Essays on Nerve

Having received the task to analyze some psychological issue, I immediately thought of examination the reasons lying at the foundation of children’s emotional and psychological stability. In my personal persuasion this subject is of utmost importance in terms of finding out the origin of a human psycho type and emotion regulation. Moreover, the novelty and relevance of the subject gets more obvious in terms of the vague and pure examination of this area of academic knowledge. It is no denying that effective emotion regulation is an indispensable factor of a child’s auspicious and healthy psychological evolution. Nevertheless, ...

Introduction

Bousso, Poles and Cruz (2013) refer to a concept as an abstract image or a representation formulated in the mind. Therefore, it may mean one thing to one person and another thing to someone else. Concepts are important in the work of research in that a probe into their occurrence leads to the development and formulation of theories (Bousso, Poles, & Cruz, 2013). Thus, the development of theories in nursing practice and research is heavily dependent on the analysis of concepts; which are the structural elements of theory, which inform nursing practice and research (Bousso, Poles, & Cruz, 2013). Examples of ...

Abstract

The extent of cesarean and forceps delivery has been increased over the last decade due to which the health related risks to the infant and mother has been increased. The procedure of cesarean delivery can incorporate the nerve damage whereas, the process of forceps delivery tends to cause the cerebral trauma on the infant, which eventually hinders the quality of life of the infant and also enhances the mortality rate. In this paper, the effect of the forceps delivery on the occurrence of cerebral palsy among the infants has been determined with respect to the cesarean delivery. The PICOT ...

Write a description of the health history you would need to collect from the patient in the case study to which you were assigned. The assessment of a patient with any suspected neurological disorders should be widened as much as possible to cover the overall degree of possibilities and thus offer the medical team a consistent set of information and data that can be linked to the clinical tests without any inconsistencies (Jarvis, 2015). The patient’s health history forms a significant background on which this can be achieved. For this 33 year old patient, the care team has ...

Osteochondroma refers to non-cancerous tumors which develop during the childhood and adolescent phases of growth. They are abnormal growths in nature which usually form near the surface of a bone where growth plates are situated (American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 2012). Growth plates are the areas in children where cartilaginous tissues are situated near the end of long bones. Osteochondroma develops in areas near these growth plates during the growth phase of children and when they attain maturity, the growth plates consolidate into concrete bones (American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 2012). The commonest time when these growths occur is ...

Body Systems

The 10 possible terms that might be involved in this case are: Muscular fatigue (Debility of muscles to generate force due to excessive spraining). Fibromyalgia (Situation of muscular stiffness and localized tenderness at specific points). Osteoarthritis (Situation of Severe joint pain and stiffness due to aging and body weight). Rheumatoid arthritis (Disease causing inflammation of joints causing pain and deformity) Tendinitis (Disease causing severe inflammation of tendons, which link muscles to bones). Spasm (Situation of sudden muscular contraction or that of a convulsive movement). Muscular Sprain (Accidental situation leading to torn or stretched ligaments). Hypertonia (Situation of abnormal increase ...

Tay-Sachs disease is an inherited disorder that mainly affects infants after their third month after birth. This disease affects the central nervous system by destroying nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. This results in the loss of motor skills meaning the infant is not able to turn over, support their neck, crawl or even sit down. The condition worsens as the infant grows with seizures, loss of hearing and vision and general paralysis with intellectual disability setting in. Tay-Sachs is a very rare condition often found among people with Jewish heritage but some cases have been ...

Embryonic stem cells are produced from embryos, human or other animal embryos

.most of such cells have developed from embryos that develop from eggs which have been fertilized in vitro fertilization clinics. Such embryos have been donated for the purpose of research with the informed consent of the donors, and they are certainly not developed from eggs fertilised in a woman’s body. (Bethesda, 2015)

At the outset it has to be accepted that the embryonic stem cell research is a modern

day scientific marvel which can change the ways the various presently day incurable human ailments, are treated in the future. Diseases like cancer, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, premature aging, stunted growth may altogether be eliminated in the distant future.

Moral and Ethical issues of Stem cell Research

However, there are moral and ethical issues ...

The Advanced Nurse Role

The nervous system is a critical system which plays a vital role in every function of a human body ranging from sensations, thinking to movements (Nurse without Borders, 2016). As such, the system is instrumental in coordinating and regulating human body activities. This complex system is a network of fiber, nerve cells, and neurons which are spread throughout the human body. Thus, any injuries and trauma on the spinal cord, head, nerve cell or diseases such as meningitis, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis and encephalitis on any part of this system can have devastating effect on the body ...

