Essays on Polio

“Frida Kahlo: Little People, Big Dreams” by Isabel Sanchez Vegara and Gee Fan Eng examines the competencies, skills, and conducts of some of some interesting individuals that had big ambitions and dreams (Vegara and Eng, 2016). The authors underline the fact that big dreams can always be achieved through effort, commitment, and handwork. Particularly, the book focuses on Frida Kahlo and provides in-depth facts and illustrations about her life and achievements. The book narrates and interesting story of a young girl who was special from the beginning (Vegara and Eng, 2016). Unfortunately, she contracted polio at a tender age ...

Introduction

Franklin Delano Roosevelt, or FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States. He was a Democrat who was a successful politician and who was able to win a total of four presidential elections. He is still perceived as a strong leader who was able to steer the United States through a global depression and through the Second World War (The White House, 2016). Even when he was stricken with polio in 1921, he continued to participate in politics and serve his constituents. This short paper will examine his leadership style, as well as his strengths and weaknesses while ...

In global societies, discussions concerning the use of animals in medical tests for research are uncomfortable and controversial. Modern technology often broadcasts horrific photos of procedures being conducted on helpless creatures accompanied by claims of untrustworthy results and skewed statistics. In the long run, animals will continue to be used for testing in laboratories until the value of the practice is diminished. “The benefits of animal research have been enormous and it would have severe consequences for public health and medical research if it were abandoned “ (Festing and Wilkinson, n.p.). This paper will present information regarding whether animal testing ...

Nemesis, a novel by Philip Roth, gives a protagonist view of what is good, and what is wrong in the lives of human beings. Moreover, the novel gives an opposing view on a religious basis, but the antagonism is set in a virtual or imaginary basis, as the main character, Bucky, contradicts the view of others by supernatural eventualities. Moreover, Bucky is faced with vast guilt that alienated him from his life (Roth 21). Apparently, the author depicts that Bucky has poor eyesight and natural defect that makes him unfit to serve his country during the World War 2. ...

There is a growing concern over the use of animal testing the medical research field. Different views have been fronted by proponents and opponents of the practice on how ethical the practice is. It is true that animals have contributed to some successful medical research in the world; however, the number of animals used in wasteful and non-beneficial research works raises concern. According to Dolgin 1348, it is, therefore, essential to consider the benefits and demerits of using animals in research before the experiments are done to avoid tests that are wasteful. The proponents of animal testing support their ...

Communication

Speech Outline

Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience to accept the fact that vaccination is the only solution to ward off the upcoming generations from deadly diseases. I INTRODUCTION (Attention)

Attention Material

The pros and cons of vaccination is a topic for heated discussion even among healthcare professionals. Even doctors have contradictory opinions about vaccination.

Thesis and Preview

1. Thesis Statement - In my opinion, vaccination has helped humankind to protect itself from many deadly diseases. 2. Even those who oppose vaccination cannot ignore the fact that deadly diseases like polio and smallpox were controlled due to vaccination. [Beginning of the Body Speech] I ...

Frida Kahlo, the Mexican artist, was born on in the house of her parents, known as Casa Azul – the Blue House – in town Coyoacan, the suburb of Mexico City. Her father - Wilhelm Kahlo – had German roots, moved to Mexico in his early age. Her mother, Matilde Calderon y Gonzalez had mixed Spanish and Indian roots. At the age of six, she has contracted the polio, which has made her to stay in bed for nine months. This disease has made her right leg and foot grow much thinner than her left one. She had to limp after the ...

Immunizations in Children

According to World Health Organization (WHO), “Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine” (World Health Organization). This definition of WHO can be further elaborated by saying that the concept of immunization works by stimulation of the immune system. The immune system performs the function of protecting the body against disease causing agents. In its healthy condition, the body’s immune system has the ability to recognize any invading microbe. The leucocytes identify the microbes and produce antibodies against them. These antibodies are capable ...

Prenatal care is a type of care provided to pregnant women and it aims at assisting women to have a healthy pregnancy that is necessary for both the mother and the unborn child. As a health professional in an organization providing such services, I would be involved in doing check-up on pregnant women so as to prevent potential health risks and also treat some. I would be advising on the right diet, avoiding exposure to certain harmful material like radioactive substance that may cause complications in pregnancy, controlling some conditions that the patient would be having, for example diabetes ...

Vaccination is an important decision that parents need to make when their children are young. There are many opposing statements regarding this choice, and many voices favor vaccination as well. Vaccination came into being in the 19th century when Louis Pasteur first discovered the rabies vaccines and then on, rigorous research went into the study of immunology and protecting people from falling ill to life-threatening diseases. After the course of diseases was understood, scientists worked on making preventative measures for avoidance of these diseases. Vaccines have led to a great drop in the mortality rate over the past century ...

