Essays on Vaccine

Abstract

The use of influenza vaccine has both advantages and disadvantages. Its low efficacy rate has resulted to several questions being raised on whether it is necessary to have the vaccine. This paper aims to discuss whether it is beneficial to obtain influenza vaccine in terms of its safety and effectiveness. The topic will also go beyond science by focusing on the cost effectiveness of the influenza vaccine. The study was done by looking for other peer-reviewed sources and doing an assessment of the information presented. The studies have shown several benefits of using influenza vaccine such as efficacy, safety ...

Gardasil is a vaccine manufactured by Merck Inc. It was invented by Eliav Barr, Barry Buckland and Dr. Kathrin Jansen who worked on the vaccine from the Merck Research Laboratories. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2006 as suitable in the prevention of cervical cancer in women. In particular the vaccine has been proven to protect women against four types (types 6, 11, 16 and 18) of Human papillomavirus (HPV) (Kathrin, Barry & Eliav, 2012). Among girls, two types of HPV cause more than 75% of cervical, vaginal cancers and two others cause more than ...

Influenza Vaccine among Health Workers

Influenza Vaccine among Health Workers

Introduction

Evidently, the human body possesses a remarkable capability, which can however be jeopardized by disease. Influenza occurs as one of the widely discussed diseases whose influence on humans has and continues to raise immense concern across various contexts all over the globe. This can be accredited to the fact that this disease occurs as one of the leading causes of respiratory infections. In fact, influenza remains a significant cause of mortality amongst the elderly populations aged above 65 years. Worth noting is the fact that the pathogenicity of influenza is dependent on environmental factors; ...

Autism is a neurological disease which impacts the ability of a person to communicate. Autism is known to be a group of several disorders which impacts the communicating and relating ability of the person. It is not a single disease but rather a description for a group of disorders that affect people in similar ways. This condition is also referred as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The origin of autism causes several controversies due to the fact that it’s origin is largely unidentified presently. Autism is possibly caused due to an amalgamation of environmental triggers and genetic factors. Defective ...

Prevention is crucial when it comes to combating rabies. Luckily, it is also quite easy. Prevention is classified into two methods: primary and secondary. Primary prevention: minimizing and avoiding exposure: One of the most vital steps in checking rabies is educating the endangered about sensible pet ownership as well as how they can avoid or minimize their rabies exposure. To begin with, dogs, cats and other pets must receive regular rabies vaccines. The conventional rabies vaccine was initially administered to dogs once annually, but desires to reduce vaccine frequency initiated the development of rabies vaccine that is now given ...

Vaccination is the application of antigenic material, also known as a vaccine, in order to trigger the immune system of a person to create adaptive immunity to an infective agent. Vaccines can preclude or improve morbidity from disease. The vaccination’s efficiency has been broadly analyzed and confirmed. For instance, the HPV vaccine, the influenza vaccine, as well as the chicken pox vaccine (Fiore, Bridges, & Cox, 2009; Chang, Rinas, Schmitt, & Smith, 2009; Liesegang, 2009). Vaccination is regarded as the most effectual way of preventing communicable disease. Widespread immunity on account of vaccination is mainly accountable for the global obliteration ...

1. Preventive practices for Lyme disease

Lyme disease is the most frequently reported vector-borne disease in the U.S and Europe yet it is highly preventable by simple, safe and cost effective strategies. The most effective method of preventing the disease is avoiding tick-infested places. Never the less, since this may not be possible other preventive practices for lime disease include using insect repellant chemicals, using personal protective clothes (this could include light-colored clothes to enhance detection of ticks and clothes that cover as much skin as possible), regularly checking the body and clothing for ticks and quickly removing them, ...

