Essays on Collagen

Status of the document.

This document is a project proposal for the development of starch-based hemostatic products. Acknowledgement. Much thanks to the project supervisor who offered guidance in every step of the development of this proposal. Developing starch based hemostatic products Project summary. Purpose: This proposal is envisioned to develop a hemostatic agent from purified plant starch. In this case, the product of the reaction should be developed by the formation of microporous hemosphere particles after etherification, esterification and crosslinking of glucose molecules to form ethyl propanetriol (glycerol-ether links (1-3 deoxy propanol)). The second intention of this study is to investigate the properties ...

Introduction

Osteoarthritis of the knee also known as the degenerative arthritis is a major and growing problem for the elder population all over the globe. Approximately, 27 million individuals have been reported to suffer from osteoarthritis by the Arthritis Foundation in United States (US). Women have been more commonly reported to suffer from osteoarthritis as compared to men. The prevalence of developing arthritis has been found to increase after the age of 45 . Although, mostly elderly population are most affected yet there are few evidences of young people suffering from it. Osteoarthritis is also commonly defined as wear- and- tear ...

The skin may result to tissue damage caused by injury, infection, trauma or pathological processes. Wound healing involves a complex sequence of overlapping events, but also consists of predictable sequence of events consisting primarily of tissue regeneration and tissue repair (Flanagan, 2013). Wound healing involves three processes, namely primary, secondary and tertiary intention healing. The major events occuring during the primary intention healing process are the deposition of the connective tissue and epithelialization (Sussman and Jensen, 2007). This process is usually associated to surgical incision healing where the tissue surface has been stitched or stapled when there is very ...

Headache is a common complaint that afflicts most of the adult population at some point in their lives (Hainer & Matheson, 2013). Headaches are by and large a subjective phenomenon with few objectively measurable factors (McMurtray & Saito, 2014). Most headaches will be the benign, but a small percentage will indicate an underlying neurologic or systemic pathology (Hainer & Matheson, 2013). The purpose of this paper is to investigate the chief complaint, “I have headaches or a headache.” The paper will discuss the objective and subjective data that needs to be collected, headache triggers and drug treatments, and the health promotion strategies ...

Background

Wound healing is one of the most important processes in maintaining the health of a person. Multiple factors affect wound healing in humans regardless of age. A partial list includes diabetes, hereditary healing disorders, obesity, drugs, alcoholism, smoking and compromised immune condition. Infection, stress, nutrition, and radiation therapy can also contribute to delayed or incomplete wound healing (Guo & DiPietro, 2010). In the start of a wound, an inflammatory response is initiated. Blood vessels expand, helping white blood cells and nutrients to reach the wound. Wound healing is achieved through the processes of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Proper sequence ...

Abstract

The health issues affecting older people have over the years faced constant ignorance in the society. It has become essential to include the elderly patients in the national policy issue because of their increased numbers in the population. The primary objective of such a move is to provide better health care and high quality of life for older adults and their respective families. Health care systems, health care providers, policy makers and health care organizations have to dedicate their efforts on sensitization of acute and chronic medical issues affecting older and improvising measures that can help protect the elderly ...

Writing Hypothesis

Question 1: (a). H0: Supplementation of arginine reduce the volume of nitric oxide, a major sign of inflammatory reactions in asthma patients. H1: Supplementation of arginine does not reduce the volume of nitric oxide, a major sign of inflammatory reactions in asthma patients. (b) Sample: Diagnosed asthma patients of age between 19 years and 50 years (c) Data needed: Data on quantity grams of arginine supplementations (AS) and data on volume of nitric oxide (NO), as a sign of inflammatory reactions. Data on confounding variables such as grams of alcohol, and grams of chemical irritants such as phenol. (d) ...

Research Question: Does a diet such as low fat and low cholesterol really help lower LDL? Hypothesis: It may or may not. Early research sometimes suggested not eating eggs would help lower cholesterol. This resulted in limits for how many eggs one should eat, if any. Determine if a low fat and low cholesterol diet really works with the study outlined below . Compare two groups of patients: one group eliminating foods which may alter LDL levels and one which continues on with their usual diet before diagnosis of the high LDL levels. Foods to be considered are eggs, 2% ...