Introduction

Epilepsy is one of the most devastating neurological health issues which is associated with recurring seizures in affected individuals. The concept of recurring seizures is linked with the transmission of worn signals from a cluster of neurons or nerve cells in the brain. In the event of a seizure, an individual is known to behave in a strange manner and have varying emotions and sensations. In most cases, epilepsy is known to be constituted with violent behaviour, loss of consciousness, and muscle spasms. The direct cause of epilepsy is not known but researchers claim that is maybe a result ...

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

The symptoms appearing as a result of Multiple sclerosis are believed to be a result of blockage in the conduction as a result of defects in the synaptic junctions of the nerves, the defects could be demyelination and inflammation of the nerves (Smith and MacDonald, 1999). There is focal demyelination of the nerves, where the myelin sheath is damages but the axonal continuity remains undisturbed. The difference between Wallerian degeneration and Multiple sclerosis lies in the fact that in the former one there is degeneration of the axon also. Other features that can be observed in case of multiple ...

Presenting complaints: This is a presentation of a 14 year old female known as Mary X. who presented with a right side abdominal pain of 6 hours duration (started since 10am). Reason for admission/ History of presenting complaints: Mary’s abdominal pain begins near the belly button with tenderness around the central abdomen. This pain with a dull consistency at onset later increased in severity as it moves towards the right lower abdominal region. The pathophysiology that is associated with this condition is that which is caused by the fecalith blocking the appendix in about 50-80 percent of cases while in the ...

DHEA:

Dehydroepiandrosterone, or DHEA, is a hormone the human body produces via the adrenal glands, which are above the kidneys. The exact effect of DHEA is not yet fully identified; however, it is believed to be a precursor of the female and male sex hormones, namely estrogen and testosterone, among others. Precursors are substances that the body converts into hormones.

The production of DHEA usually reaches its peak around the mid-20s and declines ever after. The same applies to estrogen and testosterone, whose production also declines with age. For that reason, if an individual wants to increase their hormone levels, it ...

Introduction

- The Thoracic outlet condition is a complication which affects the blood vessels and nerves which are found in the thoracic outlet. - The thoracic outlet, which is one of the most sensitive and delicate parts in the human body contains tissues and bones. - During compression of the blood vessels, muscles and nerves in this part of the body, there is a pain in the neck and shoulder that is experienced by the affected person and is simply due to compression of the first rib and the collarbone. - There are often several types of Thoracic outlet ...

Background

Pernicious Anemia (PA) is a chronic illness that is caused by impaired absorption of vitamin B-12 due to lack of (IF) intrinsic factor in gastric secretions. It is a condition in which the body lacks a sufficient number of red blood cells (hemoglobin). Present within red blood cells, hemoglobin is important for carrying oxygen in all body tissues. Pernicious anemia is therefore a decrease in red blood cells which occurs when one’s intestines cannot absorb vitamin B12 properly. The body needs vitamin B12 to make red blood cells. Pernicious anemia is most prevalent in Caucasian people of northern European lineage than in ...

Cranial nerves refer to the nerves that emerge from the brain directly. This is in contrast to the spinal nerves that come from spinal cord segments. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves in human and only the both the first and the second cranial nerve pairs originate from cerebrum. All the other pairs originate from the brainstem. Other than the cranial nerve II, all the other cranial pairs belong to the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The cranial nerve ganglia come from the central nervous system (CNS) (Patestas and Gartner).

The seventh pair of cranial nerves is the ...

Muscular Movement

The muscular system contains six hundred muscles and they result in movement and in carrying out daily physiological processes. “Through their functions, muscles can be categorized into three classes which are skeletal that aid in movement, cardiac that pump blood, and smooth that support blood vessel contractions and other tracts (Sherwood, 2008, p. 133)”. However, muscles cannot expand or elongate but they move through contraction and relaxation. The origin of the movement is basically either voluntary or involuntary with reflex categorized as voluntary movement. Voluntary contractions are further classified into twitch and titanic in accordance to duration ...

