Essays on Nerve

Summer 2013

Abstract Reliable techniques to meet the needs of patients with peripheral nerve repair injuries need to be refined. One of the strategies often used is to create a nerve guidance channel or build a nerve conduit Silicone is has been found to work well as a conduit from an injury for regenerated axon cells if it does not contain foreign components. The cycle of the cleaning treatment was repeated until the Pentane-Acetone-Heat Procedure was successful and the plated cells survived for several weeks. The duration of the plating and cell count using the cleaned silicone lasted from May 3, ...

- Question: Identify the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg The leg is divided into three compartments by tough fasciae to hold the muscles and proper functioning of these muscles during their contraction. These compartments also contain nerves and vessels.The three main compartments are anterior (extensor), lateral (fibular) and posterior (flexor). The anterior compartment (Extensor compartment) contains muscles which are used for extension (dorsiflexion) of the foot as these muscles have origin in the leg and are inserted in the bones of foot crossing the ankle joint anteriorly. “When acting from below they pull the body forward on ...

Claudia medical history has pointed towards demyelination as a major pathological feature responsible for the listed signs and symptoms said to affect her and made her visit the neurologist. The major initial symptoms noted by Claudia are that of the facial numbness on the chin and lower lip. This later seen to be referred to the upper jaw and then towards the eyes. All these events which occurred over several months and after the usage of certain medication a strong link with a chronic neurological degeneration which was not taking into consideration as earlier as possible in order to ...

a) Explain why the effort of hormonal (Endocrine ) control tends to be slow whereas nervous control is usually very fast.

Endocrine control is normally slower when compared to nervous control majorly because hormones once released by the endocrine gland have to travel via the circulation to reach their target receptors on the effector organ which generally takes more time. Meanwhile, information relayed by nerves is in form of impulses (that is, action potentials generated due to electrical excitation produced by a change in the charge across the surface membrane of the neuron evoked by the stimuli) that simply travel ...

Introduction

Cardiovascular physiology involves the study of the circulatory system. It addresses more specifically the physiology of the heart and blood vessels hence the name cardio and vascular. Rabbits are generally nervous and non-aggressive and sociable with each other. In this laboratory, the primary experimental variables were the heart rate and arterial blood pressure. The main goal of this laboratory was to investigate the effects of different hormones on the rabbit’s blood pressure and heart rate by means of intravenous injections, nerve stimulation and respiratory alterations. We hypothesized that the catecholamines would increase the heart rate ...

Soft tissue injuries of the handCarpal tunnel Syndrome. Carpal tunnel syndrome is an arm disorder that causes tingling, numbness and other indications. Carpal tunnel syndrome is associated with a pinched nerve in the wrist. Factors that can contribute to the carpal tunnel syndrome are; patterns of hand use, anatomy of one's wrist or certain health risk factors. Bound by tendons and bones, carpal tunnel is a thin pathway that is situated on the palm flank of the wrist. That passageway protects the main nerve from the hand and tendons that bend the limbs. The compression of the nerve is ...

The Central Nervous System is the control system of the human body; it is the core of the human nervous system. The Central Nervous system is made up of the spinal cord and the brain. The brain uses the electrical signal, which is generated by the Central Nervous System. These electrical signals travel via the Peripheral Nervous System effector cells. These effector cells carry out physiological responses whenever the brain demands it. Axonal regeneration occurs successfully in the Peripheral Nervous System. However, regenerative axonal growth starts occurring in the Central Nervous System too, but stops two weeks after the ...

Scenario

A patient visited the clinic and presented signs of hyperinternal rotation of the femur followed by an acute onset of pain. The patient, who is an athlete, presented with pain deep in the posterior aspect of the hip that radiated into the buttock and down the posterior aspect of the thigh. Piriformis Syndrome is suspected. While Piriformis Syndrome is not commonly-diagnosed due to better diagnostic tests for lumbar nerve root impingement and intervertebral disk disease. However, if the patient is a woman -- especially an athletic one -- this is a possible pathology worth investigating. Piriformis Syndrome, however, still ...

Ahmad Al-Obaidly

Abstract—In this experiment, a hand dynamometer was used to measure the grip strength of a subject. The forearm muscles were engaged in an activity, and the grip recorded. The electromyogram (EMG) activity was related to the grip strength by making a graph of the maximum grip strength against area under the EMG activity’s absolute integral during the contraction of muscle. Data was recorded from the dominant and non-dominant forearms of the subject and the electrical activity of each forearm compared to its diameter. Prolonged grip strength was also recordings and forearm EMG activity made to determine fatigue ...

