Essays on Nasal

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

Introduction Methillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by staphylococcus bacteria that is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillin, methicillin, and amoxicillin), which are normally used to treat staphylococcus infections. Studies have shown that about 40% of Staphylococcus aureus strains have developed resistance to methicillin (Durai, Ng, & Hoque, 2010). Most of the MRSA infections occur in people, who have been admitted in hospitals or other such healthcare settings as, for example, dialysis centers and nursing homes. In case of the development of infection in healthcare settings, it is also known as healthcare-associated (HA) MRSA infections. Usually, ...

Part B – Case Study Portfolio: Students will need to work through the 2 case scenarios given.

Rhinoplasty can be performed in two ways using the external perforated method and the internal continuous method. As the patient wants a quick recovery and the least amount of swelling the latter was used. Within the case it also mentions in this case that sutures are internal so the latter was most likely. Lymphedema (swelling) around the eyes at least in the first few days up to a month is a common side effect and may persist up to a month. However, the internal perforated method may lead to increased internal mucosal tearing as opposed to the external perforated ...

Differential Diagnoses Assignment Answer Sheet

NURS 5305 Adult Management The case 68 year old man presents with pain in the right shoulder. He states that it came on while lifting a box down from a shelf. He thinks that the symptoms started about 3 weeks ago, now he finds it difficult to lift his arm above his head. The pain itself has gotten worse, and “interesting, that the pain is worse when he tries to go to sleep at night”. He has never had anything like this scenario before; he has used heat, ice and rub-on liniments without relief. He has taken a few ...

This is a network of a large number of neurons that is designed modulate, generate, and transmit information with the different parts of the body thus facilitating important body functions. It is basically the electrical wiring of the body. Structurally the nervous system is divided into central nervous system (the brain, spinal cord and nerves) and peripheral nervous system made up of sensory neurons, ganglia and nerves. Functionally the nervous system is divided into somatic and autonomic component. The CNS integrates all the sensory and motor information of the body. The nervous system has two components the gray and white matter. ...

The Pennsylvania Department of Health Asthma Control Program

The Pennsylvania Department of Health Asthma Control Program was developed to help people with and without asthma live a healthy and active life. The primary goal of this program was to reduce the impact of Asthma in these people’s lives which will have an end-result of an increase in the quality of life for the individuals who will be exposed to the asthma awareness program that will be introduced later in this paper. The PDHACP served as the primary health program model in the development of the new asthma health program that will be discussed later. The goal of ...

Cocaine is listed as the drug with high potential of being abused. The use of cocaine leads to serious physical and psychological dependence (DEA Drug Enforcement Administration, 2014). This drug is highly considered dangerous and illegal. Cocaine can be injected, snorted and smoked by the abusers. Therefore, the paper will evaluate both mental and physical consequences of the cocaine.

The drug has a potent central nervous system stimulant, which can influence the production of dopamine in the brain. This is so because the cocaine affects absorption of dopamine, a brain chemical linked with production of a euphoric effect, pressure and movement. Therefore, ...

Respiration is essential in the survival of all living organisms. It is a process where gas exchange occurs in all biological organisms. In the case of animals such as humans, respiration is affected by the ratio of the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. The human body generally requires oxygen gas because it is only through this aerobic respiration by which metabolic functions are assumed to maintain homeostasis. In humans there is a specific organ system which is solely dedicated to respiration known as the respiratory system. The human respiratory system constitutes different types of organs which performs ...

Lily is a 20-year-old student who reported having a sore throat for the past three days and experiencing various related symptoms, including decreased appetite, headaches, and painful swallowing. In addition, it is possible to notice that the patient has a hoarse voice and a runny nose. It is possible to suggest that she suffers from a viral upper respiratory infection (URI), but several additional diagnoses should be suspected (Dains, Baumann, & Scheibel, 2012).

When assessing the patient’s health history, it is important to collect information about previous instances of bronchitis, allergies, immune incompetence, asthma, and inquire about the patient’s cigarette smoking habit ...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an infectious disease caused by SARS corona virus (SARS-CoV). It is a dangerous, not well understood, and easy to transmit disease. Its most dangerous features are that SARS outbreaks occur within the hospital setting, it can be deadly, and has no definitive set of symptoms. There is a distinct probability of another global outbreak of SARS.

On February 28, 2003, Carlo Urbani, a medical doctor working for the World Health Organization in Vietnam, examined an American patient in a French hospital in Hanoi. The patient presented with atypical pneumonia, a respiratory disease with an unusual panel of symptoms. ...

