Essays on Ions

Lab report: electrical conductance

Lab report: electrical conductance

Introduction

Electrical conductance is the property of an electrical conductor that determines how fast it contacts – how easily current flows through it (Shaw, 1911, p. 281). When a potential difference is applied across various types of conductors, current flows through the conductors at different rates. The rate at which the current flows through a particular conductor for a particular potential difference is dependent on the specific property of the conductor, referred to as electrical conductance. Conductance determines how well current flows through a particular conductor. Conductance is the inverse (reciprocal) of the property of the conductor ...

Aims and Objectives of the Experiment

This experiment aims at studying the characteristics of titrations with the strength of different acids used in these titrations. This is done by drawing the titration curves of the different titrations that are carried out in this experiment and interpreting those curves. The units of measurement for this experiment are the standard units that are used in titrations. These are molarity (moles/liter) of substances while the quantities are measured in mL (milliliter).

Theory and Principles

Conductometry is a type of electroanalytical method in analytical chemistry. While other electroanalytical methods use equilibria or electrodes, conductometry is different and employs the conductance of materials ...

Describe how a nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to the next

The transmission from one neuron to another is characterized by exchange of electric charge across the membrane of each neuron (Fields, 2014). An unstimulated neuron would be polarised (McCance 2014). In the polarized state, there is difference in the electric charge across the membrane. However, during exchange, a neuron is said to undergo polarization, wherein there is an excess of Na+ (sodium ions) outside and excess of K+ (potassium ions) on the outside (Fields, 2014). Nerve impulse is transmitted through the process of polarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization (McCance 2014).

Compare the structure and functions of the CNS and PNS.

The nervous system comprises of the central nervous system (CNS) ...

An acid is a solution that loses hydrogen ions. Common household acids include vinegar and citrus fruit juice. In contrast, a base is a solution that gains hydrogen ions. Acidic substances often taste sour whereas bases taste bitter and feel slippery. Since the tasting or touching of acids and bases can be harmful to human health, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA, 2013) recommends the use of indicators to test for the acidity or alkalinity of substances. Typically, indicators such as litmus paper change color when exposed to acids or bases (Stanley et al., 2015). As such, the present ...

Abstract

Application of the nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF) processes is applied in the handling of water that is produced raw. The application has been investigated in the current day through various studies (Wang 14). The experiment of the processes of both nanofiltration and ultrafiltration is conducted in the laboratory unit which is operated in a pattern of cross flow (Ashaghi, Ebrahimi, & Czermak, 46). The study that was conducted in Oilfield of North Sea using the process of membranes of ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) indicated that the content of hydrocarbon decreased from 50 mg/l to 2 mg/l which recorded ...

Introduction:

Nanobiotechnology serves as an imperative technique in the development of clean, nontoxic, and eco-friendly procedures for the synthesis and congregation of metal NPs having the intrinsic ability to reduce metals by specific metabolic pathways. Silver nanoparticles are particularly interesting nanoscale systems due to the ease with which they can be synthesised and modified chemically. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been widely researched due to their interesting size and shape-dependent properties [26]. These novel properties can be tailored by controlling their size, shape, composition, structure and crystallinity. Due to their size features and advantages over available anti-microbial properties, chemical imaging ...

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Groundwater contamination by toxic metals and organic compounds is a serious environmental and public health problem (Crini 39). Many of the common contaminants in wastewater are known to be toxic or carcinogenic. Common groundwater contaminants include heavy metal ions, aromatic compounds, and dyes. Additionally, heavy metals are not biodegradable and tend to bioaccumulate, leading to various diseases and disorders. Mercury and cadmium are among the most toxic metals and are very damaging to the environment. Additionally, chromium (VI) is a wide-spectrum toxin, as it is toxic to bacteria, plants, animals, and humans. Organic compounds in groundwater are ...

Click Chemistry describes the biocompatible reactions that are high yielding, that are very simple to perform, have wide scope, that need no chromatography to remove their byproducts and that can be conducted in easily removable solvents. The synthesis of first triazole was reported by Arthur Michael in 1893. In the 20th century, Huisgen discovered the catalyst of copper, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition which required the temperature of 100 degree Celsius. This reaction of copper is a highly versatile reaction which does not require any specific reaction conditions and can easily be performed with various solvents, wide temperature range and pH, ...

Bacteria refer to the regnum of prokaryotes (Sundararaj, Mudaliar, Anthoniraj, Kannan, Muthukaruppan). For the current moment, it accounts for more than ten thousand kinds of bacteria. The bacterium is recognized as one of the most ancient of living organisms, arising about 3.9 – 3.5 billion years ago. Bacteria have the substantial variation in the ways of metamorphic and energetic metabolism. Thus, autotrophs can synthesize all necessary organic molecules from non-organic compounds, whereas heterotrophs demand active organic compounds to transform them. The biggest degree of heterotrophs belongs to intracellular parasites. They are called saprophytes (Sundararaj, Mudaliar, Anthoniraj, Kannan, Muthukaruppan) and can ...