Jane is a thirty seven year old woman working as a Nurse. Jane has been working in a fast paced technical department of a hospital for over 15 years in a role that requires a very high degree of repetitive hand finger manipulation, and fine manual dexterity. Her roles include application of digital pressure to prevent blood hemorrhage, and complex canulation procedures (RBI, para 5). Jane has no underlying medical conditions. A general practitioner has already diagnosed Jane with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and the line manager has referred Jane to the occupational safety department to modify her work procedures ...

Chronic glaucoma, also known as primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), is often described as a thief of sight, the reason being that people affected by the disease do not have any warning signs, pain or other indications that something is wrong prior to an extensive loss in vision (Watkinson, 2010). Chronic glaucoma is said to affect as many as half the Americans and most people do not even know that they are affected. In definition, chronic glaucoma is an inconsistency in the production and drainage of the clear fluid named the aqueous humor which has the function to fill the ...

Cranial Nerve Palsy

Cranial Nerve Palsy is when the nerve is lacking its functionality. This condition may cause a partial paralysis or weakness of the areas, which the affected nerves serve. In some cases it may cause complete paralysis and weakness on such affected nerves (aapos.org). This nerve condition can be traumatic, congenital, or can be vascular disease and infections. Symptoms of Cranial Nerve Palsy affects the eye movements and diplopia. The orientation of diplopia is going to be different based on the affected cranial nerve. Besides limited movements of the eyes, this condition also causes droopy eyelid or ptosis and sometimes ...

Marijuana is harmful drug consumed in various ways; it can be smoked as a pipe or a cigarette, it is also consumed in cookies or cakes. This paper is aimed at determining profoundly reasons why it should not be legalized. - Sources (Caulkins 77), according to Caulkins, the effects of marijuana are dreadful; to start with, it affects the user by causing ‘impartment of short-term memory, hallucinations, logical thinking, energy loss, impaired immune system, and damage of the brain nerve cells. (Caulkins 23), according to Caulkins, Cannabis causes abnormal cell division. A pregnant woman who is a regular smoker ...

Lesson 5 Answers:

24.) Plants are classified into four major groups: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and lastly the Angiosperms. Bryophytes are the plants that do not have true vascular systems, which consist of the xylem and the phloem. In this group, includes the mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Together, they are considered as land plants that reproduce their own asexually by producing spores. Spores are produced in the ‘sporangium’ (plural sporangia), a bulb-like structure located at the top of the stalk. It can only be seen through the use of high powered microscope. Because they lack vessels that can bring the nutrients from the ...

Acrylamide is a substance that has the molecular formula of C3H5NO. The chemical acrylamide also is designated as prop- 2- amide. Acrylamide is a crystalline odorless white substrate that is soluble in chloroform, ether, ethanol and water. Acrylamide becomes decomposed in the presence of iron salts, iron, oxidizing agents, bases and acids. Acrylamide deconstructs into ammonia, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides (European Food Safety Authority 1; Gilbert & Maurissen 32; Grob et al. 187; Lawley et al. 340; Mattram et al. 449; National Cancer Institute 1; Skog & Viklund 365; Zhang & Chen 7).

BACKGROUND

Acrylamide is a chemical substance that is applied ...

Research problem

Sequential Compression Device is well known among the nursing practitioners as a necessary device applicable in intensive care unit, courtesy of its role in the reduction of deep vain thrombosis (DVT) risk in the legs of seriously ill people. Perhaps it is commonly known for its beneficial qualities. That is why little attention has been accorded to the possibility of this device to cause some health complications to the patients. There is documented evidence that when improperly placed or used, sequential compression devices can, in a period of ten to thirteen hours of application, this device causes a patient ...

The nervous system can be divided into two groups: the central nervous system (CNS), which comprises of the brain the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which consists of the nerves. Nervous tissue consists of two types of cells: the nerve cells and supporting glial cells (or simply glia). Glia have different types and outnumber nerve cells. In the CNS, astrocytes provide structural support for neurons, regulate the extracellular concentrations of neurotransmitters and ions, and facilitate information transfer at synapses. Radial glia is critical in the development of the nervous system. Both astrocytes and radial glia can ...

