Essays on Fibrosis

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Corresponding Address and email)

Introduction Cirrhosis is caused by liver injury that results in fibrogenesis and inflammation. These problems result in collapse of liver structures and significant distortion of hepatic vascular structure. This distortion leads to elevated resistance to portal blood flow as well as portal hypertension. Moreover, hepatic synthetic dysfunction is also caused as a result of these problems. Clinically, liver cirrhosis is considered as an end-stage disease that could result in death until liver transplantation is performed (Tsochatzis, Bosch, & Burroughs, 2014). Liver cirrhosis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in most of the developed countries. In ...

Literature review

Kaasa, S. (2015). Is Cancer Pain Control Improved by a Simple WHO Pain Analgesic Ladder Approach Combined With Tumor-Directed Treatment?.Journal of Clinical Oncology, JCO647537.

Article summary

This article takes into consideration the role that the WHO analgesic ladder plays in addressing cancer pain in palliative care patients. The authors identify that cancer pain occurs in 90% of cancer patients but only half them are under proper pain management. To this effect, therefore, there is the need for applying opioids under the WHO ladder guidelines as a way of addressing cancer pain in oncology care patients.

This is a narrative qualitative research ...

COPD is a medical condition that is characterized by alteration in lung parenchyma, bronchitis, emphysema and narrowing of the respiratory passages. It occurs as a consequence to chronic inflammation reaction involving the respiratory tract. The mucous secretion and fibrosis associated with chronic inflammation, can cause blockage and narrowing of the airway. Bronchitis refers to inflammation of the inner lining of the lung, while, emphysema is a clinical condition that occurs following the long term destruction of lung parenchyma. Bronchitis and emphysema are both characteristic features of COPD. Destruction of lung parenchyma causes loss of alveolar attachment and decreases the ...

Qualitative research is relatively new to nursing research. Despite its being usually underused and undervalued, qualitative research is increasingly contributing to nursing knowledge (Hall, 2006). The purpose of this paper is to compare qualitative and quantitative research in order to examine their differences. The comparison will be done by examining an article using the qualitative method and two articles using the quantitative method. All articles are on the same topic, cystic fibrosis. All articles were published in well-known and reputable journals. The qualitative article is by Carpenter and Narsavage (2004) and the quantitative ones are by De Bias, et ...

Thesis

Improved Detection and Characterization of Obscured Central Gland Tumors of the Prostate:

requirementsRequirements for the degree of

2016

©2016 by All rights reserved Approved by First Reader Boris Nicolas Bloch, M.D.

Associate Professor of Radiology and

Director of Bioimaging Science Second Reader Kevin Thomas, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of Bioimaging and Health Emergency

DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this work to my patient spouse Landry, my wonderful children Charlie and Phoenix, and my dog Armani. (Delete this page if you don't need it. Be sure to delete all the text on the page, and the page break after it, not the section break before it. To see the section and page breaks, ...

Part 1

Cystic fibrosis is a disorder that has been proven to have profound effects on the genetic makeup of an individual. This condition mainly affects the lungs and the alimentary canal. The other body organs likely to get affected by the disease include the kidneys, pancreas, intestines and the liver. It has been established that the condition compromises the functioning of the body cells responsible for the production of digestive, mucus and sweat juices (Mayo Clinic., 2016). Under normal circumstances, these cells are usually thin and slippery but if they become affected, the secretions they produce turn sticky and thick. ...

Chapter I: Introduction

In the United States, Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-cutaneous malignancy after lung cancer in men with an incident of 126 per 100,000 people. The American Cancer Society (ACS) reported that the number of new cases of men diagnosed with PCa by 2016 will be an approximately 180,890 cases. PCa is still considered as the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Also, the ACS added that the estimation for death will occur from PCa is 26,120 deaths in 2016. Today, many studies stated that mortality rate is gradually decreasing compared with the ...