Heart failure is a pathophysiologic condition characterized by the heart’s inability to generate sufficient cardiac output, resulting in either inefficient tissue perfusion or increase in the diastolic filling pressure of the left ventricle, or both, which lead to increased pulmonary capillary pressure (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2014). Heart failure is a leading cause of death in the US (McCance et al., 2014; Mozaffarian et al., 2015). American Heart Association has estimated that in 2013, cardiovascular diseases were responsible for 30.8% of all deaths in the US, or 222.9 per 100,000 deaths (Mozaffarian et al., 2015). The 2013 ...

Physical body effects occurring during the aging process

The skin is one of the peripheral body organs that clearly indicate changes in the aging process. It is evident by the continual loss of skin elasticity in adults. In the process, wrinkles are formed alongside the pigmentation related to senescence. Collagen and elastin are protein fibers whose presence makes the skin consume slack and stay adherent tightly onto the underlying skin structures (Abdulraheem, 2014). Changes in the eyesight are prominently evident in the elderly, especially those above their 50s for whom their decline in visual acuity seems to be accelerating. The reason most elderly people above 50s use ...

This is a network of a large number of neurons that is designed modulate, generate, and transmit information with the different parts of the body thus facilitating important body functions. It is basically the electrical wiring of the body. Structurally the nervous system is divided into central nervous system (the brain, spinal cord and nerves) and peripheral nervous system made up of sensory neurons, ganglia and nerves. Functionally the nervous system is divided into somatic and autonomic component. The CNS integrates all the sensory and motor information of the body. The nervous system has two components the gray and white matter. ...

Source One:

http://uofmhealthblogs.org/womens/pregnancy-childbirth/oh-body-will-change-pregnancy/8463/

Posted by Helen Kang Morgan, MD on September 24, 2013 In addition to the obvious physical changes as your belly grows during pregnancy, what other surprises may your body have in store for you? Pregnancy is an exciting time, but often one filled with many questions — is my baby healthy, can I do this/eat that, and what the heck is happening to my body?

During your first trimester, you’ll probably feel tired, perhaps more tired than you’ve ever felt before. Get as much rest as you can. About 70 percent of women will also ...

Selection from an 8 year-period of pulmonary valve replacement and cross sectional follow up of a commercially available biological valve, assessed with established and a new method

What This Thesis Is About

Pulmonary valve replacement is a procedure necessary in many congenital heart defects and in-valve degeneration cases. Surgical results are excellent, but the longevity of artificial valves is very limited. Our goal was to give a retrospective overview of methods and results from the year 2000 until 2008 at Rikshospital, as well as the prospective five year follow-up of a biological valve made from bovine pericardium. Follow up included clinical examination with ECG, echocardiography, spirometry, treadmill testing, echocardiography ...

Geriatric patients include the older individuals with overall impaired function. There is no defined age at which an individual becomes geriatric although it mainly occurs in individuals with more than 75 years with physical impairment, cognitive impairment, and chronic illnesses. Geriatric patients mainly undergo the condition due to the aging immune system, psychosocial setting, and lifestyle choices (Jones, 2004). Most of the frail elderly patients have skin wounds such as shingles, herpes, bumps, and bullous pemphigoid. The wounds are a problem to the elderly patients as they age due to incontinence, immobility, and poor nutrition. Wounds lead to reduced skin ...

Introduction

Initially there were beliefs that, MMPs are jointly able to degenerate all constituents making up the extracellular matrix (ECM) together with basement membrane that confines their operations to tissue reconstruction as well as the preservation. Nonetheless, the contemporary studies also signify that MMP-1 is responsible for controlling the production or else the activation of the chemokines. At this point, it is critical to understand that MMP-1 is among other MMPs. Similarly, the knowledge holds it that MMP- 1 cleaves a peptide bond beforehand a residue comprising of a hydrophobic adjacent chain, for instance Met and Leu. The other sideways chains cleaved ...