Studies show that stroke survivors with poor oral hygiene have a poor quality of life (Armstrong and Mosher 2011). (Lam et al. 2014) have explored the effect of clinical oral health and socio-demographic factors on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in patients following stroke. Oral health-related quality of life results were received before and after provision or oral health promotion interventions. Eighty-one patients faced a stroke rehabilitation ward. OHRQoL have also determined the outcomes after in-hospital oral health intervention programme. They observed a significant association between the absence of regular daily brushing and majority of measurement scale items ( ...

The regeneration of nerves throughout the human body has been a subject of much interest in biology recently. The unique characteristics of both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide insights into the mechanisms occurring after once damage occurs. A good understanding of tThe differences between these mechanisms also may lead to new therapies for nerve-damaged patients, including stroke patients. Following injury, the nerves in the CNS of an adult mammal will not regenerate, while the PNS will. These differences appear in every stage of axon regeneration. Within hours of axotomy, the PNS begins ...

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), also known as Leber optic atrophy, is a familial neuro-ophthalmologic disorder manifest by varying degrees of loss of ganglion cells from the optic nerve, with variable severity at onset, variable rate of deterioration, variable ultimate vision outcome and variable recovery of lost vision (Kelly).

Causes

LHON is caused by any of eighteen mutations of various mitochondrial genes coding for subunits of electron transport chain complexes, primarily complex I (NADH-dehydrogenase), which are responsible for converting energy derived from food into a form usable at the cellular level. Three of these mutations, those at base pairs 11778, ...

Introduction

The CNS is a connection of nerves which executes control over the mind and most of the body functions. It is made up of two parts which are the brain and a spinal cord. The brain forms the core of our thoughts by interpreting what lies within our external environment. Majority of the movements made by the body originate from the brain. It coordinates those movements and ensures that they are well executed to enable human beings to carry out their daily duties. Information which originates from body organs like the eyes, nose and the ears is interpreted by ...

Blood Pressure, Hypertension and the Nervous System

Cardiovascular activities within the human body are generally facilitated by the regulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic afferent and efferent nerve fibers. Blood pressure is the relationship between the vascular resistance and the amount of blood that the heart pumps per minute (i.e. cardiac output). Cardiac output is affected by the following factors: end-diastolic volume, cardiac muscle contraction, and heart rate. While the sympathetic nervous system controls the blood volume and the tone of venous smooth muscle (determinants of end-diastolic volume) alone, the myocardial contraction and heart rate is controlled by both sympathetic and parasympathetic regions of the autonomic ...

Introduction

Pain is an essential part of the body’s defense system which is perceived as an unpleasant feeling. Pain produces a quick warning to the central nervous system to start motor response as a minimization of harm. Lack of pain perception is dangerous can cause grave problems such as Auto-amputation, corneal scarring or self-mutilation. Researchers in the medical profession have distinguished between pain and what is known as nociception. Nociception occurs when signals get to the central nervous system as a result of the activation of nociceptors (Svokos & Goldstein, 2009). Nociceptors are special sensory receptors which relay information regarding ...

Questions and answers

- Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis involves formation of lesions in the central nervous system, destruction of myelin sheaths and inflammation. These features get to interact in a complex manner and finally lead to breaking down of the nerve tissue causing the signs and symptoms characteristic of multiple sclerosis. The white matter is the part of the nervous system mostly affected. The tissues affected include the brainstem, the optic nerve, the basal ganglia, and the spinal cord. The white matter carries signals between the grey matter and the other body parts. Lesions in the optic nerve causes vision changes, ataxia ...

Question 1

The cerebellum is an essential part of the neuromuscular system in that it plays major roles in the timing of muscular activities and the smooth progression of one muscular movement to the next. The summary of how this is done is that it sequences all the muscular activities necessary for a particular movement, and then makes corrective adjustments as necessary when the movement is being executed so that they conform to the motor impulses being generated by the cerebral cortex and other significant parts of the central nervous system (Ganong, 2005). For instance, for an individual holding a cup ...

Alzheimer's disease

How would you react when you notice that your grandfather starts to do the weirdest things ever such as forgetting the name of common objects, putting his fragrances inside of the kitchen’s cabinets and even blaming you for taking his sacks. Wouldn’t you feel sad if he doesn’t recognize who you are? Would you think that is normal for a person of his age? If your answer is yes, that means that you like many people misinterpret memory loss in seniors with the Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer's is a type of dementia that causes problems with ...