Drug abuse is one of the burning issues of the world society in the modern times. The youth of the world is threatened by the jeopardy of drug abuse, and there has to be immediacy in action on the part of the state machineries and governments to curb the abuse of the harmful substances. Cocaine is one of the most dangerous forms of drug that has found its way to impede the future of the younger generations of the society. Cocaine is a very powerful addictive stimulant drug that gets made from the leaves of the plant named coca. ...

Presentation: 52 year old male presents with complaint of wet cough and intermittent fevers for one week. Symptoms have progressively worsened with onset of back pain over the last two days. Previous Medical History: No health insurance and has not seen provider for five years. History of Hypertension, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Diabetes Mellitus-2 controlled with diet.

Allergies: Penicillin and Erthyromycin History of Present Illness: Onset/duration: one week. Pattern: cough worse at night. Associated Symptoms: fever and back pain worsens with coughing. Relieving factors: sitting up and drinking fluids. Aggravating factors: smoking and lying down. Effect ...

Abstract

This research paper discusses post resuscitation Hypothermia use in Emergency medical services. Post therapeutic hypothermia improves the patient’s health outcomes by lowering the risks of injuring the tissues. The therapy increases the mortality of the cardiac arrest survivors. The therapy maintains a therapeutic hypothermia for 24 hours at a target temperature of 330 C, and it increases the survival chances. The therapy prevents brain damage by reducing the demand of oxygen in the brain. The main methods used in conducting the therapy using cooling blankets, ice water lavage, cooling helmets, ice packs, and cooling catheters. The diseases that require the ...

Definition, pathophysiology and epidemiology of acute sinusitis

Definition of the disorder Acute sinusitis can be defined as an inflammation of the sinuses characterized by symptoms lasting up to four (4) weeks (Mandal, Patel, & Ferguson, 2012). It can be prompted by some inciting factors such as bacteria, fungi, infections, allergens or environmental irritants. A viral etiology related to the ‘common’ cold is the most common cause of acute sinusitis.

Pathophysiology

Numerous factors cause the development of acute sinusitis. In most cases, a viral respiratory infection occurs before the bacterial sinusitis, which subsequently results in the inflammation of the sinuses and blocking of the ostiomeatal complex (Wald ...

Biology of Disease

Mode of action of;- Dexamethasone The Glucocorticoid receptors are discovered intracellularly in all tissues. They enter cells through inactive dispersion and structure a complex with a receptor protein (Rhodes & Hartnoll, 2002, P.10). This intricate then experiences an irreversible enactment and enters the cell core, where it ties to the DNA, hence prompting organic impacts instigated by these hormones, which include expanded hepatic gluconeogenesis, as well as expanded lipolysis (Ahmed, 2007, P.13). Dexamethasone is utilized to treat numerous provocative and immune system conditions, for example, rheumatoid joint pain and bronchospasm. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, an abatement in quantities of ...

Why is it done this way? Who started it and why?

An extremely new product making its impact on the health and wellness marketplace is the Airing. It is a small, hoseless, cordless, CPAP machine, which looks and (purportedly) feels completely different than its predecessors. CPAP stands for Constant Positive Airway Pressure and is a therapy device used to treat those with sleep apnea. The new device, called Airing, was developed by inventor Steven Marsh, from a project that was focused on very different technology. He refers to its development as an “incredibly happy accident (Medcalf 1).” He was working on a technology focused research assignment on mico-fluid pumps in micro electro mechanical ...

Exercise 1: Anatomy of the Respiratory System

What are the two functions of the larynx? Larynx is a cartilaginous and a muscular structure while holds vocal cords together. It is used by human beings to talk, swallow and breathe. It is lined by the mucous membrane hence forming part of the respiratory system. Larynx protects the airways by closing quickly after mechanical simulation hence stopping respiratory and curbing the entry of foreign substances into the airways. The larynx also produces sound, controls ventilation and acts as a sensory organ.

Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?

Gaseous exchange occurs in the lungs and for it to take place; there is the need for a place where ...

Cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis is a disease relating to the exocrine gland function. It involves multiple organ system as a whole, but there are some specific organ dysfunctions caused by this condition. These are the chronic respiratory infections, and pancreatic enzyme insufficiency. There are also some forms of complications that are usually associated with the untreated patients. Pulmonary issues or involvement is found in 90 percent of patients surviving the neonatal period. It has been noted in recent times that the major cause of death relating to the cystic fibrosis is the end-stage lung disease associated with it. In the affected individuals, ...