Definition of Some Terms

- Resting membrane potential: term denoting that Em is about -70mV - Depolarization: reversal of Em due to influx of sodium ions - Sodium (Na+): major extracellular cation - Threshold: minimal stimulus needed to cause an AP - Absolute refractory period: cell membrane insensitive to stimuli. - Potassium (K+): major intracellular cation

Answers to Questions

Describe a synapse, and include definitions of the pre- and post- synaptic neurons. A synapse is an anatomically specialized junction between two neurons, and it is where one neuron alters the activity of another. A presynaptic neuron conducts signals toward a ...

According to Slagter and Georgopoulou (2013), “attentional blink refers to impairment in detecting the second of two target stimuli presented in close succession in a rapid system of distracters”. People will have problems in identifying the second stimuli when it comes after the first stimuli within 200-500ms (Slagter and Georgopoulou, 2013). Different reasons have been provided for this condition such as the brain having inadequate capacity to process information in the working memory (Slagter and Georgopoulou, 2013). Additionally, the authors note, “attentional blink has been attributed with the dysfunctional gating of information to working memory rather than the ...

Botulinum toxin is a chemical toxin that is formed by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. This toxin affects the neurons and is considered as one of the most poisonous biological substances. It works by preventing the release of neurotransmitters particularly acetylcholine from the endings of the motor neurons (Nigam & Nigam, 2010). Botulinum toxin can easily be absorbed from mucous membranes, eyes, non-intact skin, or respiratory tract. Blood is not found to cause metabolism or change the bioavailability of the toxin. The toxin remains unmodified and affects the nerve endings in the same condition. Researchers have found that the elimination ...

Basic Facts:

According to Dr. William C. Shiel Jr., “Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a slowly progressive disease of the brain.” As Dr. Shiel pointed out, the patients of AD often suffer memory loss as well as problems with reasoning, planning, language, and perception but all these impairments usually happen gradually.

Older people especially those over the age of 70 are more at risk of having Alzheimer’s disease. In fact, studies show that 50% of people who are 85 and above are affected with this illness. However, an article entitled ‘What is Alzheimer’s?’ posted on Alz.org ...

- The human nervous system may be categorized into two divisions namely PNS and CNS. The nervous system has three broad functions which include sensing changes in the body as well as within outside environment; interpreting changes as well as establishing suitable response depending on reflexes, current conditions and experiences; and responding to interpretation through initiating action by glandular secretions (Paxinos, 2010). The PNS link the spinal cord and brain with receptors, glands, and muscles.

- Nerve impulse or action potential is an electrical signal which travels along the neuron resulting from entry of ions into neuron and altering ...

Introduction

Hospitals are homes to different patients who require different attention. This means that there must be people who are qualified for different roles in the medical field. In this connection, hospitals are not required as a block where all patients are handled in the same room. Instead, departments should be formed where each of them operates in support of the other to ensure patients are handled and treated accordingly. This has resulted to existence of various experts for specific duties in the hospital. Among the most common departments in hospitals are Dermatology, Oncology, Gastroenterology, Pulmonary, Cardiology, Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, ...

Multiple sclerosis, which is abbreviated MS, is an inflammatory disease that involves the damage of the fatty myelin sheath surrounding brain axons, as well as the spinal cord. The damage results to the demyelination of the axon scarring including a wide range of symptoms. The disease is also referred to as encephalomyelitis disseminate or disseminated sclerosis (Compston and Coles). The first instance of the disease was reported by Jean-Martin Charcot in 1868. The onset of the disease is mainly seen young adults and is mainly common in women. MS has a prevalence of between 2 to 150 people in a population of ...

- Review of the Functions of the Skeletal System

The skeletal system has about six general functions in the body of an organism. It is indicated that the skeletal system forms a vital section of the body because there are other numerous functions that particular bones perform in the body. These different bones are situated in the various parts of the body according to their functionality. The first function of the skeleton is the provision of support to softer tissues as well as giving points of attachment for most of the skeletal body muscles. The body tissues and muscles could ...

A personality disorder is a behavioral pattern that deviates from what is regarded as normal and causes the individual emotional upsets and problems in relationship with others and he or she cannot change it. This kind of behavior is not caused by a drug, illness or an injury to the head. DSMIV has classified several disorders and the number of them is almost a dozen patterns of behavior (Tyler, & Shefner, (2011).

In human history, there have emerged from time to time individuals whose behavior patterns are conducive for being regarded as personality disorder. These individuals may consist of famous and people ...