Q1

Tetanus

It is a disease caused by bacteria known as clostridium tetani. It affects the nervous system leading to muscle contractions. Tetanus has no cure. We use antibiotics to prevent its complications.

Common cold

It is a viral infection affecting the upper respiratory tract. Viruses spread through droplets. Antibiotics cannot be used to treat common cold.

Influenza

It is also a viral disease affecting the upper respiratory tract. It is also known as the flu. Treatment is use of antiviral drugs (Krasner and Shors).

Cholera

It is an acute infection caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water characterized by diarrhea and vomiting. ...

{Author Name} {Institution Affiliation} {Date} The universal health coverage has the aim to provide a high-quality healthcare service to every individual worldwide without inequity and bias. Countries view universal health coverage as a contribution to the sustainable development. It contains two inter-related components, first is providing essential health services that include prevention, treatment, promotion, rehabilitation and palliative care. The second component is the financial risk coverage for individuals. Every year WHO release statements with novel missions in healthcare. Research in healthcare and medical settings act as a backbone to these programs and provide insight regarding the necessities of such ...

Medical Anthropology is considered one of the elements that make up anthropology and the study has been widely appreciated across the world. This field was founded by George Foster and Ben Paul. This field studies the health and diseases of individuals where the environment forms an interrelationship with the human health system. The main purpose of this paper is that the author of the article believes that the future of medical anthropology is to intersect with other fields.

The article discusses the future of medical anthropology. What is the future that the writer is talking about?

- Medical anthropology is expanding to other fields and interacting with other with other disciplines in the science department. Though medical ...

War against Polio

Throughout the history of humanity, viral diseases have been with people, and for a very long time, medical scientists have sought various ways to stop and eliminate them. In the developed states, vaccines were produced to make humans immune to diseases such as rubella, mumps, measles and whooping cough. However, it was just once that any virus has been eliminated from its last defense in both the body of human and the wild and effectively treated completely. This virus was smallpox, which was totally eliminated outside high-security laboratories in 1977. From that day on, people have been free to inject ...

An NCD or non-communicable disease is a disease that cannot be transmissible among people. It is also a disease that is non-inflectional. On the other hand, a communicable disease is a disease that is easily transmissible among people. Examples of non-communicable diseases are diabetes, asthma, cancers and heart diseases. Examples of communicable diseases include flu, Ebola, influenza, salmonella, and measles (Porche, 2004).

In the case, James is in great danger. Because of his parents’ personal beliefs, James was not immunized. He can easily get infected. He can get diseases such as smallpox, measles, polio, and others that can affect his well-being and growth. ...

For this assignment I have chosen to summarize a news article “Polio Outbreak in Syria Sickens 10 Children, Babies” by Katie Moisse for ABC News website. The article is dated 29th of October 2013 and informs on the outbreak of a dangerous virus in war-torned Syria.

According to the article, the outbreak started in the beginning of October 2013 in Deir Al Zour province, with reports fixing occurrences of acute flaccid paralysis, sign of polio disease. According to World Health Organization, ten of twenty suspected children were infected in October with polio, babies younger than 2 years among them. Due ...

Vaccines are antigenic substances that are administered to human beings to activate the immune system of an individual in order to create an adaptive immunity to certain diseases. They are capable of preventing infections from pathogens if administered at the right age. Most vaccines should be administered to individuals at a tender age because this is when they are most vulnerable to diseases. A lot of research has been carried out by many experts to verify the efficacy of vaccination. These studies have concluded that vaccination is the most effectual way of preventing diseases that are infectious. Vaccines have ...

Polio: An American Story is a scholarly book written by David Oshinsky, a historian from the University of Texas, examines American medical research in the 20th century where there was Polio epidemic. Poliomyelitis is a dreadful disease that has claimed a lot of lives before the discovery of a vaccine. Though children are considered to be more prone to getting the disease, adults could also be infected with polio. This means that no one was excluded from attaining an infection despite their age, gender, or class. Oshinsky writes, “Polio hit tidy and stable neighborhoods harder than the areas marked with poverty (Oshinsky 4). This ...

According to Lilienfeld (2011), there are six principles of scientific thought that must be applied when utilizing scientific thinking. It is commonly believed that scientific thinking need only be applied to scientific concepts; however, this is not the case. These six scientific principles can be applied to any type of claim, regardless of subject matter; these principles are methods for analyzing claims in any realm of study. The six principles of scientific thinking, according to Lilienfeld (2011), are as follows: first, that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence; next, that a claim must be falsifiable if it is to be meaningful; ...