CAUSAL RELATIOSHIP BETWEEN AUTISM & MMR VACCINE

ABSTRACT This paper discusses about the causal relationship between Autism and the MMR (Mumps, Measles and Rubella) vaccine. We hypothesized that there is some relationship between the two. We observed some cases very closely with proper investigations and diagnostic tests. Total of 5876 children were selected from different parts of the United States, among these children, some were already vaccinated and some were about to get vaccinated within the time span of few days. All of these children were subjected to different physical tests, behavioral tests and diagnostic procedures. The children, who were apparently normal at the time of ...

Immunotherapy of Malignant Melanoma Using Dendritic Cells Vaccines

Abstract 5 research papers on dendritic cell (DC) vaccines for malignant melanoma (MM) were studied. Study designs, patient-specific vaccine preparation, pulsing of DCs and survival rates from different types of DC vaccines were analyzed. Patients with stages III and IV MM were included for trials in all the researches. DCs were pulsed with TRIMEL, tumor lysate, melanoma associated antigens: gp100, MART-1 and tyrosinase. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) was studied to determine effect of the antigen. A positive reaction was considered to be appearance of eythema at the injection site. Pulsed DCs were selected by cloning and selection. ELISPOT was ...

Abstract

This is a report on Hepatitis C virus infection in Australia discussing the population at risk, clinical presentation, management, and issues with vaccine production. The findings in the report show that injecting drug users among youths are the major group at risk. The presentation of the disease could be in acute or chronic form. The management is not 100 percent achievable due to unclear reasons but the drugs are ...

Article Analysis: Ad5 Specific

Article Analysis: Ad5 Specific Since its discovery in 1983, scientists and researchers have been working hard to neutralize the threat of HIV against humans . This advance has included many strategies. Researchers have tried counterattacking the virus while it still hibernates in monkeys, once it was concluded that is where HIV originated . Other strategies have included offsetting the virus after it becomes active in humans. Unfortunately, some of these vaccinations, such as the Ad5 vaccination, allowed the vaccine to progress further, as seen in human trials . Other vectors, such as CMV were used in order to correct Ad5, and to ...

Autism is a developmental problem that is mostly detected in early childhood. The exact cause of this disease is not identified, but many possible triggers have been thought to be the risk factors. Despite the countering researches, many people still believe that measles, mumps and rubella vaccinations (MMR) have the tendency to expose children to the risk of autism. The inconclusive facts on both sides, supporting and negating the connection of autism to vaccinations had been leading the public to make wrong decisions. Nowadays, many researches are condemning those against MMR vaccines and say the vaccine's benefit outweighs its ...

Monkeys from HIV-Like Infection

Microbiology: Journal Review

“Experimental Vaccine Partially Protects Monkeys from HIV-Like Infection” www.ScienceDaily.com

Many websites are available for serious researchers to access and share information. Unfortunately the mass media for the most part does not offer journalists with expertise in science. People are interested in the health of their families and need to know about medical research. The www.ScienceDaily.com is a website that offers the most recent research and scientific news in non-scientific language. This paper reviews an article from the ScienceDaily.com website. Three scientific research websites are evaluated.

Too many people are being infected by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( ...

Introduction

Autism, Aspergers’s syndrome, and pervasive development disorders are conditions which affect children during their early childhood (Scahill & Bearss, 2009). These disorders are characterized by deficits in socialization and communication as well as unusual interests and repetitive behaviours (Scahill & Bearss, 2009). The aetiology of the diseases is yet to be fully elucidated and is the subject of myths, conjecture, and wide ranging debate. A debate about a possible link between autism and vaccines in a prime-time TV show and government settlements under the vaccine protection program are some of the recent events in relation to the issue (Scahill & Bearss, ...

[University Affiliation]

Autism and vaccines

Doubts regarding the linkages between MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) vaccine and the occurrence of autism prevailed in the medical field since the claims made by Wakefield on the possible direct association between MMR vaccine and the occurrence of autism. Assessments on the relationship between autism and MMR vaccine in the light of researches are discussed in detail.