Introduction

The tongue is comprised of small chemosensory receptors which detect different tastes such as sweet, sour or bitter. The information from the receptors is conveyed through the facial nerve, the glosspharyngeal nerve or the vagus nerve. The masking of the taste of the drugs is often done for several reasons. Key among these reasons is to avoid irritation of the stomach and the gut in addition to prevention of inactivation of the drug once it gets to the stomach.

The taste masking technologies can be grouped under three major categories which are: novel technologies, physical barriers, solid dispersion and ...

Mental problems associated with alcohol and drug abuse and dependence

Alcoholism is the excessive use and dependence on alcohol by users all the time. Someone who is alcoholic can’t perform any duty without drinking. Drug abuse is described as the use of a medical substance in any other form other than the prescribed by the medical physician. In most cases people tend to drink alcohol for other reason other than enjoyment to make it as a daily need. The drug use is supposed to be prescribed by the medical physician but in several cases people tend to use these drugs for personal pleasure. This two major behaviour result to many ...

The Hearing Process and Presbycusis

Hearing is the second most indispensable process, in conjunction to the special senses of the humans. The process is particularly vital, and it comprises of the auditory mechanism, sensation, perception, and interpretation of the information in the brain. The anatomy of the hearing process encompasses the external ear; auricle, meatus and ear drum, the middle ear, which consists of the ossicles, oval window, round window, and the opening into the Eustachian tube, and inner ear, which entails, cochlea and vestibular apparatus (Kiernan & Barr, 2009: Garrett, 2011). The ear and the hearing system are always accompanied by different malfunction. In ...

Chronic glaucoma, also known as primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), is often described as a thief of sight, the reason being that people affected by the disease do not have any warning signs, pain or other indications that something is wrong prior to an extensive loss in vision (Watkinson, 2010). Chronic glaucoma is said to affect as many as half the Americans and most people do not even know that they are affected. In definition, chronic glaucoma is an inconsistency in the production and drainage of the clear fluid named the aqueous humor which has the function to fill the eye’ ...

Introduction

Epileptic drugs are highly effective in the treatment of epilepsy. However, the new drugs developed have been observed to also treat other diseases. This is a discussion on the wide use of the drugs.

Non-epileptic Uses

Antiepileptic drugs can be used to treat several other diseases apart from epilepsy. The drugs can be used to treat mood and anxiety disorders. It has been ascertained that certain syndromes of bipolar disorders that respond poorly to lithium which is the dominant drug used to treat the disease. The patients responding poorly are those with rapid cycling and mixed bipolar states. Over the years, the ...

Gabapentin is used for treatment of nerve pain in adults which is a result of herpes virus or shingles. It represents an analogue to GABA and is used for treatment of patients (mainly adults) that has partial seizures, or suffers from mixed seizure disorders. It is also used for treatment of refractory partial seizures in children. Thus gabapentin is an effective medication used to treat epilepsy. It is also well-known as anticonvulsant drug. Another sphere where gabapentin can be used is as tricyclic antidepressant. Moreover, once labeled as antiepileptic drug, gabapentin proved to be effective in treatment of neurotic ...

Isoforms of Dj-1 / Park7 Protein and Gp100

Isoforms of DJ-1 / Park7 protein and gp100 DJ-1 is simply a multifunctional protein that has a very crucial importance in oxidative stress, synucleinopathies such as Parkinson disease and cell death. Levels of DJ-1 generally decreases in cerebrospinal fluid, but they do not have a different composition in human plasma especially with patients with Parkinson illness. The total amount of DJ-1 has their attributes in the red blood cells, and they have the potential of being biomarkers of the Parkinson disease. In determining whether DJ-1 can be used as a biomarker of PD severity or PD diagnosis, we check on its abundance ...

Introduction

The neurophysiology of nerve pulses in the cell were the subject of the online laboratory experiment in order to better understand neuron communication from inside a cell to the outside of a cell. One of the incredible characteristics of the nervous system is its capability to communicate due to the existence of neurons. Neurons show a measurable response to their environment by producing an electrical signal. We can smell due to olfactory sensory neurons that can directly react to perfume, food or anything with an odor; these odors are the sensory stimuli. The function of the receptor potential is to trigger an ...