World Health Organization (W.H.O)

The World Health Organization was founded on April 7, 1948 - a day that is celebrated every year as World Health Day - within the United Nations to attend to the Public Health. Sixty-one countries have signed the constitution of the World Health Organization after the first meeting of World Health Assembly. One of its most important contributions to the world’s health is the effort to root out the smallpox. W.H.O’s core functions include: - Creating standards and norms and also observing their consequences. - Take control of matters which are ...

The success of America as a country is a fact acknowledged widely by all around the globe. However, if one may ponder over the reasons behind the success of this great nation then it would mainly be accounted to two major factors: the people and the various opportunities available to them. America is known for its freedom of choice and place where dreams come true. It is highly successful nation which is famous for its ability to bring out the best in people. American laws, systems, securities and liberties are not perfect but they are the most unusual ones worldwide. They ...

The Sessions film by Ben Lewin, is a masterpiece movie that shows matters of sex and disability. Given that people with disability are normally marginalized by the greater society because they are different from the mainstream society, they ought to be undermined and segregated from the community (Shuttleworth 2007). The main character in this movie is known as Mark O’Brian who got polio at age six and uses an iron lung for respiration. This paper explains that people with disability have the right to explore the sexuality despite being seen as a taboo by the greater society. The society ...

1. Introduction to the Technique Magnification and high resolution imaging are very important in materials science, especially at present when nanotechnology materials are being created. Magnification and high resolution imaging can help in the characterization, identification, and confirmation of the existence of the desired material. Magnification and high resolution imaging become problems when the size of the assessed material becomes too small; such as, they are beyond the micrometer scale. Ordinary techniques in microscopy such as light microscopy where in a traditional light microscope is used could not suffice. Fortunately, in 1931, two scientists named Ernst Ruska and Mx ...

(UNICEF) United Nations Children’s Fund is a program geared towards providing children and mothers living in developing countries with long-term developmental assistance and humanitarian aid. It works towards overcoming diseases, poverty, violence and discrimination. Political factors impede UNICEF in carrying out its mandate of humanitarian efforts and activities. The organization operates in highly volatile locations; some embroiled in conflicts and others on the brink of civil wars. In places like Iraq, carrying out polio vaccinations becomes difficult especially with the presence Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). ISIS refuses entry for any international organization and government authority ...

Introduction:

I agree with the above statement. Parents should forcefully request to take the vaccination for their children. There are facts, which tells that about 675000 people died due to the disease named as “Pandemic Flu” in 1918.

Thesis Statement:

Making vaccination mandatory is a positive act. Reason one: The vaccination help in curing dangerous disease that present in the current era. First vaccination has taken place in 1809 in the city Massachusetts that disease was “small pox”. In United States, each and every state has mandatory law for vaccination.

Reason two:

Yes! Mandatory law should pass and cover on an international basis ...

VACCINES, VACCINATION AND IMMUNIZATION, AND DISEASES CONTROL

Introduction to Biology, SCI 120

Vaccines, Vaccination and immunization, and disease control Vaccines are defined as chemicals prepared from antigens (disease causing agents) that are injected into the human body, in order to activate the body’s defense mechanism against harmful diseases. Vaccines are made mostly for diseases that are fatal or incurable. Vaccination is defined as the process of injecting vaccines into the body in order to initiate disease protection. Immunization is the process of developing resistance against harmful diseases, most commonly through the use of vaccines. Vaccination is carried out to prevent from numerous diseases including ...

Her parents named her Loretta Pleasant when she was born on August 1, 1920 in the mountains of Roanoke Virginia. As an adult she chose to change her name to Henrietta. Irony followed Henrietta throughout her life and when she was still young once her mother died she went to live with her grandfather. The irony was he lived in the old slave quarter of a large plantation home that had previously belonged to one of her white ancestors. At her Grandfather’s home she shared a room with one of the first cousins, Day Lacks and she and her cousin ...

A critical analysis of the different attitudes of mothers towards the immunization of their children in rural and urban area in Nigeria 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background information and justification for the study Child survival beyond the age of five in Nigeria is a great concern in both academic and professional circles with statistics indicating that only 194 out every 1000 children live beyond the age of five. A United Nations study revealed that the Nigeria ranked 15th among the nations with the highest under five mortality rates. High infant mortality rates in Nigeria are attributed to immunizable ...