The technique of low coherence reflectometry has been extended to tomographic imaging in the systems of the biological. The light from the coherence property which is reflected from the retina provides the required information from the reflective boundaries of the delay on the time-of-flight. This delayed information helps in determining the longitudinal site location of the reflection. This is achieved by the use of OCT system’s scans providing the location of the reflected site map in a two-dimension. It uses a mode that operates in the analogous which is then converted to ultrasonic pulse-echo imaging . The resolution of ...

Introduction

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is a condition whereby one experiences swelling, stiffness, discoloration, and excruciating pain. It can arise due to use of certain drugs or due to certain diseases. A more scientifically acceptable name is complex regional pain syndrome type-I (CRPS-I). CRPS type-I has an initiating event such as a fracture. With CRPS type-I, the pain is continuous and unrelated to the original injury. Edema, changes of the skin color and sweating in the area of pain characterize CRPS type-I. CRPS type-II, or causalgia, arises due to a peripheral nerve injury while CRPS type-I arises due to the ...

1. Question 1 Several procedures have been developed to counteract problems of non union bones and bones with delayed healing. Treatments could either be surgical or non-surgical in nature. Both methods have its advantages and disadvantages however; non-surgical treatments are usually done as much as possible. Non-surgical treatments include the use of a small device called bone simulator which delivers ultramagnetic waves when placed over the fractured part to simulate healing. There are currently several alternatives to choose from if surgical treatment is preferred. A bone graft can be used where new bone cells are provided. This is done ...

1. Explain the 4 main classifications of anesthesia, and provide an example of each. Anesthesia is a reversible, pharmacologically induced state of analgesia, loss of skeletal muscle reflexes and/or responsiveness, amnesia, decreased stress response. Depending on the type of anesthesia used, the aforementioned effects may occur as one or they may occur together simultaneously. Generally, there are four major classifications of anesthesia; local, regional, general anesthesia and moderate sedation (Brookside Associates, 2010). General anesthesia (GA) depresses the central nervous system producing a reversible loss of consciousness and skeletal muscle reflexes and analgesia. Basically, general anesthesia has three phases; induction, ...

Introduction

The integumentary system is made up of the skin together with other accessory structures including nails, hair, as well as glands. The four major functions that are done by the integumentary system include protection, production of vitamin D, sensation, and temperature regulation (Bailey). The integumentary system offers protection of the body against ultraviolet light and abrasion while preventing dehydration as a result of water loss and entry of pathogens into the body (Seeley, Stephens and Tate). The skin possesses numerous receptors that make it also function as a sensory organ. The receptors are usually referred to as free or ...

Sensory Perception

The Nervous system plays an important role in many mammals including man. The nervous system is responsible for the coordination of different stimuli in the body. Environmental changes can be felt in the body due to the nervous system present. The sense of touch, vision, audition and taste can be understood solely due to the nervous system. A minute change or deficiency in these senses could lead to fatality. A failure in perception of any of the senses makes an individual dependent. Sensory perception is essential for all living organisms and forms the basis for homeostasis. A series of ...

Abstract

The most widespread causes of seizures are infection. Seizure can occur in all ages and the infection can vary base from age. Toxoplasma occurs in newborns while Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease occurs in elders. Moreover, for some infections like neurocysticercosis, seizures are the only observable symptom. Seizure can be the only indication of global central nervous system dysfunction including rabies and sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis . This paper focuses on the discussion of seizures, their types and causes, as well as the pre-hospitalization rehabilitation and hospital rehabilitation of seizures. Seizure is a momentary absence of control usually in the company of unconsciousness, convulsions, ...

Postoperative Pain Management after Caesarean Section

With the rising number of cesarean deliveries, postoperative pain management poses as a major clinical challenge. Various methods of pain management have been introduced in an effort to relief cesarean patient’s pain due to factors related to related possible complications as well as for neonatal and maternal wellbeing. Despite the advances made in development of new delivery and analgesic techniques and on pathophysiology of postoperative pain, most patients still suffer from moderate to severe postoperative pain. The United States surveys indicate that 50-70% of women have a high likelihood of experiencing moderate to severe pain after a C-section ( ...

