Essays on Neuropathy

Introduction

Diabetes impacts the body’s capacity to secrete or utilize insulin, a hormone that regulates the level of sugars in the blood. Possible complications that occur due to diabetes include heart attack, cardiovascular disease, and kidneys failure. This research paper analyzes how diabetes impacts the human body.

Circulatory system

Diabetes contributes to the disposition of fats in the blood vessels over time. The fat deposits may inhibit blood circulation and result in hardening the blood vessels, a condition known as atherosclerosis. Baoge and Tao (2015) assert that atherosclerosis is a vital pathologic cause of cardiovascular disease. Also, inhibited blood circulation may ...

Policy Positions Paper: Use of Medical Marijuana in Georgia

The use of marijuana (Cannabis sativa) can be traced back more than 5000 years ago related to medical, recreational, and spiritual reasons (Bostwick, 2012). The United States Pharmacopeia has included it since 1850’s, and until the 1930’s physicians provided prescriptions for it for a number of physical complaints (Narcanon International, 2016). In 1970, the United States Congress determined it had no valid therapeutic value and categorized it as a Schedule I illegal substance. However, a number of sources have stated that marijuana has no addictive properties (Samsha, 2016). The National Institute on Drug Abuse state this is ...

Pathophysiology

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disorder of an acute inflammatory neuropathy that is triggered or preceded by certain infections. It is now both demyelinating and axonal in pathology (Winer, 2014). The autoimmune response of the body is triggered by the cross-reactivity between the microorganism and the nerve tissue. Bacterial or viral infection caused by the pathogens Campylobacter jejuni, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are the common pathogens known to trigger GBS (Kuwabara, 2004). The etiology of 60% of cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) remains unidentified. GBS cases ride during the winter and are usually preceded by a ...

Diabetes is a burning issue all over the world. World health organization has shown concerns on the prevalence and incidents of diabetes. In USA, 29.1 million people or 9.3% of the population; diagnosed or undiagnosed have diabetes. (CDC, 2012). As per National Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2011 215, 000 people in USA have type-I or type-II diabetes. Thus, diabetes is a disease penetrating all age groups. Treatment of diabetes has a few advancement in the recent past. Apart from general oral hypoglycemic agents and injectable insulin there are islet transplantation surgeries also available for diabetes. There is a wide scope of treatment of diabetes ...

Poliomyelitis vs. Guillain-Barré syndrome: A comparative analysis of etiology, symptoms, prognosis and treatment Both poliomyelitis and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) cause acute flaccid paralysis (Yuki & Hartung, 2012). However, polio has been nearly eradicated, worldwide, making GBS a leading cause of acute flaccid paralysis (Yuki & Hartung, 2012). Poliomyelitis and GBS are comparable with regard to some of the symptoms exhibited by the patients (Papadakis & McPheee, 2013); however, both of these diseases differ remarkably in the causative agent, pathophysiology, prognosis and treatment regime (Papadakis & McPheee, 2013).

Epidemiology and etiology

Poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis is caused by Poliovirus, an enterovirus. The route of disease transmission is fecal-oral, ...

Introduction

This review covers the pathophysiology, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, management and complications associated with diabetes mellitus commonly known as diabetes, a disorder that affects more than 385 million people worldwide (idf.org). The long term prognosis and impact on the quality of life are also discussed. Diabetes is defined by the American diabetes association as a group of disorders that are characterized by hyperglycemia stemming from deficiency in the activity of insulin or reduced insulin secretion, or both. There are three main types of diabetes namely type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. Diabetes mellitus has no cure. It is a lifelong ...

Introduction

Diabetes refers to a metabolic disorder of several etiology. The disorder is typified by chronic hyperglycemia and metabolic disturbances of fat, carbohydrate and protein due to insulin deficiency, defect in its action or a combination of both (Alberti & Zimmet, 2004). The chronic hyperglycemia leads to damage, dysfunction of several organs including the eyes, heart, blood vessels, kidneys and nerves (American Diabetes Association, 2011). Diabetic patients present primarily with excessive thirst, loss of weight, blurring of vision and weight loss. Long standing diabetes is associated with complications such as retinopathy, cardiovascular diseases, neuropathy, hypertension and metabolic abnormalities. There are two types of ...