Description of the Disease and its Symptoms

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a disorder associated with the degeneration of the nervous system. It is caused by multiple factors including genetic and environmental factors. Some of the symptoms of PD include difficulty in writing well, blurred speech, difficulty in performing automatic movement (such as swinging one’s arms), stooped posture and impaired balance, stiff muscles, shaking of the hands when relaxed and slow movement (Schapira, 2010). Tremor (shaking of the hands, arms, or legs when relaxed) is the first symptom that most patients notice. Problem with walking then develops, as the patient is unable to maintain body balance ...

Soft tissue injuries of the handCarpal tunnel Syndrome. Carpal tunnel syndrome is an arm disorder that causes tingling, numbness and other indications. Carpal tunnel syndrome is associated with a pinched nerve in the wrist. Factors that can contribute to the carpal tunnel syndrome are; patterns of hand use, anatomy of one's wrist or certain health risk factors. Bound by tendons and bones, carpal tunnel is a thin pathway that is situated on the palm flank of the wrist. That passageway protects the main nerve from the hand and tendons that bend the limbs. The compression of the nerve is what produces ...

Introduction

The CNS is a connection of nerves which executes control over the mind and most of the body functions. It is made up of two parts which are the brain and a spinal cord. The brain forms the core of our thoughts by interpreting what lies within our external environment. Majority of the movements made by the body originate from the brain. It coordinates those movements and ensures that they are well executed to enable human beings to carry out their daily duties. Information which originates from body organs like the eyes, nose and the ears is interpreted by the brain ...

Introduction:

This paper throws a light on the effects of alcohol on the brain, body and behavior of a human being. Alcohol is the oldest drug that has been used by mankind. Likeness for alcohol originated 30 to 40 million years ago when people lived on diet of ripe fruits. At that time, alcoholic drinks were low in alcohol content, but now the content of alcohol has increased with the discovery of distillation. Alcohol has both positive and negative effects on the brain, body and behavior of a human being. It has been considered as a drug for medicinal purposes by doctors. But, if ...

Introduction

Ginkgo Biloba is known to be one of the oldest unique species of tree. It is known for its contributions in medicine and is also used as a food source with nutritional benefits. It is popularly touted as a “brain herb” as it is moderately effective in improving cognition in dementia patients and has the potential of helping to keep an individual’s memory sharp. Dementia is a loss of brain function that occurs with certain diseases. It is also used as a remedy for blood disorder since it is an anticoagulant. Alzheimer’s disease is one form of dementia that gradually gets ...

Introduction

Depression is a disease affecting a large part of the population today. Though many people experience sadness from time to time, depression is a much more complex disease. It affects a person’s daily life and often results in physical pain. Unlike the occasional feelings of sadness that fade away, depression lasts longer (NIMH, 2014). Biopsychology involves the scientific study of the relationship between behavior and biology (Green, 2013). In the study of their relationship, biology and behavior mostly interact in the brain and nervous system. It will also apply to the analysis of depression in relation to the biology; this study ...

Cranial Nerve Palsy

Cranial Nerve Palsy is when the nerve is lacking its functionality. This condition may cause a partial paralysis or weakness of the areas, which the affected nerves serve. In some cases it may cause complete paralysis and weakness on such affected nerves (aapos.org). This nerve condition can be traumatic, congenital, or can be vascular disease and infections. Symptoms of Cranial Nerve Palsy affects the eye movements and diplopia. The orientation of diplopia is going to be different based on the affected cranial nerve. Besides limited movements of the eyes, this condition also causes droopy eyelid or ptosis and sometimes ...

The Central Nervous System is the control system of the human body; it is the core of the human nervous system. The Central Nervous system is made up of the spinal cord and the brain. The brain uses the electrical signal, which is generated by the Central Nervous System. These electrical signals travel via the Peripheral Nervous System effector cells. These effector cells carry out physiological responses whenever the brain demands it. Axonal regeneration occurs successfully in the Peripheral Nervous System. However, regenerative axonal growth starts occurring in the Central Nervous System too, but stops two weeks after the ...

Following the American Psychological Association’s Guidelines

Educational Institution NOBEL PRIZE LAUREATE IN MEDICINE: james e. rothman Since 1901, the Nobel Foundation, which was established as a bequeath of the late Alfred Nobel has awarded Nobel Prizes in five notable fields of global achievement, among which is Physiology or Medicine. Featured in this article is the recipient of one of the three foreemost scientists who received that award in 2013, James E. Rothman. Along with Randy Schekman and Thomas Sudhof whose work alongside Rothman’s paved for the discovery of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in human cells. This achievement represents an advancement ...