The purpose of this paper is to review the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, inheritance patterns, and recent advances in disease management of cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is a progressive and lethal disease resulting from an autosomal recessive gene (Singh, Rebordosa, Bernholz, & Sharma, 2015). The major problem associated with cystic fibrosis is the repeated lung infections that over time severely damage the lungs, scar and widen the passageways and limit the ability to breathe (Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, n.d.). As of 2013, there are an estimated 70,000 cystic fibrosis patients globally with 33,000 of them in the United States ( ...

Cystic fibrosis is a chronic, progressive and often deadly genetic disease that affects the body’s mucous glands. It follows that cystic fibrosis (CF) is evident in the body’s digestive and respiratory systems, particularly in children and young adults (Flume et al., 2007). In some cases, it affects the reproductive system and the sweat glands. A CF-like disease has been known over the past two centuries, but it was in 1938 that the term cystic fibrosis was first used. CF may also be considered to be an autosomal-recessive disease. Its estimated heterozygote occurrence is one for every twenty ...

Introduction

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most prevalent genetic disorder in the Caucasian population, with an incidence of 1 in 2500 births. CF is a disease that affects many organs including the upper and lower respiratory tracts, pancreas, intestines and reproductive system. Over the past 20 years, our understanding of the manifestation and management of the disease has progressed dramatically. CF was once considered a condition of childhood and there was very little expectation that children would enter adult life. However, CF has become a multisystem adult disease with the increased survival attributable to advancements in standardized treatment, introduction of ...

Based on the initial symptoms, the patient most likely suffers from hypothyroidism or low thyroid hormone disorder. Further clinical tests and an examination of the family’s medical history reveals that the particular disorder could be Hashimoto’s disease; also called Hashimoto thyroiditis. Hashimoto thyroiditis is classified as an autoimmune disease. In autoimmune disease, one's immune system attacks the body’s tissue specifically the thyroid gland (Skugor & Wilder, 2006, p.2). By attacking the thyroid gland, the disease reduces the gland’s ability to produce thyroid hormones of substantial quantity. This condition leads to hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone deficiency presents with ...

Abstract

In a social-norm breaking situation, an audience member at a charity event for sufferers of Cystic Fibrosis and their families expresses an unpopular opinion. Cystic Fibrosis, or CF, is an inherited disease that is generally passed down from recessive carriers (who don’t have the disease themselves) to their children. It affects the secretory glands, causing mucus to build up in the various parts of the body. The condition causes early death in most sufferers, and the average life expectancy of people with CF is less than forty years (“What is Cystic Fibrosis?” 2013). The norm-breaker’s opinion does ...

Introduction:

Occupational exposure to silica crystals has long been identified and recognized in most of the industries. There are various industries that involved the silica dusts, where some are highly exposed beyond the threshold limits for the substances. The problem with the occupational exposure of workers to silica crystals are often not taken seriously be employer and employee alike. Exposure to silica in the occupational environment results to health effects such as silicosis and other related diseases. People who are working with these crystals are prone to respiratory effects as well. There is a problem in the safety and health ...

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Cirrhosis is basically a critical stage of fibrosis in liver. It is caused due to many diseases associated with liver such as hepatitis. Liver is one the most important organ of the body it performs many vital functions of the body. Some of the main functions performed in liver are, formation of blood protein that help in clotting, transport, immune system. It also produces bile which helps in emulsification of fats. Apart from these it also have storage functions such as it stores ...

HCV or Hepatitis C virus infection has over 5 million people affected in US (Chak, et al., 2011) and over 120 million people worldwide hence a global health problem. This virus belongs to Hepacivirus genus and Flaviviridae family (Lindenbach, et al., 2007) with six genotypes and with more than seventy subtypes. In approximately 85% infected individuals it may be unresolved, hence representing a significant hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis cause. It is viewed as commonest cirrhosis cause and chronic liver disease in the world. It also represents the main liver transplantation cause in USA, Europe, and Australia (Thimme, et ...

(6 points) Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis (include at least 3 comparisons and 3 differences).

Both mitosis and meiosis are usually associated the cytokinesis In both processes, end result is usually production of daughter cells from the parent cell The fundamentals in both processes are the same in that there is breakdown of nuclear membrane, genetic material separation into two groups, cell division and eventually the nuclear membrane in the cells reform

Differences

In meiosis, there are two rounds involved in genetic separation while in mitosis there is only one round. In meiosis, there is separation of homologous chromosomes ...