Consumption of 17g of arginine for two weeks has been found to enhance collagen production, according to a recent study (Crowe & Brockbank, 2009). But, what is a wound? Brown (2013) suggests that wounds are injuries on tissues or the skin, and are prominent in bony areas. Various factors contribute to the development of wounds, but this paper will evaluate the role of calorie malnutrition. This paper examines how high calorie diet promotes wound healing. Enteral and oral nutritional support is of vital significance according to Crowe and Brockbank (2009). A randomized study that was centered on arginine analyzed how nutritional ...

Introduction

Scleroderma is also called systematic sclerosis. A chronic illness comes under the category of autoimmune rheumatic illness. Scleroderma is the combination of two Greek words that mean “hard skin.” Even though the symptoms of Scleroderma are very vast, hardening of the skin is the most visible symptom of this disease. Scleroderma is a combination of rare diseases affects the skin and its connective tissue. In extreme cases, it affects the body’s framework way beyond the skin. The blood vessels, organs, and digestive system are affected.

Etiology/Onset

According to research, Scleroderma is caused by the production of collagen in the ...

Connective tissue growth factor induces collagen I expression in human lung fibroblasts through the Rac1/MLK3/JNK/AP-1 pathway

Many lung inflammatory diseases present pulmonary fibrosis as one of the symptoms, which is characterized by shortness of breath, chronic coughing and discomfort in the chest. It causes modifications of the lung tissues due to overgrowth, hardening and scarring. This occurs mainly due to deposition of collagen, an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, whose turnover is regulated by fibroblast. Fibroblast is an important cell regulator that is enlisted by a site of injury. This process is driven by release of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), platelet-derived growth factor, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-8/CXCL8. Previously, fibroblast was thought to express no or very ...

Rheumatoid Arthritis, which is the most common type of chronic inflammatory arthritis, can affect any organ system. What causes Rheumatoid Arthritis is still unknown. Genetic susceptibility combined with an external trigger, such as infection, smoking, and trauma, is theorized to cause the disease expression. It is believed that these external triggers cause an autoimmune reaction, resulting in chronic joint inflammation and synovial hypertrophy along with other manifestations (Hammer and McPhee, 2014). It has been observed that the patients of Rheumatoid Arthritis have higher levels of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibody titers and virus-infected B cells than the general people. ...

Abstract

Adequate nutrition is required for optimal wound healing. The normal processes that allow the progress of wound healing are disrupted due to nutritional deficiencies. Increased infection rates and decreased wound tensile strength are associated with malnutrition. Chronic on-healing wounds are formed in malnourished patients or individuals. Such patients can develop infections, pressure ulcers, and delayed wound healing. Morbidity and mortality among malnourished patients with chronic wounds constitute a serious clinical concern. Wound healing is considered as a complex process. It is the process of replacing injured tissue with new tissue (produced by the body). Production of new tissue is associated with ...

Introduction

Orthopedics refers to the branch of surgery devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of illness, injuries malformations and deformities of the musculoskeletal system (Goriainov et al. 2014). The system includes the muscles, ligaments, tendons, joints and bones. Orthopedic engineering leverages biomaterials in the form of implants such as sutures, joint replacements, bone plates and so forth. It also deals medical devices to replace damaged and defective parts of the body (Goriainov et al. 2014,"Material, Technology and Profit” 1988). Biomaterial is termed as "Any substance (other than drug) or combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which ...

One of the most common sports-related knee injuries is medial collateral ligament (MCL), which occurs in almost every contact sport, such as football, hockey, wrestling, and martial arts. Those more at risk are intercollegiate male athletes, who can experience mild MCL sprain that could keep them away from exercising sports for an average of three weeks (DeBerardino, 2014). However, the severity of the injury has a broad spectrum, it is impossible to determine the incidence of MCL injuries, especially since minor MCL injuries are never evaluated by a physician.