Introduction

The Polio virus was first identified by Landsteiner and Popper in the year 1908 as an etiological agent for poliomyelitis. The polio virus was the first virus to be grown in cultured cells which was in itself a great breakthrough leading to (1) development of a killed virus and a live attenuated vaccine; (2) physical and chemical characterization of the virion along with its assembly intermediates, and (3) the characterization of the virus life cycle within the infected cell . Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious disease which may be caused through a virus through the invasion of the nervous system. It is often spread through ...

Despite the healthy benefits of inoculating children, parents still ask, “Is this right for my baby?” Since the heightened rate of autism among children, many parents have wondered if vaccines are to blame. Out of fear or the thought of saving their children, parents skip vaccines that protect children from harmful diseases such as tuberculosis, measles, mumps, and several others. Other parents simply believe that vaccines are unnatural and that if the child eats clean and lives healthy their body will naturally resist these diseases. This is all, of course, preposterous. Scientifically speaking, no amount of clean eating can ...

Animal research is a serious subject that has caused great controversy over the years. While some people believe animals should not be tested, so to prevent animals from suffering and maltreatment, others advocate the opposite, and support animal research in order to help save both human and animal lives. It is estimated that more than 20 million animals are used in biomedical research projects, mainly because they share organs similar to humans, as well as other animals, and in most cases, they are prone to the exact same diseases that also affect humans (American Association for Laboratory Animal Science). Ever ...

In recent years, the issue about animal right has garnered great attention from the society. Whether animal testing should be banned or not is still being debated by many people. Both the advantages and disadvantages of using animals in experiments for inventing medicines for humanity will be discussed in this essay before a reasonable conclusion is drawn.First, the critics of the idea of using animals in testing medicines argue that non-human animals are living organisms like human and also they share the same place to live with humanity, so they should be considered as non-human persons and members of the ...

Vaccination is the application of antigenic material, also known as a vaccine, in order to trigger the immune system of a person to create adaptive immunity to an infective agent. Vaccines can preclude or improve morbidity from disease. The vaccination’s efficiency has been broadly analyzed and confirmed. For instance, the HPV vaccine, the influenza vaccine, as well as the chicken pox vaccine (Fiore, Bridges, & Cox, 2009; Chang, Rinas, Schmitt, & Smith, 2009; Liesegang, 2009). Vaccination is regarded as the most effectual way of preventing communicable disease. Widespread immunity on account of vaccination is mainly accountable for the global obliteration of smallpox, ...

We are approaching a crisis in modern medicine. In the not too distant past the world was a very different place. Diseases ravaged the populations of the earth and death was never far away. Many newborns would die by their fifth birthday due to any number of bacteria and viruses. Similarly, older populations were subject to debilitating diseases such as polio that rendered them paralyzed and entrapped in an iron lung to assist breathing. In the late 18th century, Edward Jenner discovered that small pox could be prevented with an inoculation of cowpox; a similar, but milder disease. Since then vaccinations ...

Introduction

A great American President named Eleanor Roosevelt once stated that “The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams”. To many, this ideally means perseverance. So what exactly is perseverance? Perseverance can be defined as the ability to hold on or go on even when things appear to be headed in a hopeless direction. Perseverance is basically the ruler through which measures of success can be made. Alternatively, it is used to signify the level or amount of sacrifices that an individual is willing and ready to make in seeking or pursuing success. Success is ...

Childhood vaccination is a subject that has constantly been in the news in recent years, with two sides hotly debating whether vaccines are a necessity for child safety or if they are unsafe and responsible for disorders such as autism. Proponents of vaccination argue that vaccines are responsible for the health, safety, and lower mortality rates for children all over the world. People who are against vaccines include celebrities such as Jenny McCarthy and Jim Carrey, physician Dr. Andrew Wakefield, and others who believe vaccines cause more harm for children than they do good. It is no wonder that new parents ...

Culture of a community is known to influence the health of the community, both positively and negatively. Man living in a social environment is affected by his surroundings and how he reacts to it. Many cultural practices in Nigeria either have a positive health impact or a negative impact. We will discuss below how health ties into Nigerian culture and how certain beliefs influence health. Certain cultural practices like “Tamako” – a system of offering assistance to the sick has positive health effect e.g., it is helpful in reducing the hospital bills (Idehen, 2007). Some practices like offering food and gifts to nursing mothers ...

Introduction

The history of health care in the United States can be traced from back in 1920s. The health care system has evolved over the decades from basic medical discoveries to most cutting-edge and complex system. These discoveries have contributed to expansion and improvement of health care. For instance, the invention of adhesive bandage in 1923 while the first cancer hospital was opened in New York City in 1921. During this period, vitamin D was commercially synthesized and manufactured for consumption in US. In 1929, the first air ambulance was launched. In 1931, the first antiacid was in supply ...

