Essays on Foetal

Introduction

Zika virus also termed as ZIKV is a known to have gained worldwide attention, especially in the USA, South East Asia, and Australia. The Zika belongs to the Flaviviridae family which comes under the genus Flavivirus (Wikan & Smith. 2016). The Zika virus is spread though day time mosquitoes belonging to the Aedes family. Some of the most common mosquitoes to contain and spread Zika include A. aegypti and A. albopictus. The name of Zika originated in 1947 where it was first isolated from the Zika forest in Uganda. Based on evidence, the Zika virus was associated with varying viral ...

Formation of bone during foetal development occurs through the process of ossification. This process is extremely important to proper bone length, density, and uniform skeletal formation. It is driven by a complex network of genes that code for signalling proteins whose function is to turn the ossification process on, off, or slow it down. Defects in these genes can cause problems with the ossification process, and can lead to conditions of skeletal dysplasia (improper formation of bone). One such condition is Achondroplasia, one of the most common forms of dwarfism, or congenital short stature (Lister Hill National Centre for Biomedical ...

Comparison and contrast of Umbilical and Nuchal cord

Introduction Prolapse in umbilical cord occurs in very rare circumstances. This condition is manifested by removal of umbilical cord from cervix before the delivery of the foetus. This cord serves as a food pipe to the baby for the transfer of nutrients from mother to foetus and also collects the digestive waste products from baby. During prolapse, the cord twins around the baby which complicates the delivery. This disease condition occurs only 1% of pregnancies. Due to the higher risk of foetal fatality, umbilical cord prolapse is considered as a medical emergency during labor pain (Critchlow et al., 1994). There ...

Abortion

Life is often considered sacred and a right for all people no matter what ethnic group, religion, ideology, age group or health condition a person belongs. In every live created, it is to be treasured and filled with love. However, there are some couples or individuals who would forcefully remove this new life from the mother’s womb due to the responsibilities this new life would entail. This issue of aborting the fetus has been the subject of many debates throughout history as religion – most especially the Catholic Church – reiterates that it is an act that violates the sanctity of life. ...

Abstract

This paper aims at identifying and elaborating the development and functions of the human placenta, an organ that supports growth and development of the fetus. The human placenta is a fetomaternal organ that supports the development of a growing embryo by providing nutrients and gas from the mother to the embryo. Notably, the human placenta facilitates nutrients and gas exchange between the fetus and the mother which helps in maintaining fetomaternal tolerance. The placenta can release metabolic products into fetal and maternal circulations and it also metabolizes various substances. It also protects the fetus against maternal diseases, infections, and certain xenobiotic ...

Introduction

According to Iliadou (2012), “labour support as a term used to describe the presence of an empathetic person who offers advice, information, comfort measures and other forms of tangible assistance to help a women cope with the stress of labour and birth”. It is the midwives role to be able to identify the woman’s needs and address them appropriately and within a timely manner. There are many ways, in which midwives can offer support during labour and birth both physiologically and psychologically. However, the support provided to women in labour also varies enormously depending upon the birth environment. This essay ...

Introduction 1

Physiology of Normal Pregnancy 2 Germinal stage3 Embryonic stage4 Foetal stage..5

Placental development and function6

Uterine.7 Structural and Functional Changes to Maternal Systems 8 Maternal Physiological Adaptations of the Respiratory System 9 Upper respiratory system..10 Thorax and Diaphragm..11

Maternal Physiological Adaptations of the Renal System 12

Summary 13 Figure 1. The left-hand duplicate displays a woman's body before she her pregnancy, and the right-hand appearance shows her body carrying a foetus full term.14

References: 15

Introduction A lot of the human cells are usually reproduced and then replaced throughout the life of a pregnant woman. However, the procedure does vary when it comes to the type of ...

Antenatal Emergency

I was attending my routine antenatal clinic at St Mary Community Centre. The clinic had been fully booked and I was already running behind schedule. As I went out to get the next woman on the appointment list, a young woman came up to me and stated, in short sentences, that she did not have an appointment on that day but was feeling really sick and was finding it hard to breathe. I quickly took her inside the clinic room to conduct a further assessment. The midwife I was working with started by telling the woman that we had no time ...

2/4/12 gestation 29+1 weeks My first encounter with Christie was at St Mary community centre, where she had come for her antenatal clinic in the company of her mother Kate. I introduced myself and explained to her that I was a student midwife who was going to follow up with her pregnancy to the end. She agreed and I thanked her for her assent. This was her 5th pregnancy with one home delivery; the other three had been terminated before 8 weeks. By looking at her I could tell that she had a difficult life, at only 21 she ...

Childbirth is a termed as a complex phenomenon of inter-related physiological, hormonal and psychological changes, which is different for different women. Midwives play a pivotal role in supporting and caring for women during the childbirth process and normally have an autonomous practitioner position in the care women going through normal birth. The decisions made by midwives while caring and supporting from women during these moments are extremely substantial and determine various sorts of childbirth outcomes.

The process of childbirth is grouped into stages;

First stage or the labouring stage: the cervix is dilated and the foetus is positioned for the birth due ...

Postpartum Hemorrhage

Introduction Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a significantly life-threatening complication that can occur after both vaginal and caesarean births (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). Simpson and Creehan (2008) define PPH as the amount of blood loss after vaginal birth, usually more than 500mL, or after a caesarean birth, normally more than 1000mL. However, the definition is arbitrary, attributed to the fact that loss of blood during birth is intuitive and widely inaccurate (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). In line with this, studies have suggested that health care providers consistently underestimate actual blood loss, thus, an objective definition of PPH would be any amount of bleeding ...

Abstract

The intent of this paper is to canvass some of the various teratogens that often affect the fetus. The paper also seeks to describe some of the common effects of teratogens. It is noteworthy that an appreciable amount of effort has been put in place to unravel the variant types of teratogens. Until present a superfluity of teratogens have been discovered with more being discovered every passing day. Teratogens affect an unborn child in the prenatal development stage in a varied number of ways. Though some of the effects are illustrious at birth, most of the teratogenic complications only become eminent ...

Induction of labour refers to “the process of triggering uterine contractions prior to the onset of spontaneous labour.” Induction of labour is regarded as successful if it leads to normal delivery of the baby. In the period between 1990 and 2009, the percentage of women in USA doubled with the rates of early term induction increasing from 2% to 8% in the same period . Despite claims that the induction of labour has adverse effects has on the mother and the foetus, the rise in women that undergo induced labour makes me interested in studying these effects. This essay shall ...

Alcohol is considered one of the deadly vices one can learn as a person enters his legal age of `18 or 21. It is also considered the deadliest drinks a person could ever consume as many have acquired health complications with too much drinking of the substance. Heart attacks, kidney and liver complications, and organ failure are the known complications due to alcohol. However, cases of teenage consumption of alcohol are slowly growing as alcohol is now easily purchased and obtained. Many have fell into the state of addiction and seek more alcohol drinks with higher alcohol percentage, putting them in ...

1.0 Introduction Serological blood grouping has been used successfully for decades to ensure safety in blood transfusion. However blood incompatibility continues to be a significant challenge in transfusion medicine reflecting the inherent limitations of the hemagglutination based serological blood typing. Some of the limitations of serological blood grouping include weak reactivity of some antibodies that are clinically significant; weak expression of some red cell antigens; the subjective nature of the available tests and lack of universal methods of detecting and identifying antibodies. In addition there are several issues related to the reagents used which include the wide variability of ...