Pituitary

The different functions performed by the anterior and posterior pituitary in terms of sex The anterior pituitary which is also known as the adenohypophysis, is basically an interior lobe (glandular) which alongside the posterior pituitary, makes up the pituitary gland. The posterior pituitary releases oxytocin which stimulates and smooth muscle contraction in the mammary glands and the uterus. The anterior pituitary on the other hand stimulates release of thyroid hormones, FSH and LH to stimulate sex cell production and release of sex hormones; it also stimulates sex cell production as well as secretes prolactin to stimulate milk production. In ...

A method of classifying pain divides it into two broad classes: nociceptive and neuropathic pain (Helm, 2013; Types of pain, 2013). Nociceptive pain results from nerves sensing danger within the tissues because of change. The change can be due to inflammation, mechanical issues, or reduced blood supply. Examples of inflammatory pain are arthritis or many tissue injuries (Types of pain, 2013). Some mechanical issues that can cause pain are cuts or broken bones (Helm, 2013). Reduced blood supply causes pain in tissues because of an increase of the blood’s acidic levels (Types of pain, 2013). Because nociceptive pain ...

Red blood cells take approximately 120 days to be produced. The process of its production is called erythropoiesis and the place of production is myeloid tissue. For the formation of red blood cells, the haemocytoblast must be present. The existence of Multi-CSF causes the haemocytoblast to progress into progenitor cells. The progenitor cells, on the other hand, will form other cells. This cell may also develop into proerythroblast when EPO is present. Proerythroblast forms basophilic erythroblast which will in turn develop into polychromatophilic erythroblast, followed by normoblast which develops into reticulocyte which eventually becomes erythrocyte. All these developments must ...

Sound is the sensation that is produced when the longitudinal vibrations of molecules from the external environment hit the tympanic membrane. Such vibrations in the external environment are called sound waves. Sound waves are produced when vibrating molecules generate changes in pressure. The speed of sound waves in air is approximately 344m/s at 20 degrees at sea level. An increase in temperature and altitude increases the speed of sound. Other media conduct sound at different speeds. For instance, in fresh water, sound travels at a speed of 1450m/s. Sound can be referred in a perceptual response and a physical ...

1. Motor pathways: Briefly describe important differences between the lateral and the medial (motor) systems

ANSWER:

The motor system is the corticospinal tract. The lateral part of the corticospinal tract decussates while the medial part does not. The lateral corticospinal tract controls limb muscles while the medial corticospinal tract controls the axial and trunk muscles. The lateral corticospinal tract carries contralateral fibers from the cerebral cortex to supply the limb muscles while the medial corticospinal tract carries ipsilateral fibers from the cerebral cortex to supply the axial and trunk muscles.

2. What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

ANSWER:

...

1.0 INTRODUCTION World War II started in 1939 sparked by Germany’s invasion of Poland. Three months after the invasion, France and England joined the war to fight against Germany. The world war two provided such a great opportunity for the growth of technology and innovation of novel weapons. The military engineers of the day designed and experimented on many weapons. Some of these weapons saw the light of the day and were used during the war while others remained at the design stage. In fact some of the weapons were designed and developed before the war and ...

- The human nervous system may be categorized into two divisions namely PNS and CNS. The nervous system has three broad functions which include sensing changes in the body as well as within outside environment; interpreting changes as well as establishing suitable response depending on reflexes, current conditions and experiences; and responding to interpretation through initiating action by glandular secretions (Paxinos, 2010). The PNS link the spinal cord and brain with receptors, glands, and muscles.

- Nerve impulse or action potential is an electrical signal which travels along the neuron resulting from entry of ions into neuron and altering ...

- Review of the Functions of the Skeletal System

The skeletal system has about six general functions in the body of an organism. It is indicated that the skeletal system forms a vital section of the body because there are other numerous functions that particular bones perform in the body. These different bones are situated in the various parts of the body according to their functionality. The first function of the skeleton is the provision of support to softer tissues as well as giving points of attachment for most of the skeletal body muscles. The body tissues and muscles ...

Introduction

The tongue is comprised of small chemosensory receptors which detect different tastes such as sweet, sour or bitter. The information from the receptors is conveyed through the facial nerve, the glosspharyngeal nerve or the vagus nerve. The masking of the taste of the drugs is often done for several reasons. Key among these reasons is to avoid irritation of the stomach and the gut in addition to prevention of inactivation of the drug once it gets to the stomach.