In an article published in Clinical and translational science, researchers have reported that with the help of genomic science, knowledge of the diagnosis and treatment of human conditions have increased. It helps us in knowing the role of genes and their networks in the development of diseases. Genomic science also helped in understanding of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which is a chronic, progressive and disturbing scarring of the lung parenchyma, and whose cause and treatment still need further studies. Research in genomic science has helped in making diagnosis and prognosis of the disease, and potential biomarkers for the assessment ...

First, when looking at labile cells, it can be said that ultimately these are continuously dividing cells of short life span, which directly pass from M to G1 phase of the cell cycle (Abuhashim). The surface epithelium of gastrointestinal and genito-urinary system, epidermis of the skin, and hemopoietic cells of the bone marrow are placement examples of labile cells. “Injury of these cells is followed by complete regeneration providing that the supporting stroma is intact” (Abuhashim). Second, when looking at stable cells, it is understood that these tiny units are subjected to very scant postnatal divisions yet they are ...

1. How can the disease described above create a mismatch between ventilation and perfusion? Use your understanding of alveolar dead space and physiologic shunt to explain your answer. In coal-miner’s pneumoconiosis, respirable coal dust that are inhaled for long periods of time trigger hyperactive immune responses that lead to destruction of the lung. At the beginning, coal dust particles are expelled out of the lung through the function of pulmonary macrophages beneath the epithelial layer of airways and near capillaries (Kopf, Schneider & Nobs, 2015). These macrophages phagocytize the dust particles and transport them to the lymphatic tree or ...

Definition and Causes

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a common cause of chronic liver disease. It arises due to the deposition of fats in the main cells of the liver. The disease ranges from the fatty changes and inflammation in the liver to cirrhosis and fibrosis. Studies suggest that the simple fatty liver is not harmful but the disease can progress and lead to a chronic condition of the liver. The discovery of the existence of the disease is not easy but it may happen through raised liver enzymes. The disease is associated with obesity. Nonalcoholic liver disease is similar to liver disease but ...

In days gone by if a woman gave birth to a daughter and not a son, she was considered at fault. If a family needed an heir to be a man-child and the mother didn’t produce one, she could well have been trouble. Now we know that in fact, the father contributes either the X or the Y chromosome determining the gender of the child.

In today’s world, when gender is not an issue, if the child is born with a disability are the parents to blame? It all depends on what kind of disability. There are some congenital conditions such as Down’ ...

Question 1: The main and supporting claims presented within the essay

The article talks about the importance of technology on the current medical field. Moreover, the article talks more about the importance of adoption of technology in the hospitals and other medical facilities so as to enhance improved results. The technology is important due to the fact that it is capable of detecting the causes to a disease before it occurs in an individual. The article therefore shows the audience the change that modern technology has brought to the society at large. The case illustrated shows the difference between the current modes of treatment and the older modes. The importance ...

Biology of Disease

Mode of action of;- Dexamethasone The Glucocorticoid receptors are discovered intracellularly in all tissues. They enter cells through inactive dispersion and structure a complex with a receptor protein (Rhodes & Hartnoll, 2002, P.10). This intricate then experiences an irreversible enactment and enters the cell core, where it ties to the DNA, hence prompting organic impacts instigated by these hormones, which include expanded hepatic gluconeogenesis, as well as expanded lipolysis (Ahmed, 2007, P.13). Dexamethasone is utilized to treat numerous provocative and immune system conditions, for example, rheumatoid joint pain and bronchospasm. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, an abatement in quantities of ...

Exercise 1: Anatomy of the Respiratory System

What are the two functions of the larynx? Larynx is a cartilaginous and a muscular structure while holds vocal cords together. It is used by human beings to talk, swallow and breathe. It is lined by the mucous membrane hence forming part of the respiratory system. Larynx protects the airways by closing quickly after mechanical simulation hence stopping respiratory and curbing the entry of foreign substances into the airways. The larynx also produces sound, controls ventilation and acts as a sensory organ.

Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?

Gaseous exchange occurs in the lungs and for it to take place; there is the need for a place where ...

Cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis is a disease relating to the exocrine gland function. It involves multiple organ system as a whole, but there are some specific organ dysfunctions caused by this condition. These are the chronic respiratory infections, and pancreatic enzyme insufficiency. There are also some forms of complications that are usually associated with the untreated patients. Pulmonary issues or involvement is found in 90 percent of patients surviving the neonatal period. It has been noted in recent times that the major cause of death relating to the cystic fibrosis is the end-stage lung disease associated with it. In the affected individuals, ...

Connective tissue growth factor induces collagen I expression in human lung fibroblasts through the Rac1/MLK3/JNK/AP-1 pathway

Many lung inflammatory diseases present pulmonary fibrosis as one of the symptoms, which is characterized by shortness of breath, chronic coughing and discomfort in the chest. It causes modifications of the lung tissues due to overgrowth, hardening and scarring. This occurs mainly due to deposition of collagen, an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, whose turnover is regulated by fibroblast. Fibroblast is an important cell regulator that is enlisted by a site of injury. This process is driven by release of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), platelet-derived growth factor, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-8/CXCL8. Previously, fibroblast was thought to express no or very ...

My thesis statement is that medical charities are utmost important for the nation as well as humanity in general as they help to cope with medical emergencies and necessities thus saving several precious lives and providing much needed medical help on time. This is the reason I have chosen medical charities from among the other charities to donate the sum of $10,000 at my disposal. For efficiently gauging which are the best medical charities, I have done some preliminary research by poring through their websites in detail supported by secondary research of going through their performance parameters and ...

Abstract

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic problem with major infections to lungs, pancres, intestine and liver. The main characteristic of the disease is abnormal transport of chloride, and sodium in the epithelium leading to thick secretions. It usually results from mutation in the gene for a protein known as cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CFTR). This is a hormone which is usually involved in various body excretion processes. The main method of transmission of the disease is through genes. However, research has proved that it can be still transferred among people with no DNA connection The disease is ...

Description and challenges

Hepatitis C is a type of infection that is caused by a virus that attacks the human liver resulting in inflammation. The virus is called Hepatitis C virus (HCV). The infected people show less or no symptoms during its early stages of infection (Michael, 2014, p 1178). Hepatitis C virus is considered the most dangerous of the Hepatitis infections. The virus is transmitted through the contact with contaminated blood, mostly through needles that are shared through the use of illegal drugs. One challenge with Hepatitis is that, during its early stages, one cannot know if he is infected or not. This ...

Medicine

(Department)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Introduction of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) COPD is among the commonly occurring lung diseases in which the person feels difficulty in breathing (Lynn, Harrold, and Schuster, 2011). There are two main types of COPD: - Chronic bronchitis in which there is a persistent cough with mucus, - Emphysema in which there is damage to the lungs with the passage of time.

Most of the patients of COPD have a combination of both of the conditions.

Causes and reasons of COPD Smoking is found to be among the top most important causes of COPD. Moreover, chances of developing COPD increases with increased smoking. However, in rare cases people may ...

Chapter 18 page 395 presents a cases study of asbestos and the dangers it causes to the environment. Direct or indirect consumption of asbestos fibers into the human body poses great dangers to body organs and tissues. Toxic chemicals produced by asbestos once inhaled stays in the lungs for a long period and cause chronic disorders like mesothelioma, lung cancer, and fibrosis. Mesothelioma forms a type of cancer only caused by asbestos. Fibrosis causes breathing difficulties on affected individuals (Chiras, 2014). Asbestos come from natural deposits of rocks. Asbestos is used mainly in building materials, asbestos-cement products, friction products, paper products, ...

Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease characterized by the buildup of sticky and thick mucus inside the body that can potentially damage the organs (US NLM, 2012). The two most common signs of Cystic Fibrosis are damaged respiratory system and chronic digestive problems. The severity varies among the affected individuals. The disease is most common among Caucasian people (1 in every 2,500 newborns) and most rare among the Asians (1 in every 31,000 newborns) (US NLM, 2012). Cystic Fibrosis produces thick mucus that can block the airways in the lungs, leading to bacterial infection and severe breathing ...