Overview

This case involves the assessment of the client’s problems. The case presents the client’s situations that are relevant to the assessment. In this case, the client’s profile, case study, and pertinent case study questions will be outlined. The following medical terminologies will be employed: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, Amylin, hyperlipidemia, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, hemoglobin A1C level, post-prandial, BMI, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic retinopathy. The data obtained from the assessment will help design a care plan for the client.

Ethnicity: Pacific Islander Lifestyle: Sedentary lifestyle and smoking Language: English/Austronesian language Any existing disabilities: None ...

Facts and Conclusion

Facts and Conclusion Before we describe what three-parent in vitro fertilization is, let us first define what in vitro fertilization (I.V.F) is in the first place. In vitro fertilization is a process wherein the man’s sperm and a woman’s egg are fertilized outside the woman’s body (Storck, 2014). Once fertilization occurs and the fertilized egg divides to become an embryo, the embryo is placed in the uterus (womb) of the woman. Pregnancy in this sense happens once the embryo attaches to the lining of the uterus (Storck, 2014). The process of in vitro fertilization is often ...

Introduction

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition in which the kidneys lose their function over time. It is a state of irreversible kidney damage. The adverse outcomes of chronic kidney disease result in kidney failure, cardiovascular disease and premature death. Effective treatment at the early stages of the disease reduces the chances of other complications. The two major causes of chronic kidney disease are high blood pressure and diabetes. The common symptoms of the disease are fatigue, swollen feet and ankles, dry, itchy skin, frequent urination, poor appetite and concentration .

Clinical Presentation

The classification of chronic kidney disease involves five stages. Stage 1 ...

with numbness in both feet.

With numbness in both feet.

Normal aging process symptoms Numbness of both feet in an obese 75 year old male could be attributed to several causes inclusive of the normal aging process. Some are peripheral neuropathy; monnueropathy; diabetic neuropathy; spinal stenosis; slipped disk and peripheral vascular disease. With regards to aging and unassociated with any other disease process numbness in both legs at age 75 accompanied by obesity could signal nerve damage linked to poor circulation in the extremities (Digiovanna, 2000). Blood vessels and heart muscles tend to age with age. This means that valves, nerves responsible ...

Introduction

Diabetic neuropathy is an overwhelming complication associated with diabetes mellitus (Veves and Malik, 2007). This is because it has the tendency to cause incapacitating symptoms. It affects the peripheral nerves and results to development of foot complications. According to Kaur (2013), epidemiological data shows that the incidence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy is higher in patients with type 2 diabetes than in type 1diabetes. Certain risk factors are associated with the incidence of diabetic neuropathy. Some of these factors include the duration of the diabetes, high blood pressure, increased height, obesity, smoking, renal failure and low social economic status (Kaur, ...

Introduction

Regular exercise is known to be a therapeutic lifestyle factor. It is not a drug, but it possesses many traits of a powerful pharmacologic agent. Routinely performing physical activity (PA) stimulates many beneficial physiologic changes in the body (O’Keefe, 2012). Age is associated with increases in body weight, body fat, and abdominal fat. Besides as age advances, many people tend to spend time in sedentary activities. Fifty-five to sixty years is the age when people retire from their services; and this sets a sedentary lifestyle for most. Sedentary lifestyle, as is widely known, is associated with obesity, diabetes, cancer, and/or cardiovascular diseases ( ...

Even though diabetes is a medical condition, its negative effects are observed only in an individual’s physical health. Diabetes also has far-reaching effects on the individual’s social condition, as well as on his or her financial and economic capacities (National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2010). According to the National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2010), diabetes has been known to cause blindness among older individuals. Diabetes has been the leading cause of blindness among adults 20-74 years of age (National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2010). Worldwide, diabetes is the ...

Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders that is clarified by hyperglycemia. There are many forms of this disease and the reason for hyperglycemia may be either reduced insulin secretion, decreased glucose utilization by the tissues, and increased glucose production. Diabetes causes many secondary physiological changes in the body leading to diverse affects on different organ systems; as well as being a burden to the patient and the healthcare system as a whole. Diabetes Mellitus is the leading cause of end stage renal disease as well as the leading cause of non-traumatic limb amputation and adult blindness. In the future it ...

Description of the health issue

In an international consensus meeting, it was agreed that diabetic neuropathy is the presence of signs and symptoms of peripheral nerve dysfunction among people diagnosed with diabetes after all other causes have been excluded. Over one thousand people in Australia died due to lower limb ulceration in 2005 (Perrin et al, 2012). This is equivalent to 8% of the total deaths due to diabetes. Every year, over 10,000 people are admitted in Australian hospitals with foot ulcers related to diabetes. Cross-sectional studies have shown that 10% of the people diagnosed with diabetes exhibit signs of peripheral neuropathy in ...

Introduction

Ms. Zona is an 83 – year - old female patient who has been admitted to the hospital for worsening of the pressure ulcers on both of her heels. She has a medical history of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Surprisingly, she demonstrates poor understanding of her illness and its management. Due to this factor, diabetic complications seem to be almost certain. With a BMI of 31, she seems to be an obese patient, which means she is either not aware or not educated enough on the health risks associated with obesity. Her heel ulcers are painful; therefore, she tends to spend most ...

In the article Femoral Neuropathy: A Curse of Vaginal Hysterectomy, the authors Baxi, Kauhal, Kadi, and Baxi (2010) described the causes, treatment, and prevention for the condition called femoral neuropathy, which resulted as a side-effect of a vaginal hysterectomy. The authors studied 2 cases of women who underwent a vaginal hysterectomy and incurred femoral neuropathy. The researchers’ findings showed that femoral neuropathy was caused by the extreme abduction of the thighs during a vaginal hysterectomy where the patient was in the lithotomy position for a prolonged period of time and where the patient was administered with regional anesthesia. Based on the case ...

Progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) is a variation of herpetic necrotizing retinopathy seen largely in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the virus that causes chickenpox and, when reactivated from dormancy in the dorsal root ganglia, herpes zoster (shingles). It initially attacks the periphery of the retina and then spreads to involve the entire retina. Unlike typical herpetic necrotizing retinopathy, inflammation of the anterior chamber and vitreous is minimal or absent. It is manifest by variable severity of vision loss at the outset, with a variable but largely discouraging visual outcome. (Engstrom et ...

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), also known as Leber optic atrophy, is a familial neuro-ophthalmologic disorder manifest by varying degrees of loss of ganglion cells from the optic nerve, with variable severity at onset, variable rate of deterioration, variable ultimate vision outcome and variable recovery of lost vision (Kelly).

Causes

LHON is caused by any of eighteen mutations of various mitochondrial genes coding for subunits of electron transport chain complexes, primarily complex I (NADH-dehydrogenase), which are responsible for converting energy derived from food into a form usable at the cellular level. Three of these mutations, those at base pairs 11778, 3460 and ...

1.0 Pathogenesis and Risk factors Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is a form of diabetes caused by destruction of pancreatic insulin producing cells; β-cells. This results in low or no insulin production resulting in increased blood as well as urine glucose levels. T1DM can be further subdivided into Type 1 A diabetes mellitus which is caused by autoimmune destruction of the β-cells and Type 1 B diabetes mellitus which arises from non-autoimmune destruction of the β-cells. The auto immune destruction of β-cells is carried out by auto reactive CD4+, CD8+ and macrophage upon infiltration of the islets. This process is ...