Assessing the incidence of autism and MMR vaccine

The Wakefield controversy triggered quite a lot of research inputs and it was found that majority of the researchers concluded that there is absolutely no relation between MMR vaccine and the incidence of autism (Mrozek-Budzyn, Kieltyka & Majewska, 2010; Fombonne, Zakarian, Bennett, Meng, ...

Cholera Toxin Enhances Vaccine-Induced Protection against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Challenge in Mice

This experiment is an animal experiment made in accordance with the basic guideline the UK Animal Act 1986. Methods use was by collecting mice of 6-8wks. BCG Pasteur vaccine administered. Others vaccines are MVA85A and cholera toxin. Intradermal agents administered are the anti-IL-1A blocking antibody and the isotype IgG2a. Animals were then challenge with Biaera AeroMP aerosol nebulizer at a targeted pressure and dose. Organ harvest and stimulation for immunogenicity was then done. The lungs and spleen are the organs harvested aseptically. The organs were then processed with different steps such as mincing and digestion with DNase/collagenases. The cells ...

Naif Alsultan

Introduction The vaccine-autism controversy came into limelight in 1998 after a UK-based gastroenterologist Dr. Andrew Wakefield published a paper linking the MMR vaccine to autism using inappropriate and false research techniques (Gerber & Offit, 2009). The theory was later disproved. Yet, some parents still felt that the reason for their child having autism was vaccine. This is primarily because the human mind is inclined towards reasoning, questioning and pattern perception. As Chabris and Simons point out in their book, this very drive for stamping on reasons for every occurrence and coincidence leads to the Illusion of cause theory (2010). According ...

Childhood vaccination is a subject that has constantly been in the news in recent years, with two sides hotly debating whether vaccines are a necessity for child safety or if they are unsafe and responsible for disorders such as autism. Proponents of vaccination argue that vaccines are responsible for the health, safety, and lower mortality rates for children all over the world. People who are against vaccines include celebrities such as Jenny McCarthy and Jim Carrey, physician Dr. Andrew Wakefield, and others who believe vaccines cause more harm for children than they do good. It is no wonder that ...

A critical analysis of the different attitudes of mothers towards the immunization of their children in rural and urban area in Nigeria 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background information and justification for the study Child survival beyond the age of five in Nigeria is a great concern in both academic and professional circles with statistics indicating that only 194 out every 1000 children live beyond the age of five. A United Nations study revealed that the Nigeria ranked 15th among the nations with the highest under five mortality rates. High infant mortality rates in Nigeria are attributed to immunizable diseases such ...

The risks of vaccines and their association with autism remain a continuing debate between doctors, pharmaceutical companies, parents, and health advocates. The debate is often passionate and led by emotion; celebrities Jenny McCarthy and Jim Carrey providing a vocal campaign against vaccination because of vaccines’ alleged link to autism (Adams). The argument that vaccines are linked to autism generally includes the idea that it is the preservatives in vaccinations that is the link between this product and the debilitating disorder. The issue is complex and there is no simple answer. A 2005 article in NaturalNews discusses the toxicity of ...

According to Lilienfeld (2011), there are six principles of scientific thought that must be applied when utilizing scientific thinking. It is commonly believed that scientific thinking need only be applied to scientific concepts; however, this is not the case. These six scientific principles can be applied to any type of claim, regardless of subject matter; these principles are methods for analyzing claims in any realm of study. The six principles of scientific thinking, according to Lilienfeld (2011), are as follows: first, that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence; next, that a claim must be falsifiable if it is to be ...

Yellow fever is a classic viral hemorrhagic fever and is an example of diseases of antiquity. It was first described in 1667 in Barbados. The name of the disease is derived from the appearance of those infected (usually a yellow tinted skin). It was earlier called as Yellow Jack because jaundice is a prominent sign in severe cases. Devastating epidemics of yellow fever were prevalent in the Americas, Europe and Africa from the seventeenth to the twentieth century. The mortality rate for yellow fever is about 20% (Narins 2003).

