being of people in different parts of the world. When the virus infects, body cells of a healthy individual, it weakens the immune system and makes an individual vulnerable to contracting to AIDS. In essence, this paper covers many aspects of the HIV virus including its pathophysiology, genomic factors, prevention, treatment, a comprehensive literature review among others.

Pathophysiology of the Disease Processes

Usually, the HIV causing virus binds itself onto cells often classified as CD4 alongside a co-receptor enclosed by a set of glycoproteins (Hammer & Squires, 2010). Notably, replication of DNA is dependent on an unreliable process, which ...

Marijuana is harmful drug consumed in various ways; it can be smoked as a pipe or a cigarette, it is also consumed in cookies or cakes. This paper is aimed at determining profoundly reasons why it should not be legalized. - Sources (Caulkins 77), according to Caulkins, the effects of marijuana are dreadful; to start with, it affects the user by causing ‘impartment of short-term memory, hallucinations, logical thinking, energy loss, impaired immune system, and damage of the brain nerve cells. (Caulkins 23), according to Caulkins, Cannabis causes abnormal cell division. A pregnant woman who is a regular smoker ...

History

2014 - Introduction Science changed the total geography of the Universe. Latest inventions and discoveries in the medical field paved a better way of disease diagnosis and its cure. However, there are certain some diseases that still need more scientific and medical attention. There is still unavailability of proper medical cure for such diseases. This deadly group of diseases includes AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The lethal disease is also known as HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.

What is AIDS/HIV?

AIDS is a disease of human immune system caused by HIV virus. It includes all the diseases, ranging from early infection to late stage ...

ID Number Build up of immunity happens after a person is exposed to different kinds of germs. But there is a single method called vaccination that prevents germs from multiplying. Vaccination functions by protecting the immune system brought about by bacteria or germs before the onset of infection. Vaccination grants resistance against diseases. This paper presents the advantages and disadvantages of vaccinations.

How Vaccines Function

The vaccination procedure imitates what would occur when a harmful virus or bacterium breaks the defenses of the body, however with a fundamental distinction, no dangerous germ involved. Rather, the vaccine is made up of an unidentifiable adaptation of the ...

Discussion on AIDS

Introduction AIDS is a disease that is caused by a virus called HIV. The virus lowers the body’s immune system, thus making it susceptible to opportunistic diseases. In essence, the disease has no cure. However, if Aids is diagnosed in its early stages, it can be dealt with, and one can live for an extended period (Aretha, pg. 90).

Immediately the virus enters the body; it alters the body immune system. The following symptoms are experienced; Coughing and breathing difficulties, Fever, Persistent headache and stiff neck, Loss of vision, Weight loss and extreme fatigue which may result as the ...

Abstract

This paper describes and discusses the various types of human stem cells, including those in early-stage embryos (the blastocyst) and those present in adult tissue, explaining the practical uses of the various types in the medical field, where stem cells can be used to repair damaged tissue and organs. Although the adult stem cell types offer fewer possibilities for medical applications than the embryonic type, their use is less ethically controversial because it does not require destruction of a living albeit very early stage embryo. Research into stem cell applications is finding improved techniques. These include the treatment of acute ...

Summary of the concept map

There are two major types of immunity. Innate immunity and the acquired immunity. The type of immunity people gets when they are previously affected by a plaque is usually termed the acquired immunity. This kind of immunity is what stimulate some of the T and B cells to become a memory cell. These groups of memory cells will store the information on how to terminate the plaque when the next time it occurs. The concept map described the components of innate and adaptive immunity. Both have the humoral and cell mediated immunity. The cell mediated immunity described the cellular component of ...

Abstract

Researchers have been faced with difficult moments in the past in their attempt to find a cure for HIV/AIDS. The trend that the virus takes in the human body is complicated since it stiches itself with the DNA of the host cells hence becoming part of the person. The way to eliminate or remove it from the human body without altering or killing the patient is very complex and it has not been achieved yet. However, some experiments and treatments that involve the use of therapy and stem cells transplantation have proved to be the way forward towards the eradication ...

Introduction

Immunotherapy is a process through which diseases related to or rather affecting the immune system are treated by simply ensuring the capabilities of the immune system are improved.

Such is possible through various ways but the most common method of enhancing the immune system and ensuring its effective is through vaccination. This can also be made possible by eliminating or alternatively controlling some immune responses as evident when dealing with allergy issues. According to Edwin Smith Papyrus, treatment of most complex diseases was effected through surgery as it was considered the most effective method of treatment. This was mostly as ...

1.0 Introduction

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neural degenerative condition involving the progressive degeneration of the myelin sheath (the protecting cover to the nerve fibres (axons)) around the nerve cell leading to a break down in transmission of nerve impulses. The impairment of the transmission results in loss of the body’s ability to control and coordinate muscle movement. The disease progresses through a complex and diverse symptoms making it challenging to diagnose, treat and manage. The symptoms of MS may range from gentle to severe weakness, impaired body movement, lack of ordered senses, uncontrolled bowel and bladder, damaged cognition, impaired vision and a variety ...

Introduction

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neural degenerative condition involving the progressive degeneration of the myelin sheath (the protecting cover to the nerve fibres (axons)) around the nerve cell leading to a break down in transmission of nerve impulses. The impairment of the transmission results in loss of the body’s ability to control and coordinate muscle movement. The disease progresses through a complex and diverse symptoms making it challenging to diagnose, treat and manage. The symptoms of MS may range from gentle to severe weakness, impaired body movement, lack of ordered senses, uncontrolled bowel and bladder, damaged cognition, impaired vision and a variety ...

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder that causes shortness of breath, a feeling of tightness in the chest, and persistent cough. There are two primary types of asthma: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic asthma comes about through non-allergic means: cigarette smoke, stress, cold air, cleaning agents – basically anything that does not involve an allergen. Extrinsic asthma, on the other hand, comes about through an allergen such as dander, pollen or others. It leads to a constriction of the airway during an attack, leaving the victim out of breath, unable to take in more air, and with a tight feeling in their chest. In this ...