Anatomy of the Injury (structures involved)

One of the most commonly injured knee-joint ligamentous structures is the medial ...

Abstract

Bones are formed through a process known as osteogenesis from three different lineages. This process takes place through two different methods, which are intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. A large increment in bone mass takes place in childhood, as well as puberty, through the formation of endochondral bone. At this point, growth hormones are known to play a role. This paper will focus on the process of cartilage and bone formation and the stimulation of bone formation by the growth hormone. There are a number of factors that regulate the formation of bone, while growth hormone affects a number of factors related to ...

Introduction

Ultrasound can be defined as the use of high frequency sound waves (having a frequency above the range, which is audible to the normal human ear, i. e. varying between 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz) for changing the chemical properties of a substance (Ter Haar, 1999). Besides medical imaging, nowadays ultrasound has become an important therapy for the management of several orthopaedic clinical conditions (Ter Haar, 1999). Stimulation of the tissues beneath the skin’s surface using high frequency sound waves is likely to result in several therapeutic benefits. Tennis elbow (TE) or lateral humeral epicondylitis can be considered ...

The anatomy and physiology of the periodontium in humans will be described in details as regards to the relationship which exist between the natural dentition, jaws and the oral environment. Science has helped to explore different aspects of the tissues that make up the periodontium which are the gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. These structures all work together to make a strong supporting apparatus for the teeth that is either in function or in occlusion. The main other function of the periodontium apart from supporting the teeth is to protect and provide nourishment to the teeth. The tissues ...

Introduction

Von Willebrand disease (vWD) can be defined as the most common hereditary coagulation abnormality depicted in humans, even though it can as well be acquired from other medical conditions. It occurs as a result of a quantitative or qualitative deficiency of von Willebrand factor (vWF), which is a multimeric protein needed for adhesion of platelet. It is recognized to affect humans as well as dogs, and on rare occasion cattle, swine, cats, and horses. There exist three types of vWD namely acquired, inherited and platelet or pseudo type.

Symptoms

In several individuals with von Willebrand disease vWD, the symptoms are mild, or they ...

Introduction

Bone is an important component of our body architecture. It serves several functions ranging from the support, protection, production etc. Bone must always be in the right state for the body to be stable simply because of those functions. Ageing is one major component that usually affects bone in terms of the strength however, there are several other disorders that tend to affects bones without the input of aging. Those disorders come into play by affecting either the structural component or chemical makeup of the bone. The resultant effects are the affectation of the function of the bone. ...

Abstract

Vitamins are organic compound which are required by organisms as essential nutrients in limited quantities. They are nutrients which human bodies require in order to sustain functions such as metabolism and immunity. Vitamins have broadly varying physiological and biochemical function and are widely distributed in natural sources of food. Basically, they are the basis of all functions of the human body; they make things happen and happen faster. And with the absence of vitamins these enzymes cannot perform their tasks. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the benefits of vitamins.

Introduction

According to Lieberman and Bruning (1990), vitamins are organic ...

The blood vessels of the human body are predominantly made up of endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC). The remainder of it is composed of extracellular matric (ECM), which includes collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans (Robbins, 2007, pg. 340). The walls of the vessels can be separated into three layers. The innermost layer, or tunica intima is made up of a single layer of endothelial cells overlying extracellular matrix (Robbins, 2007, pg.340) The next layer, or tunica media is separated from the tunica intima by the internal elastic lamina; the tunica media is mainly composed of SMC’s and ...

Introduction

Biochemistry is the study of composition, structure and the chemical reactions taking place in living organisms. Dental biochemistry is the study of the composition, structure and chemical reactions taking place in teeth (Chary & Sharma 2004). The teeth form the sensitive part of the human being. The teeth enhance the looks of a human being and it is also for eating. When the dental formula of a human being is correct, the confidence to talk improves unlike when the dental formula is not proper. When care is not taken, the teeth will contact diseases. There are various causes of the diseases in ...