Introduction

Since the launch of the global drive to eradicate polio in 1988, the incidences of polio have reduced by 99% . In spite the remarkable success of the eradication efforts that has been reported so far, there are countries where polio is still endemic. As of August 2012, there were 128 cases of polio that had been reported worldwide. 96% of these cases had been reported in the countries where polio is still endemic which are Nigeria, Afghanistan and Pakistan. The number of polio cases that were reported in 2012 represents the least number of cases that has ever been ...

- Scope of the problem Poliomyelitis which is also referred to as polio or infantile paralysis is an infectious disease that mostly affects children. It is caused by poliovirus. It affects the nervous system resulting in paralysis and in some instances death within a couple of hours. Polio mostly affects children who are under the age of 5 years but it can affect individuals of any age. In poor countries, polio is transmitted via the faecal oral route while in rich countries it is transmitted via the oral- oral route. The symptoms of polio are often evident in less ...

1.0 Introduction According to the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), the Republic of Congo is referred to as an importation country as far as Polio is concerned. As a matter of fact, Congo is categorized by the same organization, GPEI, as being in the “wild polio virus importation belt.” This belt refers to a strip of countries which stretch from the Western part of Africa, through Central Africa all the way to the horn of Africa, which has been re-infected with the polio virus. Other countries in this importation belt include Liberia, Mali, Kenya, Uganda and Niger among other. In ...

Health care in children is important since it enables the parents of the child to identify the disabilities in a child early enough so that they can correct it at an early stage before it gets to chronic levels (Fleming, 2004). In the our program parents are given the best measures to improve on child health hence a decreased infant mortality in the county that in turn translates to the high productivity of the nation. There is a massive need to conduct child healthcare program for the betterment of the future. Basically our child’s healthcare entails the following:

Regular Checkups:

It is significant ...

Introduction

The recent studies have shown that infant mortality has increased in the horn of Africa. The horn of Africa especially the refugees camps have one of the utmost infant mortality rates in Africa. Approximately almost 800 children die every year. The causes for these flabbergasting figures of mortality rate are many (Unicef, 2005). One of the main causes of these deaths is the failure to immunize infants against disease. There is, therefore, a need to come up with immunization programs that will work in hardy to reduce infant mortality in this region.

The purpose of the report and recommendation

The following report and recommendation are directed to ...

Communication

Stephen Hawking and FDR: Coping with Disability It is interesting that both Stephen Hawking and Franklin D. Roosevelt are considered heroes to people with disabilities. Each of them has communicated much differently about their problems to the outside world. Franklin D. Roosevelt hid his disability from the public. On the other hand Stephen Hawkings is very public about his disability. His photographs can be found many places on the web and on the back covers of his books. Although the way the two men dealt with their contemporaries about their disabilities perhaps they each did what was best. ...

Personal Statement

Degree objective: I obtained my Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (M.B.B.S.) degree from Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Amritsar, Punjab, India, in the year 2006. I then began did my residency in internal medicine at Wayne State University School of Medicine, Michigan, USA. I am currently receiving my postgraduate training at Wayne State University School of Medicine. Previously, I completed 12 months rotating internship at Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences & Research and its affiliated hospitals. As an intern, I had rotations in the departments of Internal Medicine, Community ...

The controversy over vaccination of children has been flaring up from last decade and parents are refuting medical advice regarding vaccination of children. Medical community and concerned parents are segregated in two groups, both attempting to assert their viewpoint over vaccinations. The scientific data and results on the efficacy and requirement of vaccination for children provided and informed by medical consultants to parents is not accorded complete comprehension by parents and the number of parents who are willing to skip their child’s vaccination is on the increase. Children, during their early life stage are prone to diseases resulting ...

A number of recent events have brought to light the need to reinforce ethical conduct in scientific research. However, historically there have been a number of known cases that have, to varying degrees, demonstrated heinous acts of ethical misconduct regarding human research abuses.

The event and its impact on reform in clinical research practices

The willowbrook state school was an institution which was designed for the key reason of treating young children who has problems with intellectual disabilities. It was mostly vital in the treatment of children with a disability in the New York City. In the duration of 1930 to 1987, most children suffered from mentally handicapped related sickness (Murphy, 2004). ...

In Search of Henrietta

There are certain events in human life that might change the course of one’s life. There are also some human lives that might change the course of history and evolution of human civilization in general. Speaking of such people, some might imagine famous warlords, rulers of Ancient kingdoms; other would think about inventors, scientists and geniuses who were shaping their epochs and forthcoming generations; some might think of political leaders who lead their countries to prosperity and victory in global wars. In most cases, no one would have thought of an ordinary Afro-American woman in her thirties, who ...