Introduction

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive condition that is caused by the mutation of the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator. The mutation affects the absorption of chloride ions which impairs the movement of sodium and water at the cellular level. This results in production of abnormally thick secretions that cause inflammation and damage to the cell. This affects the functioning of the organs. It is one of the most common genetic disorders that affects Europeans. Statistics indicating that one out of 2381 people in the United Kingdom suffer from the condition. The complexity of the disease calls for a ...

Description of Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD is a progressive illness due to which the sufferer is not able to breathe easily. In this connection, progressive means that this disease worsens with the passage of time. In COPD, the patient’s coughing produces mucus in large amounts, puffiness, breath shortness, tightness of chest, and similar other symptoms (Currie, 2011). There are two major conditions in COPD i.e. chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Emphysema refers to the condition whereby damage of the walls between several air sacs occurs. Consequently, the air sacs become flaccid due to the shape loss. Such damage also ...

Abstract

Cirrhosis is 12th on the list of leading causes of death in the US. Cirrhosis is characterized by scarring of the liver tissue due to inflammation that could lead to liver failure and death. Some patients develop cancer in due course of the illness. The scarring, which is usually permanent, covers the outer layer with collagen, makes the liver very rigid and limits the exchange of blood between the portal vein and the liver, thereby creating excess pressure in the hepatic portal vein. The scarring renders the removal of toxin such as alcohol difficult due to depletion of hepatocytes. ...

Research Paper

Research paper

The article “One breath at a time: living with cystic fibrosis” presents a qualitative investigation to describe the living experiences of families caring for a patient of cystic fibrosis (CF). Several quantitative, ethnographic and grounded theory studies have been done involving the patients of CF and their families. These studies aimed at research on stressors and interventions for CF and are valuable in understanding coping in families lived with (or living with) CF for extended periods of time. However, these studies do not explain the experience of living with a family member with CF. The objective of this research was ...

Research shows that around 30, 000 Americans have Cystic Fibrosis with over 1000 new cases diagnosed every year. Analysts suggest that it occurs evenly to both the females and males and affects generally every race. This condition is more common among the white babies. One in every 3,200 live white births in comparison to one in every 3,900 live births amongst all Americans appear to be suffering from the condition. At the age of three, most patients are diagnosed and only ten percent of the most recent cases are usually by age eighteen and above (Children’s ...

Abstract

The acute respiratory distress syndrome is a form of injury to the lungs that impedes the supply and uptake of oxygen from the alveoli resulting in a state of severe hypoxemia, dyspnea, anxiety, and tachypnea. This review has established that genetics may be playing a role in increasing one’s susceptibility to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS. Moreover, biomarkers would also play a significant role in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. However, it still remains unclear on the type of genes and biomarkers that play a role in causing ARDS. It has also been established that young children (less than 2 years ...

Introduction

Human Engineering is an applied science that coordinates the design of systems, devices and the working conditions with the requirements and capacities of workers. It can also mean the alteration of human body cells in order to fight genetic and chronic diseases or to improve human intelligence, appearance, memory or some other desirable traits (Baylis & Jason, 24). In this context, human engineering is viewed from the context of genetic modifications of human cells. Genetists who conduct scientific research into human engineering and sports owners advocate for it while purists who advocate for the maintenance of the human species from ...

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant cancer that originates from cancerous cells in the pancreas. It has been estimated that 90-95% of pancreatic cancers are adenocarcinomas that originate from the exocrine part of the pancreatic tissue. Adenocarcinomas (ductal pancreatic cancer) are tumors that exhibit glandular architecture when observed under a light microscope. Pancreatic carcinoma accounts for fourth highest occurrence of cancer related deaths in the United States. The prognosis for the various stages of pancreatic cancer is poor with an estimated 25% survival rate for a person diagnosed with stage 1, while only 5-6% survival rate estimated for a stage 5 diagnosis according ...