The taste masking technologies can be grouped under three major categories which are: novel technologies, physical barriers, solid dispersion and ...

Mental problems associated with alcohol and drug abuse and dependence

Alcoholism is the excessive use and dependence on alcohol by users all the time. Someone who is alcoholic can’t perform any duty without drinking. Drug abuse is described as the use of a medical substance in any other form other than the prescribed by the medical physician. In most cases people tend to drink alcohol for other reason other than enjoyment to make it as a daily need. The drug use is supposed to be prescribed by the medical physician but in several cases people tend to use these drugs for personal pleasure. This two major behaviour result ...

Gabapentin is used for treatment of nerve pain in adults which is a result of herpes virus or shingles. It represents an analogue to GABA and is used for treatment of patients (mainly adults) that has partial seizures, or suffers from mixed seizure disorders. It is also used for treatment of refractory partial seizures in children. Thus gabapentin is an effective medication used to treat epilepsy. It is also well-known as anticonvulsant drug. Another sphere where gabapentin can be used is as tricyclic antidepressant. Moreover, once labeled as antiepileptic drug, gabapentin proved to be effective in treatment of neurotic ...

Description of the Disease and its Symptoms

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a disorder associated with the degeneration of the nervous system. It is caused by multiple factors including genetic and environmental factors. Some of the symptoms of PD include difficulty in writing well, blurred speech, difficulty in performing automatic movement (such as swinging one’s arms), stooped posture and impaired balance, stiff muscles, shaking of the hands when relaxed and slow movement (Schapira, 2010). Tremor (shaking of the hands, arms, or legs when relaxed) is the first symptom that most patients notice. Problem with walking then develops, as the patient is unable to maintain body ...

Introduction:

This paper throws a light on the effects of alcohol on the brain, body and behavior of a human being. Alcohol is the oldest drug that has been used by mankind. Likeness for alcohol originated 30 to 40 million years ago when people lived on diet of ripe fruits. At that time, alcoholic drinks were low in alcohol content, but now the content of alcohol has increased with the discovery of distillation. Alcohol has both positive and negative effects on the brain, body and behavior of a human being. It has been considered as a drug for medicinal purposes ...

Introduction

Depression is a disease affecting a large part of the population today. Though many people experience sadness from time to time, depression is a much more complex disease. It affects a person’s daily life and often results in physical pain. Unlike the occasional feelings of sadness that fade away, depression lasts longer (NIMH, 2014). Biopsychology involves the scientific study of the relationship between behavior and biology (Green, 2013). In the study of their relationship, biology and behavior mostly interact in the brain and nervous system. It will also apply to the analysis of depression in relation to the ...

The musculoskeletal system is responsible for all body movements. The skeletal component of the muscular system provides a structural framework for the body, which protects the internal organs and provides the shape for the body. It acts as the storage for calcium and phosphorus and plays a part in mineral homeostasis(Davidson, 2002)

Functions of the skeletal system(Haywood, 2008)

The role of the skeletal system can be classified into five categories: protection, structural support, movement, mineral and chemical storage and blood cell production. - Protection: The strong material that makes up bones protect the internal tissues and organs of the body like the brain, ears, ...

1. How are Modern-day Psychologists different from Pseudo-psychologists? What do they believe? Modern psychology majors on the different areas of application of psychology. For example, the industrial psychology, social, behavioral, etc. and they belief that each of these fields have different models of behavior and mental processes. The modern psychologist believes in scientific research and evidence. On the other hand, pseudo-psychologist emphasizes on the sections of psychology without a scientific backing or any logical explanation. Pseudo psychologists overly rely on machines to explain occurrences rather than scientific research. 2. List and describe the four Goals of Psychology. - Describe ...

Prior to 1983, erectile dysfunction was considered a mental problem. This is because very little was understood about male sexuality. However, the discovery of phentolamine by Dr. Giles Brindley was a groundbreaking development as it paved the way for further development in this field (Brain, and Lambert). This discovery led to the understanding of how male sexuality works. Viagra came into the scene in the 1990s, but it was certified by the FDA in 1998. Immediately after approved, the drug became a household name and a culture metaphor (Tiefer 273–294). Viagra is a trade name given to the ...