Cause

Yellow fever virus belongs to the genus Flavivirus (Family: Flaviviridae) ...

Couse:

Introduction On June 3 2013 New Jersey Senate’s Health, Human Services and Senior Citizens committee vice chair Senator Fred H. Madden and Senator Madden introduced the Bill S2832; an Act concerning the pertussis vaccine and supplementing. The bill proposes that birthing facilities and hospitals make available information on pertussis vaccines for adults to new mothers. The bill serves as a cautionary measure against the infection of infants by pertussis through transmission from adults in their immediate environment. Pertussis, also called whooping cough, is a respiratory infection caused by a bacteria Bordetella pertussis and it is highly contagious. It ...

The university name

Influenza, also known as “the flu” is the most common vaccine-preventable infectious disease in the United States, with 200,000 hospitalizations each year as reviewed by (Tosh, Jacobson and Poland 2010). It is caused by A, B and C subtypes of single-stranded RNA virus of Orthomyxoviridae family. Influenza viruses infect a wide variety of mammals and birds including humans, pigs and chicken. Complications of influenza infection lead to morbidity and mortality in humans. A particularly known variant of the virus is the H1N1 - an A subtype that is endemic in pigs and humans and is commonly called the " ...

Part A

Education is one of the major concerns that any government addresses. The world nations embrace education as the key strategy towards attaining economic growth and development. Politicians have advocated for a constant funding to the higher institutions hence low fees to enable high standards of education. This is an aim to improve its accessibility as a way of enhancing skills in the society and more so increase innovation, science, and technology (Levin, 2005).

In a case where the government maintains a constant university funding, the demand for higher education increases in the country. The initial equilibrium price for education ...

Book review for

“The Panic Virus: The True Story Behind the Vaccine-Autism Controversy” is a book that developed a reasoned argument about the vaccines versus autism debate. The writer of the book, Seth Mnookin, is aware that the vaccine has been an explosive issue not only in the United States but also across different cultures in the world. Mnookin provides an insight on the effects of biotechnology and how parents, scientists, sociologists, and politicians, among others have perceives it. In other words, the author injects a dose of reality to into the commonly known myth about the link between vaccination and autism ( ...

Abstract

The ethical issue of vaccination in the United States has become a controversial one of late, despite its status as a long-standing medical practice borne of practical results and rigorous scientific study. However, recent years have seen a rise in the anti-vaccination movement, cultivated chiefly through the Internet and popular cultural figures advocating for vaccine refusal. When viewing and examining this issue from a utilitarian perspective, it becomes clear that compulsory vaccination remains a moral and ethical imperative, regardless of the controversy that has surrounded it. The ethical issue of vaccination in the United States has become a controversial ...

[Client’s Name] [Client’s Professor] [Client’s Subject] [Date Passed] [Insert Professor’s Name],

My expected audience would be parents who are looking into a new vaccine for their children, but are uncertain as to which of the recent discoveries are safe and effective. Individual doctors, Molecular biologists from all over the world, as well as students of biotechnology, may also be interested in sharing the information from the topic I will talk about through further research. I decided to explain the topic I have chosen through a brochure. It would be easier for the parents to go ...

Introduction

Bacteria are the very first life forms in the history of our planet. Since the beginning they were exposed to extreme changes of temperature, pressure, pH and nutrients; hence, to survive, they had to adapt themselves. One strategy of survival is to go into suspension or dormancy, by converting themselves into a seed form or spores. When conditions become normal, these spores germinate back to vegetative form. This property is also seen in pathogenic bacteria that infect higher animals such as humans. One such group of bacteria is from the Genus Bacillus.When exposed to stress, these bacteria go into ...