Report on Vinyl Chloride

Report on Vinyl Chloride The case involves a man who went into a polymerization tanks measuring 8 feet in high and 5 feet wide. The man went into the tank alone at night, and there was no light in the pit. After 20 minutes, the man did not return, and somebody went to check him. The man was found lying in the pit. The person who was looking for the man climbed in order to get the man out, but the person was overwhelmed by the gas. The person immediately shut the open valve feeling dizzy. The person dragged himself ...

Introduction

Genetics is basically a term referring to the study of genes and their individual role in inheritance. In simpler terms, it is the manner in which certain conditions and traits are passed down from a single generation to the other. Genetics therefore is an aspect involving the study of genes and their effects. As a unit of heredity, genes are responsible for carrying instructions for making proteins that articulate the functions of the body and activities of cells as well. To give an example of that, inherited or genetic disorders include fibrosis. Genomics on the other hand is seemingly a recent term ...

Question 1: Explain the pathophysiologic defect of Cystic Fibrosis.

A mutation of a single gene, on chromosome 7, leads to the disease, cystic fibrosis. The gene is responsible for encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The normal CFTR is a regulator of chloride channels, which can lead to the regulation of chloride and sodium channels on the surface of the cell. The most common mutation leading to an abnormal CFTR is a mutation is delta F508. The disease can have different phenotypic manifestations depending on the extent of the mutation. The differences in chloride transduction leads to abnormal secretions in various organs, such as the lungs leading to ...

#1 MAKE OBSERVATIONS Some genetic diseases are very common in people with certain heritages. Examples include sickle cell anemia in persons from African descent, Tays Sachs in Jews from Germany or Eastern Europe, and cystic fibrosis in Caucasians. #2 ASK QUESTIONS

Is there a way to narrow down genetic issues specific to certain heritages?

#3 HYPOTHESIS There are factors within a person’s genetic code (DNA) and factors within the way persons of a certain heritage live that concentrate genetic issues within a particular heritage. #4 PREDICTION Genetic issues will be the result of changes within the affected individual’s DNA that mean they have differences in the way their ...

Abstract 3

Introduction 3 Needs Analysis Based on a Health Risk Assessment 7 Lead and Lag Indicators 11 Abbreviations and Meanings 12 Conclusion 12 Recommendations 12

References 14

Abstract Managing occupational health is an essential part of managing a workforce, and on a larger scale, an entire organization. A healthy workforce may well lead to a productive one and hence a more profitable venture. An unhealthy workforce on the other hand would most likely lead to an unproductive and thus an unprofitable one. Occupational Health Surveillance is one of the direct interventions in keeping a healthy and productive workforce. The objective of this ...

A condition affecting the system of veins in legs with venous hypertension resulting in different pathologies that involve swelling, ulcerations, pain, skin changes, and edema is called chronic venous insufficiency (Eberhardt and Raffetto, 2005). It is necessary to understand normal venous function and anatomy to analyze the venous insufficiencies pathology. The peripheral venous system serves as a conduit returns blood into the heart and as a reservoir where blood is stored. Appropriate operation of the peripheral venous system is dependent on a series of muscle pumps and valves (Eberhardt and Raffetto, 2005). Blood entering the venous system of lower extremities has ...

INTRODUCTION

The human body consists of tissues and organs that contain over 200 different cell types.1 these cells carry out all the functions required for viability and reproduction. It was argued long ago, that in some tissues, the differentiated cells have a shorter life span and that they are not able to self -renew.2 This led to the notion that such tissues are maintained by cells that have an extensive renewal capacity, and the ability to differentiate and generate daughter cells. These cells were termed as ‘stem cells”.2 Stem cells generate only the differentiated lineages of the tissues they reside in, ...

Genetic testing also known as DNA based test, involves direct examination of DNA molecules to test for genetic disorders and diseases (Gene testing, 2010). According to the Human Genome Project Information (2010), Genetic testing can be used for various reasons to include: - Identifying people who carry one copy of genes causing diseases such as Huntington’s disease. - Pre-symptomatic testing of adult onset diseases/disorders such as Huntington’s disease - Forensic testing and determining paternity. - Newborn screening and pre- natal testing. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid, and these are chemical Data bases ...