Sensory Perception

The Nervous system plays an important role in many mammals including man. The nervous system is responsible for the coordination of different stimuli in the body. Environmental changes can be felt in the body due to the nervous system present. The sense of touch, vision, audition and taste can be understood solely due to the nervous system. A minute change or deficiency in these senses could lead to fatality. A failure in perception of any of the senses makes an individual dependent. Sensory perception is essential for all living organisms and forms the basis for homeostasis. A ...

Abstract

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic problem with major infections to lungs, pancres, intestine and liver. The main characteristic of the disease is abnormal transport of chloride, and sodium in the epithelium leading to thick secretions. It usually results from mutation in the gene for a protein known as cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CFTR). This is a hormone which is usually involved in various body excretion processes. The main method of transmission of the disease is through genes. However, research has proved that it can be still transferred among people with no DNA connection The disease is ...

- You are at a park watching some children playing 25 feet away from you. Your friend taps you on the shoulder to ask a question. as you turn to look at your, who is standing 2 feet away, what changes will occur regarding the pupils, muscles and lenses of your eye? Explain. For protection, the pupil will minimize light entering by reducing its size and for function the lens becomes rounder in order to have high refractive power ensuring the light coming from all directions bends enough to hit the back of the eye and produce an image. This ...

Meadowbank TAFE

HLTAP501A/B/C Analyze Health Information HLTCOM510B Provide Services to Clients with Chronic Disease or Conditions PATHOLOGY ASSIGNMENT –ASTHMA– Abstract Asthma is a chronic problem that influences lung function. Clinically asthma is identified by the variation in expiratory airflow and abnormal respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, chest congestion, cough, and shortness of breath. The aetiology of asthma is linked to a mixture of genetic and environmental factors, though; heredity or atopy also plays a role in asthma. Asthma is categorized into two types: extrinsic (allergic) and intrinsic (nonallergic). Allergic asthma is an outcome of the reaction of an antibody ...

Interpreting Forensic Anthropological Evidence

ABSTRACT This assignment details the inventory of bones on a case study provided on the general skeletal bones listed with an alphabetic code and a key indicated. The first part points out the bones identified without the hands and the feet limbs which are missing in the anatomical examination. The second part focuses on the biological information outlined and the specifics observed, noted and interpreted by the forensic anthropology with application of the principles of forensic anthropology. This report details the fracture or bone damage to the cranium to the skeleton that evidences the projectile trauma very suggestive of a hurled ...

Introduction

Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory, which is a middle range theory, is a holistic theory based on patients’ needs (Kristen, & Swanson, 1991). It is a theory on comfort management or palliative care where seriously ill patients and families are given specialized healthcare for them to have improved quality of life (that is, by reducing or eliminating the patients’ pain, anxiety, etc.). Comfort management is a core part of Kolcaba’s theory especially in nursing practice that seeks to ease discomfort, relieve pain, alleviate symptoms and assuage stress in patients with chronic diseases such as cancer. In comfort management, comfort or palliative care may be ...

In the process of breathing, a molecule of oxygen has to pass through upper respiratory tract and then lower respiratory tract. The upper respiratory tract consists of air passages of the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx and upper trachea. The lower respiratory tract includes the parts present within the chest cavity namely lower trachea and lungs. The oxygen (from air) enters the respiratory system through nose. Nose is made of bone and cartilage covered with skin and has two nostrils divided by a bony septum. The nostrils are lined with fine hair which blocks the entry of dust and bacteria into ...

Throat singing, also known as harmonic singing, is a style in which the vocalist simultaneously produces more than one pitch by reinforcing certain overtones and undertones of the fundamental pitch. The singer employs different vocalization techniques, taking advantage of the resonance characteristics of the throat, to produce two or more notes at the same time. Precise movement of the lips, jaw, tongue and the larynx enables the singers to produce special harmonies. Throat singing originated from the Turko-Mongol tribes of the mountains of Altai and Sayan in southern Siberia and western Mongolia. These communities are located in Central Asia ...

Essay #1. The research questions for this experiment involved the relative effectiveness of a shot and a nasal spray in keeping people from getting the flu. The hypothesis appears to have been that there would not be a significant difference between the two, with an eye toward proving that the nasal spray is just as effective as the shot. A nasal spray would be easier to deliver to patients and therefore more salable. 16 percent of the people who took the shot ended up getting the flu, while 24 percent got the flu in spite of the shot. This is a significant level ...