Introduction

Since the launch of the global drive to eradicate polio in 1988, the incidences of polio have reduced by 99% . In spite the remarkable success of the eradication efforts that has been reported so far, there are countries where polio is still endemic. As of August 2012, there were 128 cases of polio that had been reported worldwide. 96% of these cases had been reported in the countries where polio is still endemic which are Nigeria, Afghanistan and Pakistan. The number of polio cases that were reported in 2012 represents the least number of cases that has ever been ...

1.0 Introduction According to the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), the Republic of Congo is referred to as an importation country as far as Polio is concerned. As a matter of fact, Congo is categorized by the same organization, GPEI, as being in the “wild polio virus importation belt.” This belt refers to a strip of countries which stretch from the Western part of Africa, through Central Africa all the way to the horn of Africa, which has been re-infected with the polio virus. Other countries in this importation belt include Liberia, Mali, Kenya, Uganda and Niger among other. ...

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the members of Papillomavirus family. These viruses infected the stratified epithelium of the mucous membrane or the skin (Schiffman, et al, 2003, p.1). Statistics indicate that around 20 million people are currently living with HPV. More than 50% of the sexually active people are likely to get infected with HPV. Prevalence studies have found that around 6.2 million Americans get infected with the HPV every year (Battle, 2009, p. 374). In women it has been found that about 70.9% of all cervical cancers are caused by HPV (Type 16 and 18) alone. HPV ...

Polio: An American Story is a scholarly book written by David Oshinsky, a historian from the University of Texas, examines American medical research in the 20th century where there was Polio epidemic. Poliomyelitis is a dreadful disease that has claimed a lot of lives before the discovery of a vaccine. Though children are considered to be more prone to getting the disease, adults could also be infected with polio. This means that no one was excluded from attaining an infection despite their age, gender, or class. Oshinsky writes, “Polio hit tidy and stable neighborhoods harder than the areas marked ...

Hepatitis B Vaccination to Infants

Introduction Hepatitis B is considered to be very common in the United States. A study that was conducted shows that over one million Americans are considered to be infected by Hepatitis B and over half of them have no idea they are infected (London, 2011). It is an illness that is very infectious. The virus responsible for Hepatitis B is called Hepatitis B virus. It spreads when un-infected person comes in contact with the semen, body fluids and blood of infected person and it founds itself inside his immune system. This mostly happens through sharing of needles during drug ...

Vaccinations

Part 1: Vaccinations are mandatory for most babies and school-aged children as they build the body’s immune response. What are some pros and cons of vaccines? Despite some reported risks of vaccines, for many medical professionals, these risks outweigh the benefits children get from them. Vaccines are believed to be responsible for the decline and prevention of infectious childhood diseases. However, vaccines do not guarantee 100% protection from illnesses. If a child contracts (who has been vaccinated) a particular disease, he or she experiences milder symptoms and complications (“Pro & Con Arguments,”2014), making it a lot easier to ...

Introduction

Most of the time, people with flu ignore the disease especially when the symptoms are very mild. Moreover, people think of the flu as a bad cold. However, flu is worse than cold (Williams, 2014). Because of misinformation, there is a necessity for a better information dissemination concerning the flu, its causes, and the flu vaccines. Thus, this report gives information about the flu and the flu vaccine.

The Flu

Flu is a viral disease primarily caused by influenza viruses (CDC, 2014a). Most of the time, influenza viruses attack the windpipe and the lungs. Flu is considered a highly contagious disease, ...

ID Number Build up of immunity happens after a person is exposed to different kinds of germs. But there is a single method called vaccination that prevents germs from multiplying. Vaccination functions by protecting the immune system brought about by bacteria or germs before the onset of infection. Vaccination grants resistance against diseases. This paper presents the advantages and disadvantages of vaccinations.

How Vaccines Function

The vaccination procedure imitates what would occur when a harmful virus or bacterium breaks the defenses of the body, however with a fundamental distinction, no dangerous germ involved. Rather, the vaccine is made up of an unidentifiable ...