Dear Grandma,

Our body has tissues and organs that are made up of different types of cells. Each cell contains the deoxyribonucleic acid also known as DNA. This double-stranded DNA is made up of 4 chemical molecules also known as bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T). In the DNA, A always pairs with T; C always pairs with G. These strands are nothing but sequences of these bases that run really long. So typically a short sequence of DNA if written down in English will read:

AGTCCCGGTTC

TCAGGCCAAG The DNA sequences are 99% alike in all humans, but ...

Abstract

Malta is situated in the central Mediterranean region and is a southern European nation in the form of three islands. Though age-standardized mortality rates are published in reports by the WHO, there seems to be a limitation of epidemiological research in the area of alcoholic liver disease in the region of Malta, which we can very well categorize as an unmet medical need. There has been a slow increase in standardized mortality rate due to cirrhosis from 1998 to 2003, but it is still low as compared to other EU nations. Besides, Malta stood at a lower rank at #51 in mortality statistics ...

LIVER DISEASE

Pathophysiology of the Disease Liver disease is a major concern all over the world. The initial stages are referred to as hepatic fibrosis. In case of severe and critical advancement, the stage is called cirrhosis. In this stage the disease is not reversible; the fibrous is scarred and the hepatic structure is characterized with interconnecting bands (Regenstein & Dickerson, 2006). Normal working of the liver is hindered by the resulting insufficient blood flow and continuous destruction of hepatocytes (Sorrell, Maddrey & Schiff, 2011). The etiological factors which lead to cirrhosis include Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and abuse of ...

Vitamins are essential organic nutrients required in minute amounts for the body's optimal functioning. They could be water soluble or fat soluble. Water soluble vitamins include; vitamins Band C, while the fat soluble vitamins are; Vitamins A, D,E,K. Vitamin A was the first fat soluble Vitamin to be discovered in 1913.

Vitamin A's structure is depicted to the right. Retinol is the precursor of of retinal and retinoic acid. Both are active metabolites of retinol. Retinal plays an important role in vision while retinoic acid is the intracellular messenger which affects the transcription of some gene( Bates ...

Nurse Responsibilities

A nurse is a medical professional who focuses on taking care of sick individuals so that they can return to or improve their optimal health status (Philip, 2003). Unlike other medical professionals, a nurse has a lot of responsibilities. Some of a nurse’s main responsibilities include promotion of health, reducing the risks of a disease or treatment, and control of the spread of a disease. Sure there are a lot more responsibilities that a nurse has to fulfill (it may even vary from country to country) but this paper will only focus on these three.

Health Promotion

Nurses are considered members of the primary healthcare team. Primary healthcare ...

Cystic fibrosis

Introduction

Cystic fibrosis is a chronic illness that affects children. This medical disorder is also known as Mucoviscidosis and it is an inherited disorder, which is autosomal and recessive in nature. It affects two major systems (respiratory and digestive systems) in the children. Recent evidence has shown that disorders affecting the lungs are one of the highest causes of increase morbidity and mortality rates in the children (Pizzignacco & Lima, 2006). Associated complications are the major issues in cystic fibrosis. Technology and advancement in health care system has helped in reducing the associated mortality and morbidity because the disorder can now ...

Part I

Original DNA Strand:

3’-TACCCTTTAGTAGCCACT-5’

Transcription (base sequence of RNA):

5’-UTGGGUUUTCUTCGGTGU-3’

Translation (amino acid sequence):

3’-TACCCTTTAGTAGCCACT-5’

What is the significance of the first and last codons?

Explanation: The first and last codons are very essential in that they dictate and command the direction of the transcription and synthesis of mRNA from the 5’ end towards the 3’ ends. Additionally, the first and last codons act like terminal points where protein synthesis begins and where it actually ends hence these codons actually determine the size of the animo acids produced which determine the type of and size of protein synthesized (Hartl, 2011).

What meaning do these codons have for protein synthesis?

Explanation: These codons are ...