Written Case Study – Pathophysiology II

(Location of the University) 1. Describe the underlying pathology of COPD. What impacts do these pathological changes have on normal physiology? In particular, describe alveolar ventilation in a normal individual and discuss how this might be different in Mr Wenham. (20 marks) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is touted to be the third leading cause of death in the United States of America. In 2010, it has claimed the lives of 134,676 individuals (CDC 2013). By definition, COPD presents persistent blockage of airflow in the lungs — thus interfering normal breathing. Those afflicted with such condition generally ...

Introduction

Psychological disorders are behavioral dysfunctional patterns of emotions, behaviors, and thoughts that cause considerable distress to an individual. They are abnormalities of the mind which affects a person’s day to day life. There are different types of psychological disorders for example, Narcolepsy, PTSD, Sleep Apnea, Anorexia, Bulemia, and OCD. In this case, we are going to look at two patients who had different conditions using the measure and then give the best diagnosis that is safe and most effective.

First client

The symptoms that were exhibited by the first client were identified using DSM-IV TR and the criteria that was ...

Tissue and Cellular Organization

The circle of life on the earth is very complicated, though sometimes it seems to be rather easy. People see plants, insects, various fluids, surface and soil, but they often do not think of all the complexity of the constitution of bodies that fill up the world. In other words, everything consists of cells and tissues, and in order to understand the essence of every matter it is important to investigate their structure. There are some organisms, such as bacteria, that are unicellular or they are made up of only a “single cell” (Science Daily, 2014). These one-celled organisms ...

Research on MRSA Bath

Evidence Based Practice and Applied Nursing Research A. A3. Based on the analysis of the five key areas of the research, it is apparent that the authors were able to utilize the data obtained in supporting the conclusion. Part of the conclusion is the presentation of the findings that suggests the advantage and disadvantages of the two MSRA bathing method. The evidence obtained from the quasi-experimental method of study, on the other hand showed weakness in supporting one element of the conclusion, which is to establish the developed bathing protocol as a better alternative to the traditional bathing ...

- Most frighteningly, because many of these painkillers cause slow breathing and because teens have a tendency to mix painkillers, they can even cause teens to die. - Of course the primary effect painkillers have on teens is to make pain subside. - The lucid effect painkillers provide also encourages teens to use them recreationally. - Over half of teens using painkillers do not actually need them, but only use them as a source to get high. - Continuous use of painkillers to get high may be thought to be harmless by some but it is not. ...

Abstract

Head-and-neck cancer is a term used generally to explain malignancies located in the oral and nasal cavities. Hypopharyngeal, laryngeal, nasopharyngeal, Oral and oropharyngeal, paranasal sinus, salivary gland and nasal cavity cancer are common types of HNCs. This paper describes laryngeal cancer, which is one type of HNC, in terms of facts and figures, causes and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. The salient facts include: 1100 cases of laryngeal cancer are reported annually, accounting for 25% of HNCs; Laryngeal cancer is associated with smoking and the risk is increased through alcohol consumption; Diagnosis is done through mirror exam or physical exam; symptoms ...

Introduction 1

Physiology of Normal Pregnancy 2 Germinal stage3 Embryonic stage4 Foetal stage..5

Placental development and function6

Uterine.7 Structural and Functional Changes to Maternal Systems 8 Maternal Physiological Adaptations of the Respiratory System 9 Upper respiratory system..10 Thorax and Diaphragm..11

Maternal Physiological Adaptations of the Renal System 12

Summary 13 Figure 1. The left-hand duplicate displays a woman's body before she her pregnancy, and the right-hand appearance shows her body carrying a foetus full term.14

References: 15

Introduction A lot of the human cells are usually reproduced and then replaced throughout the life of a pregnant woman. However, the procedure does vary when it comes to the type of ...

Abstract

Aims: To evaluate the outcomes of NIV versus invasive mechanical ventilation in COPD patients. Data Source: Relevant articles were identified from the following journals CHEST, Respiratory Care, European Respiratory Journal, Annals of Internal Medicine, and AHC Media. Study selection: The articles identified consisted reports of two randomized controlled trials and three review articles which investigated the outcomes of NIV versus mechanical ventilation in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD, weaning of COPD patients on mechanical ventilation, and nocturnal management of COPD. Data extraction: The study reviewed meta-analytic reviews, prospective randomized control trials, and retrospective observational studies. ...