Despite the healthy benefits of inoculating children, parents still ask, “Is this right for my baby?” Since the heightened rate of autism among children, many parents have wondered if vaccines are to blame. Out of fear or the thought of saving their children, parents skip vaccines that protect children from harmful diseases such as tuberculosis, measles, mumps, and several others. Other parents simply believe that vaccines are unnatural and that if the child eats clean and lives healthy their body will naturally resist these diseases. This is all, of course, preposterous. Scientifically speaking, no amount of clean eating can ...

Introduction

Primary health care (PHC) is considered the pillar of health care systems because it aims to reduce health-related inequities and enhance access to health care. It is regarded as essential, universally accessible and affordable health care founded on interventions that have been scientifically proven (UNICEF 2008). PHC is comprised of the following elements: “health education, adequate nutrition, maternal and child health care, basic sanitation and safe water, control of major infectious diseases through immunization, prevention and control of locally endemic diseases, treatment of common diseases and injuries, and the provision of essential drugs” (UNICEF 2008). However, decades after the ...

Introduction

Immunotherapy is a process through which diseases related to or rather affecting the immune system are treated by simply ensuring the capabilities of the immune system are improved.

Such is possible through various ways but the most common method of enhancing the immune system and ensuring its effective is through vaccination. This can also be made possible by eliminating or alternatively controlling some immune responses as evident when dealing with allergy issues. According to Edwin Smith Papyrus, treatment of most complex diseases was effected through surgery as it was considered the most effective method of treatment. This ...

The Human Papillomavirus is known to be just one of the few illnesses one can contract while having a sexual relationship with a person. The severity of the virus in the body may vary from getting genital warts to contracting cervical, vulva, vaginal and anus cancer in women; anus and penile cancer for men. Many pharmaceutical companies have been racing one another in concocting possible countermeasures in preventing people from contracting these very dangerous diseases. I have watched the news regarding updates on cures and vaccines, especially the debates by government officials about the credibility of these vaccines and ...

(City, State)

Introduction

Tuberculosis or TB refers to a common, deadly, and infectious disease that is caused by a number of mycobacteria strains (Kumar, et al., 2007). The most common mycobacterium that causes TB is the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB usually affects the lungs, although it is also possible for the other body parts to be affected. The disease uses air as the medium of spreading the infection when infected people sneeze, cough or transmit fluids from the respiratory organs through air. Some of the symptoms associated with the different TB variant, as well as TB stages, include chills, loss of ...

Cover letter

[insert your details] [insert your details] [insert the recepient’s details] [insert the recepient’s details]

February 2nd 2014

I am pleased to submit my manuscript entitled “Hepatitis B immunization in newborns.” Myname is [Fill in your name ]. I am submitting this manuscript for review This paper is on the safety of vaccines used in Hepatitis B imunization. Several vaccines have been found to contain substances that once in the system of the infants may cause diseases such as lymphoblastic leukemia. This paper focuses on critiquing a journal article by Francois et al (2005): Vaccine Safety Controversies and the Future of ...

Introduction

The governor of the state of Texas Rick Perry authorizes availability of the HPV vaccine that will be dispensed through the Texas Vaccines for Children program for suitable young girls up to 18 years of age. The health and Human Services Commission shall avail the vaccine to Medicaid-qualified young girls from age of 19 to 21.The rules concerning the administration of the vaccination program shall be based on the standards that the Health and Human Services Executive Commissioner uses during the admission to the sixth grade. The governor creates exclusive public awareness concerning the vaccine as he pushes the ...

Introduction

Marburg virus disease (formerly known as Marburg hemorrhagic fever) is a severe zoonotic (animal-borne) disease, affecting both humans and non-primates. The source of infection for primates is unknown. However, research indicates that bats mainly infect the humans. The Ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus belongs to the filovirus family. Filoviruses belong to the order Mononegavirales. These viruses are enveloped, non-segmented, and negative-stranded. Marburg virus and Ebolavirus are the two genera of Filoviradae family. The only species in the genus Marburg virus is Lake Victoria margburg virus (Center for Food Security and Public Health, 2009, p.1). The virus has caused epidemics in ...

even if refusal to do so puts one’s own kids at risk, along with other people’s children. Do you agree?