Marijuana is harmful drug consumed in various ways; it can be smoked as a pipe or a cigarette, it is also consumed in cookies or cakes. This paper is aimed at determining profoundly reasons why it should not be legalized. - Sources (Caulkins 77), according to Caulkins, the effects of marijuana are dreadful; to start with, it affects the user by causing ‘impartment of short-term memory, hallucinations, logical thinking, energy loss, impaired immune system, and damage of the brain nerve cells. (Caulkins 23), according to Caulkins, Cannabis causes abnormal cell division. A pregnant woman who is a regular smoker ...

Lesson 5 Answers:

24.) Plants are classified into four major groups: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and lastly the Angiosperms. Bryophytes are the plants that do not have true vascular systems, which consist of the xylem and the phloem. In this group, includes the mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Together, they are considered as land plants that reproduce their own asexually by producing spores. Spores are produced in the ‘sporangium’ (plural sporangia), a bulb-like structure located at the top of the stalk. It can only be seen through the use of high powered microscope. Because they lack vessels that can bring the nutrients from the roots ...

Introduction

The integumentary system is made up of the skin together with other accessory structures including nails, hair, as well as glands. The four major functions that are done by the integumentary system include protection, production of vitamin D, sensation, and temperature regulation (Bailey). The integumentary system offers protection of the body against ultraviolet light and abrasion while preventing dehydration as a result of water loss and entry of pathogens into the body (Seeley, Stephens and Tate). The skin possesses numerous receptors that make it also function as a sensory organ. The receptors are usually referred to as free or encapsulated ...

Sensory Perception

The Nervous system plays an important role in many mammals including man. The nervous system is responsible for the coordination of different stimuli in the body. Environmental changes can be felt in the body due to the nervous system present. The sense of touch, vision, audition and taste can be understood solely due to the nervous system. A minute change or deficiency in these senses could lead to fatality. A failure in perception of any of the senses makes an individual dependent. Sensory perception is essential for all living organisms and forms the basis for homeostasis. A ...

Summary of article one The first article titled “An Overview of the Pituitary Gland: The Endocrine System's Master Gland’’ begins by restating the role pituitary gland. According to this article pituitary gland produces hormones which have effects on the various parts of the endocrine system. These include adrenal glands, thyroid glands, ovaries and testes. The author goes on to state that pituitary, which measures about one third of an inch is located at the base of the brain next to another important part of the brain called the hypothalamus. Both hypothalamus and pituitary gland functions overlap according to Reham. ...

Pain is one of the common health problems that prompt immediate medical attention. Pain, a normal bodily response to negative stimuli, can negatively affect one’s quality of life if treatment is not readily administered or applied (Baliki, Geha, Apkarian, and Chialvo, 2008). Pain, as described by The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), is considered as the unpleasant sensation felt by a patient in the event of potential or actual exposure to any forms of tissue damage (Kyranou and Puntillo, 2012). Pain serves as an automatic withdrawal reflex that signals the occurrence of a potential or actual harm (Kyranou ...

“Therefore, since each of these characteristics belongs to the good man in relation to himself, and he is related to his friend as to himself (for his friend is another self), friendship too is thought to be one of these attributes, and those who have these attributes to be friends. Whether there is or is not friendship between a man and himself is a question we may dismiss for the present; there would seem to be friendship in so far as he is two or more, to judge from the afore-mentioned attributes of friendship, and from the fact that the extreme ...

Introduction

Matters of sexuality and fertility especially during rehabilitation for the past thirty years have remained controversial because not so many people want to talk about them (Phelps et al., 2001). Persons with spinal cord injuries are in need of answers on how to handle their sexuality. These questions cannot be ignored. Most of them ask questions about their attractiveness, ability to have kids and relationships. To make the matters worse, studies on sexuality among people with spinal cord injuries are scarce (Karellou, 2003). On a positive note, advances in this sector have provided ways through which such people can ...

Abstract

Cocaine has a variety of physiological manifestations. Cocaine is a local anesthetic that was discovered in the sixteenth century. The characteristic of being a local anesthetic is the primary attribute for its application in medicine. There are a number of compounds that have been recently created that are more effective than cocaine for the purposes of anesthesia. Cocaine also has the characteristic of being a potent vascoconstrictant. The applications of vascoconstrictant are effective for the implementation of throat and nose surgery. The application of cocaine in the nose and throat areas has the characteristic of deterring bleeding. Cocaine also has influence over the sympathetic ...