The brain of a human is directly connected to the organs of the body. In this way, all these parts tend to affect the way a person behaves. The genes play a vital role when it comes to human behavior. For example, some behaviors are species specific while others are often breed true. Behaviors can also change in response to alterations in biological structures or processes. Some behaviors run in families while others have an evolutionary history that persists across related species. There are certain parts of the human body that possess vital roles. The first vital part of the body is ...

Introduction

Down syndrome also referred to as trisomy 21 is a genetic abnormality that is associated with a chromosomal condition characterized by the availability of a third chromosome 21 copy either in part or fully . The disorder is usually manifested by slow cognitive capabilities, slight to moderate intellectual debility, hypotonia in infancy and weak muscle tenor. . Physical characteristics encompass distinctive facial characteristics such as a flat facial outline, eyes slanting upwards, macroglossia, epicanthic eyelids, flat nasal bridge, small limbs, petite body frame, palmer crease, microgenia and smaller heads compared to the body frame . The slow cognitive capabilities are usually manifested by a major delay ...

Introduction

Migraine is characterized by recurrent moderate to severe headaches and autonomic nervous system symptoms such as aura. The headache pulsates on one side of the head only. Additional symptoms of migraine include sensitivity to light and sound, nausea and vomiting. According to Robbins and Lipton, migraines are caused by both genetic and environmental factors and affect up to 15% of the global population at some point in life.1 Typically, the severe headache persist for over two hours but may last up to three days.

Pathophysiology of Migraines

Migraines are chronic neurovascular disorder. Goadsby asserts that the condition starts in the brain and ...

Introduction

Speech and articulation disorders do not necessarily lead to disability but these disorders definitely affect an individual in a multitude of ways. An individual suffering from the congenital disorder cleft palate for example, would most likely exhibit obvious signs and symptoms of speech and articulation impairments, mainly because of the anatomical distortion of the muscles and other facial structures used in articulation. These individuals’ speech may well be distorted for the rest of their lives if left untreated because there is no natural way of repairing damaged articulation structures. There is a statistically significant portion of the infant population suffering from ...

The respiratory system of humans comprises of a complex set of tissues and organs, which gets oxygen from the surrounding and carry it to the lungs. The basic role of the respiratory system is to provide the blood with oxygen so that the blood can convey oxygen to every body part. The respiratory system achieves this through inhalation and exhalation. When one breathes, oxygen is inhaled while carbon dioxide is exhaled. This gaseous exchange is the means of the respiratory system to get oxygen to the blood. The tissues and organs, which constitute the respiratory system of humans, are the ...

Consonants Chart

Consonant phonemes /m/ is a bilabial nasal consonant, as in /kup/ ‘house‘ (cf /rup/ ‘eye’). /p/ is voiceless bilabial plosive, as in /kyp/ ‘house’ (cf /kyb/ ‘roof’). It is represented by allophones [p] and voiceless bilabial fricative [ɸ], the latter pronounced in an intervocalic position: /kypyɾ/ ‘house’ [ky’ɸyɾ] ‘referring to a house’. /b/ is a voiced bilabial plosive, as in /kyb/ ‘roof’ (cf /Byb/ ‘child’). It is represented by allophones [b] and voiced bilabial fricative [β], the latter pronounced in an intervocalic position: /tɔ:b/ ‘water’ [tɔ:b], but /tɔ:byɾ/ ‘wet’ [tɔ: ‘βyɾ]. / B/ is a bilabial ...

As with any second language learners, Koreans face considerable difficulty with learning English, a language very much unrelated to Korean. This is something many of us, particularly at universities with large numbers of Koreans or at companies where there are a large number of Korean employees, face every day. But what specifically causes the difficulties? We will explore this topic and more in this paper. First of all, it is important to note that while English is an SVO language (Subject, Verb, Object), Korean is SOV (Subject, Object, Verb). This grammatical ordering alone can lead to confusion and jumbled order ...

Current reports indicate that, in every 9-10000 births worldwide, at least one or two births are CHARGE defects. Babies born with this syndrome are often faced with life threatening defects, which include complex heart issues, and difficulties in breathing, which makes them, spend many months in hospitals undergoing surgeries and treatments. CHARGE is an acronym for Coloboma, which refers to the eye, Atresia or Choanal, Retardation of growth and development, Genital anomaly and Ear anomaly. Vast majorities of CHARGE syndrome cases do not have any historical trace or any similar condition in the family (Deuce et al, 2012). This ...