Introduction

People get sick every single day from just about anything such as smallpox, chicken pox, measles, and flu. Some people feel that it is their given right to get vaccinated for said diseases so as to prevent them from resurfacing in the future, and sparing everyone else the horrible agony of going through the same exact thing they did. Children getting vaccinations are very important because they not only help people, but they help people around them ...

Global Health is an International lobby group that advocates for quality health for all human beings, driven by the goal “Quality Health, Quality People “the group advocates for the health rights for all people. Human health needs to be given the first priority by any government or leader since it determines the destiny of a nation. A nation that ignores human health, fails to invest in the people. Cancer is one of the leading killer diseases in the world, however there are measures that can be put into place to reduce the death rates associated with the disease. For ...

Introduction

- Discuss New Jersey State health initiatives and their relationship to the DHHS National Prevention Strategy and Healthy People 2020.

List the state-mandated reportable communicable diseases.

Discuss the status of measles cases in the state with accompanying epidemiologic data. Discuss the status of pertussis cases in the state with accompanying epidemiologic data. Explain the Organizational structure of the state’s official public health agency. Present an overview of the state’s immunization program to include discussion of IIS (Immunization Information System). Conclusion Summary - Post of a summary of the paper to the Discussion Board in Blackboard with response to at least 2 other students ...

Influenza is a disease caused by a virus that is passed from person to person through exposure to fluid droplets that contain the virus. Thus, the majority of transmission is caused by physically being coughed or sneezed upon or coming in contact with a surface shortly after it had been coughed or sneezed upon (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2008). Symptoms of influenza infection include fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle aches, headaches, and fatigue. The one universal symptom of influenza is the fever (CDC, 2011). The primary approach for combating influenza is prevention, ...

Biotechnology has been used in four main industrial areas, medical, agriculture, industry and environmental field. In medicine, biotechnology plays a vital role in areas of diagnosis, therapy and vaccine production. Through biotechnology, it is now possible to determine the sex of a baby who is yet to be born. Biotechnology is also used in the identification of the individuals carrying only one copy of a gene that needs both copies of the gene for a disease such as hemophilia to manifest. Biotechnology is also used in the prenatal diagnostic screening of conditions such as Down syndrome (PUB, 2010). Screening ...

Since the dawn of the 20th century, various breeds and mutations of viruses have caused panic to ensue in several countries around the globe. Some of the most popular names that became synonymous to new breeds of illnesses and disease were Anthrax, Mad Cow, and the recent A H1N1. Scientists noted that even the common cold and flu have already transformed due to climate changes, and the advancement of chemicals. Out of all the new breeds of illnesses and viruses that have struck the globe, the Influenza A H1N1 Virus strain had caused much turmoil in both developed and ...

Introduction

Liver is an important organ in the digestive system. The selected infection is hepatitis C. This viral infection affects the liver and then results in the liver enlargement. This form of hepatitis is one of the major challenges worldwide since its discovery and this could be attributed to the absence of a vaccine against the viral infection. Another important contributory factor is that of the prolong period of inactivity of the virus within the host before clinical manifestation. These all contribute to the level of destruction of the liver caused by the virus.

Etiology

The main aetiology is by ...

Introduction

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is from the papillomavirus family which infects the cells in the skin or the mucous membrane. HPV is a non-enveloped double stranded virus which carries its genetic code from early (E1-E7) and late (L1-L2) proteins. The early proteins promote viral replication while late proteins are responsible for structural support or capsids of proteins. Two viral oncogenes together with the non-structural early proteins (E6-E7) were associated to the transformation of the tumor from benign to malignant stage. The aforementioned proteins influence carcinogenesis by promoting both the retinoblastoma (Rb) and p53 proteins. These proteins regulate cell growth ...