Introduction

“Cochlear implants are electronic devices that contain a current source and an electrode array that is implanted into the cochlea” (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2004) and where electrical current is used for stimulating the surviving auditory nerve fibers. With the development of the cochlear implant having undergone a long history, this paper aims to discuss this history, focusing particularly on the evolution of the cochlear implant over the last thirty years. In addition, this paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the implant, as well as the public’s response to its development and use.

Early Beginnings of the Cochlear Implant

The development of the cochlear ...

Phantom Limb Syndromes

Introduction Most people who have had amputation would have experienced a phantom limb; it is a sensation that the limb is actually present, and in some cases there is a feeling of pain. There is a lot of empirical evidence to suggest changes in cortical topography following amputation. “With the advent of non-invasive imaging techniques such as MEG (magneto encephalogram) and functional MRI, topographical reorganization can also be demonstrated in humans, so that it is now possible to track perceptual changes and changes in cortical topography, in individual patients.” A feature of the human brain is the multiplicity of ...

The scientific method involves making an observation, making an explanation of the observation, testing the explanation in order to see whether it is valid and either accepting or rejecting the explanation. Once an explanation is rejected, a better explanation is developed and then tested. The exact steps that are followed in a scientific method depend on the number of times the method is broken down. However, there are five major steps that are followed in a scientific method. These steps are making observations, proposing a hypothesis, designing an experiment and performing it to test the hypothesis, analyzing the data ...

Summary

A salamander’s limbs are smaller and slimier than those of people but they are not different from those of human. Its limbs are unique in the world of vertebrates because they can regrow from a stump after an amputation. This ability has been a wonder for the humans since no scar is formed on the skin where the stump as it would in humans. The human body’s healing mechanism is not very different from that of the salamander but the amphibian shows a unique divergent healing strategies. When the salamander limb is amputated, the blood vessels contract ...

Abstract

This paper presents a brief overview of Multiple Sclerosis( MS) and discusses about its causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Multiple Sclerosis affects the brain and spinal cord thereby causing weakness, numbness, stiffness and blurred vision. However, there are many things that need to be explored with regard to this disease. For instance, causes and symptoms of MS are not well-known. Diagnosis is difficult leading to issues in the treatment. Thus, research is going on at different levels so that these hidden aspects can be unearthed. The paper discusses all these factors and concludes that future research is necessary for ...

Essential minerals for children growth and the consequences of lacking them.

Minerals are inorganic solid natural substances with a defined chemical composition that are stable at room temperatures and ordered atomic arrangement. They are useful to the health, development and growth of children, therefore one ought to be cautious on the correct quantity being administered as they can also be too harmful. The essay will therefore argue the essential minerals for children growth, health, and welfare; moreover discuss the consequences of lacking them. Minerals play two major functions in the body; those pertain to the forming of the human physique, and also in the aid of bodily operations. Macro elements ...

1. Principle of specificity: only the muscles trained will respond. a. Provide a concrete example of the principle of specificity to athletics/sports preparation, personal fitness training, or rehabilitation. 2 points. Specifity is the change that occurs in the body as a result of training. Specificity in athletics comes in when the athlete trains repeatedly performing specific activities in preparation for the exact requirements of a sport. Distant runners require doing exercises that would make them adapt to sustained running. On the other hand, throwers need to train in a way to build up their muscles in size and thickness ...

- Identify one group from the text by Tucker and state one specific CBRN threat presented by that group. Then, identify the principles of detection, avoidance, protection, and decontamination from one specific CBRN hazard presented by that group. In 2001 the Islamist cult group that launched the Anthrax attack was considered a dangerous threat. According to Canadian Data Projections an anthrax attack on 100,000 Canadians would result in 50,000 anthrax cases, 32,875 deaths, 332,500 hospitalization days, and a cost of $ 6.5 billion. The detection process is difficult since anthrax an easily spore forming being delivered to ...

Discussion and Comparison of Laparoscopic and Open Surgical Inguinal Hernia Repair in Adults.

Abstract There is an ever increasing number of hernia repair surgeries required likely due to decreasing levels of physical activity amongst young adults and concurrent muscle wastage in the abdomen. Time off from work, staffing issues at hospitals, and cost of hospital bed space are some of the issues associated with the high cost of open surgical methods. Wound infection, decreased mobility, and recurrence of the hernia are problems associated with all surgeries. The last thirty years has seen the advent of laparoscopy and minimally invasive techniques of surgical repair. These methods offer the promises of decreased surgical morbidity, ...