Executive summary

The main aim of every patient in the rehabilitation center is to learn to correct previous mental and psychological trauma that had changed their lives in one way or the other. These patients have hopes of repairing their already tarnished lives into a brand new one and any chance of contagious infection may negatively affect their healing process or expose them into a new problem as they go out to start their new lives. The current procedures that are allowed in the rehab which includes permitting the patients who have tested positive for MRSA and VRE infections to interact with other ...

REPRODUCTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS

Abstract The research paper is on two of the organ systems. The discussion will be the reproductive and respiratory systems. The research will include the effects of the two body systems on the skin. The discussion will involve a brief description of reproduction and respiratory systems. In addition, the organs involved in the two systems will be discussed. The function of the systems and their organs will also be discussed. The health operations of reproduction and respiratory systems will be included in the discussion. Moreover, the pathologies, diseases and disorders that can cause effects on the skin are covered ...

Influenza can be introduced in correctional institutions like prisons, rehabilitation centers or in long term care facilities by newly admitted prisoners, civilians or even by health care providers. An outbreak of influenza in such institutions can lead to severe and fatal illnesses. Confirmed or suspected cases of influenza in prisons are therefore taken with a lot of seriousness, control and prevention measures are initiated immediately. Prevention of influenza virus in prison requires a multi – faceted approach that includes vaccination, surveillance, testing, infection control, and treatment and anti viral chemoprophylaxis.

Vaccination – this should be provided routinely to inmates, civilians and caregivers ...

Pediatric Case Study

Part I. Cultural and Family Assessment

Culture and family are oftentimes neglected during patient assessment, especially when the person is viewed only in terms of disease, causes and treatment. However, providing holistic care that encompasses all aspects of the patient’s life has the potential to improve patient outcomes. In nursing theory, Callista Roy and Madeleine Leininger refer to culture as a belief system, a worldview through which the patient perceives health, care, nursing and the world in general (George, 2011). It is transmitted from one generation to the next through interaction in social institutions such as the family, school and ...

Background

Asthma is a chronic disease associated with inflammation of the lining of airway and obstruction of lung airflow. It usually involves an increase in the number of inflammatory cells, most commonly eosinophils and to some extent basophils, mast cells, macrophages. (Eds. Brunton, et al., 2009) Asthma, together with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), is considered as one ofthe most common obstructive lung diseases characterized by expiratory airflow obstruction. (eds. Longo, et al., 2012) An asthmatic patient usually presents with recurrent events of shortness of bright (SOB), chest tightness, and wheezing, “a high-pitched whistling sound when breathing caused by movement of ...

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), also known as Leber optic atrophy, is a familial neuro-ophthalmologic disorder manifest by varying degrees of loss of ganglion cells from the optic nerve, with variable severity at onset, variable rate of deterioration, variable ultimate vision outcome and variable recovery of lost vision (Kelly).

Causes

LHON is caused by any of eighteen mutations of various mitochondrial genes coding for subunits of electron transport chain complexes, primarily complex I (NADH-dehydrogenase), which are responsible for converting energy derived from food into a form usable at the cellular level. Three of these mutations, those at base pairs 11778, 3460 and ...

Respiratory system

The respiratory system comprises of the nostrils, the nasal cavity, the nasopharnyx, the bronchi, the bronchioles, the trachea and the alveoli. It can be further divided into two: the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract. The upper respiratory tract is made up of the nasal passages, pharynx and the larynx. The lower respiratory tract is made up of the trachea, the primary bronchi and lungs. The major function of the respiratory system is the exchange of gases within the body specifically it delivers oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from the blood. The gaseous ...

Introduction

Bronchiolitis is an infection in the lower tract of the respiratory system common amongst children. “The major cause of the infection is RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) accounting for over 90% of infections in Australian children and infants” (Lenney 2009, p. 36). Globally, it is a leading cause of infant hospitalization being associated with increasing morbidity rates and costs in recent decades. For instance, it was reported that 21% of infants in North America developed the disease in the first year of their life, with an annual cost of $390 million annually (Checchia 2008). In the UK, the infant death rate ...

Drug abuse has become a worldwide issue, where each and every nation is struggling to control and prevent the ever increasing rate of drugs and substance abuse. As of today, the issue has become part of debate in almost all communities and nations in the world, and the question on who should take charge and how these issues should be solved without major effects on the society at large, has also raised more concern.

Drug and substance abuse refers to a maladaptive pattern of frequent use of a certain drug substance, which is not considered dependent (Abadinsky, 2010). While this definition may ...