Naif Alsultan

Through watching a few hours of news programming or reading random newspapers, it could be easy to jump on the bandwagon when it comes to the causes of certain diseases, however, research and the resulting information seem to be changing and evolving constantly. Yet, despite information that indicates the previously held belief is not supported by science, there are individuals, sometimes quite influential ones, which discard the hours of research spent to disprove their beliefs, rather electing to stick with their previously held beliefs. Instead of taking steps to protect their children, many parents and concerned loved ones have ...

Introduction

Immunisation is a health procedure done on healthy persons that involves insertion of destabilized pathogens and other medical compounds into the bloodstream and cells of the healthy persons so as to generate an antibody reaction as a means to keep the body armed and ready to prevent a specific illness. The first immunization was established to prevent smallpox, and required the insertion of a strong and dangerous substance into an individual. This mode of immunization was coupled with an elevated risk of getting the disease that was being prevented i.e. Smallpox, and as a result a lot of parents ...

In the case study involving the flu strain spreading in urban Minnesota, there certainly is a moral dilemma, as there would be in any situation where one has a vaccine for a potentially deadly disease but not enough of that vaccine to protect all of the members of a given population. In the case of the influenza, it is a frightening disease. Between September of 1918 and June of 1919, 675,000 Americans died of either pneumonia or influenza, easily more than the number of Americans killed in both World Wars, Korea and Vietnam (Redican). Intriguingly, though, it was ...

Vaccines are antigenic substances that are administered to human beings to activate the immune system of an individual in order to create an adaptive immunity to certain diseases. They are capable of preventing infections from pathogens if administered at the right age. Most vaccines should be administered to individuals at a tender age because this is when they are most vulnerable to diseases. A lot of research has been carried out by many experts to verify the efficacy of vaccination. These studies have concluded that vaccination is the most effectual way of preventing diseases that are infectious. Vaccines have ...

Poliomyelitis vs. Guillain-Barré syndrome: A comparative analysis of etiology, symptoms, prognosis and treatment Both poliomyelitis and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) cause acute flaccid paralysis (Yuki & Hartung, 2012). However, polio has been nearly eradicated, worldwide, making GBS a leading cause of acute flaccid paralysis (Yuki & Hartung, 2012). Poliomyelitis and GBS are comparable with regard to some of the symptoms exhibited by the patients (Papadakis & McPheee, 2013); however, both of these diseases differ remarkably in the causative agent, pathophysiology, prognosis and treatment regime (Papadakis & McPheee, 2013).

Epidemiology and etiology

Poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis is caused by Poliovirus, an enterovirus. The route of disease transmission is fecal-oral, usually ...

Outbreak of Rift Valley Fever in South Africa

Introduction Rift Valley Fever (RFV) is viral disease that affects animals but can be transmitted from animals to human beings. To be more precise, it is a zoonotic arthropod-borne germ that leads to stern mortality and morbidity in both livestock and human beings. It is usually spread by Culex or Aedes mosquitoes. The disease was first discovered in Kenya around Lake Naivasha in 1915 following deaths of many sheep in a farm. According to the studies that were undertaken during this period, it was discovered that the disease was originated from a virus that infected goats, sheep and cattle ...

“Designer Protain blocks all know Strains of HIV.” An article by Davis McNamee written on 18th February 2015 on the Journal Nature Internet Link: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/289611.php The exceeding revealed article parleys about new drug candidate that researchers at the Scripps Research Institute in Jupiter have developed. The researchers asserted to have created a drug candidate that is effective forming a foundation of vaccine alternative.

Introduction

Vaccines are molded from antibodies, which form a coat that prevent it from destroying the healthy cells in the body. Farzan, the chief researcher argued that antibodies failed to inhibit a great number of HIV strains. ...