The nervous system can be divided into two groups: the central nervous system (CNS), which comprises of the brain the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which consists of the nerves. Nervous tissue consists of two types of cells: the nerve cells and supporting glial cells (or simply glia). Glia have different types and outnumber nerve cells. In the CNS, astrocytes provide structural support for neurons, regulate the extracellular concentrations of neurotransmitters and ions, and facilitate information transfer at synapses. Radial glia is critical in the development of the nervous system. Both astrocytes and radial glia can ...

Introduction

The process of aging has always intrigued people. The conundrum related to the reasons for aging, the timing for aging, the aging marker, and whether or not there is a limit for people to grow old has created a mystery that has been dwelt upon by the mankind for hundreds of years. Despite the advancement made in the study of genetics and molecular biology, the mysteries surrounding the aging body are yet to be unfolded. There are several theories of aging, which try to explain why the body organs, skin and sensory capabilities degrade with age. However, all theories have some ...

Abstract

The most widespread causes of seizures are infection. Seizure can occur in all ages and the infection can vary base from age. Toxoplasma occurs in newborns while Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease occurs in elders. Moreover, for some infections like neurocysticercosis, seizures are the only observable symptom. Seizure can be the only indication of global central nervous system dysfunction including rabies and sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis . This paper focuses on the discussion of seizures, their types and causes, as well as the pre-hospitalization rehabilitation and hospital rehabilitation of seizures. Seizure is a momentary absence of control usually in the company of unconsciousness, ...

Acrylamide is a substance that has the molecular formula of C3H5NO. The chemical acrylamide also is designated as prop- 2- amide. Acrylamide is a crystalline odorless white substrate that is soluble in chloroform, ether, ethanol and water. Acrylamide becomes decomposed in the presence of iron salts, iron, oxidizing agents, bases and acids. Acrylamide deconstructs into ammonia, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides (European Food Safety Authority 1; Gilbert & Maurissen 32; Grob et al. 187; Lawley et al. 340; Mattram et al. 449; National Cancer Institute 1; Skog & Viklund 365; Zhang & Chen 7).

BACKGROUND

Acrylamide is a chemical substance that is applied in specific manufacturing ...

The musculoskeletal system is responsible for all body movements. The skeletal component of the muscular system provides a structural framework for the body, which protects the internal organs and provides the shape for the body. It acts as the storage for calcium and phosphorus and plays a part in mineral homeostasis(Davidson, 2002)

Functions of the skeletal system(Haywood, 2008)

The role of the skeletal system can be classified into five categories: protection, structural support, movement, mineral and chemical storage and blood cell production. - Protection: The strong material that makes up bones protect the internal tissues and organs of the body like the brain, ears, eyes, spine, ...

In humans and animals, sleep and rhythmic vivacity replace each other. However, to understand the extent, to which sleep is necessary for the functioning of the body, it is necessary to consider the fact that total sleep deprivation of people and animals carries much heavier consequences than starvation. What is sleep? How it arises and why there is such a big need for it? Many scientists tried to answer this question. French researchers Legendre and Pieron in 1910 conducted experiments, from which they concluded: the cause of sleep - accumulation in the blood during the day of hypnotoxin or ...

Introduction

Cells are independent units of life. However, when a cell becomes part of an organism, it becomes part of a tissue and organ system. Cells in a tissue are joined to each other and to the extracellular matrix (ECM) by cell junctions. There are three kinds of cell junctions: Occluding junctions, anchoring junctions and communication junctions. Occluding junctions occur in the epithelium where the adjacent cells are so tightly sealed together that even small molecules cannot pass. Communicating junctions allow the exchange of chemical and electrical signals between cells. Anchoring junctions are the ones which attach a cell either to its neighbor or ...

Introduction

The simulated experiment of the practical is about the addition of agonists and antagonists on a guinea pig ileum and observing the effect of these agonists and antagonists on the ileum. This experiment is carried out with an aim to determine the effects of different concentrations of agonists and antagonists on the ileum of a guinea pig. In this experiment the type of data that are to be collected include the traces of acetycholine in the guinea pig ileum on addition of different concentrations of matropine. The expected values of the experiment are that the contraction of the ileum to change ...