Introduction: All most all metals are unstable when exposed to air. This is because of the tendency of the metal to be converted into its oxidized form on reaction with air. When compared to zinc, iron has a greater tendency to form oxidized form and thus has greater susceptibility to corrosion. The ability of metals to react with air varies and this determines their relative stability. As zinc is much stable when compared to iron, it is used to galvanizing iron pipe, thus preventing contact of iron with air and water that contains dissolved air. Brass is an alloy ...

Binary acids form the second category of acids after oxy-acids. As opposed to oxy-acids, binary acids are only composed of two elements. The basic elements that form binary acids include hydrogen and a nonmetal compound. It is imperative to note that binary acids have two things in common; the fact that they both contain hydrogen atom and the presence of a nonmetal atom in their composition (Tro, 2015). A combination of a hydrogen atom and a nonmetal atom results in the formation of a binary acid. The concept is bets understood through examples. Some of the most common binary ...

Report for Voltaic Cell Project (Lemon)

The purpose of the experiment is to demonstrate the production of electricity through the use of Zinc, Copper and Lemon. The experiment explores the electrochemical reactions that take place between the two metals in the presence of citric acid provided by the lemon to generate electricity. It highlights the oxidation and reduction reactions that occur within the lemon battery before electrons are released to generate electricity.

Background

The electrochemical reaction that occurs to generate electricity from chemical energy takes place between tow metal pieces, known as the electrodes, and a liquid known as the electrolyte. It is imperative that the ...

1.Diaphoresis is a medical condition of the body that an individual often sweats because of a drug side effect or symptom of a disease. Motor dysfunction has associations with the nerve and muscle center responsible for movement; this term defines the improper functioning of the muscle. Cyanosis is a condition related to the low supply of oxygen in the blood where the skin color of an individual as well as mucous membranes appears to have purple or blue coloration. The peripheral nerve connects the central nervous system and the brain to the entire body neurons; any damage or pressure ...

Part 1

Cystic fibrosis is a disorder that has been proven to have profound effects on the genetic makeup of an individual. This condition mainly affects the lungs and the alimentary canal. The other body organs likely to get affected by the disease include the kidneys, pancreas, intestines and the liver. It has been established that the condition compromises the functioning of the body cells responsible for the production of digestive, mucus and sweat juices (Mayo Clinic., 2016). Under normal circumstances, these cells are usually thin and slippery but if they become affected, the secretions they produce turn sticky and thick. ...

Introduction

The human body consists various cells that are actively involved in the maintenance of metabolism. Although, the body organs, cells as well as tissues usually carry out different functions, the body cells are similar in regard to their pertinent metabolic needs (Sherwood, 2015). Thus, maintaining the internal environment at a constant state mainly by proving the oxygen as well as nutrients and elimination of waste in the body is an essential process for the wellbeing of the cells as well as the whole body. As such, the various processes through which the human controls or regulates the internal environment ...

Chapter 1

Introduction

XX century was characterized with the significant technological progress, which has improved the life of people. Numerous products and services became available, labor and domestic life became easier and more comfortable. However, waste problem is the other side of the technological progress. The solid, liquid and gas waste are formed, and thus land, natural water and air quality degrade. Therefore, in XXI century the research efforts are dedicated to development of methods for sustainable use of water, gas, and solid resources. Wastewater polluted with dye residuals originate from textile, leather and food industry. These industries produce goods that ...

English astronomer W. Herschel discovered planetary nebulae in about 1783. Nebulae received the name "planetary" on account of their external similarity with the images of distant planets, light wheels of which are different from the point images of the stars. “A planetary nebula is a beautiful object created during the final stages of the life of a star whose birth mass was between 1 and 8 solar masses” (“Planetary Nebulae”). A planetary nebula is an astronomical object consisting of an ionized gas shell and the central star, a white dwarf. All planetary nebulae originate from stars that are in ...

XX century was characterized with the significant technological progress, which has improved the life of people. Numerous products and services became available, labor and domestic life became easier and more comfortable. However, waste problem is the other side of the technological progress. The solid, liquid and gas waste are formed, and thus land, natural water and air quality degrade. Therefore, in XXI century the research efforts are dedicated to development of methods for sustainable use of water, gas, and solid resources. Wastewater polluted with dye residuals originate from textile, leather and food industry. These industries produce goods that are ...

Explain Hardness of Water

Explain Hardness of Water The water that occurs in nature always contains salts, which exist in water as positive and negative ions. The salinity of fresh water is 1000 mg/L (1L of water contains 1000 mg of various salts or ions). The typical cations present in natural water are sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium; the most common anions are chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate, nitrates, etc. Hardness of water refers to presence of calcium and magnesium ions. When water is heated, the reaction (Tebbutt, 1999):

takes place. Calcium carbonate, unlikely other salts, is insoluble and forms precipitate. The precipitate is ...

The function of golli-MBP is less understood than that of the classic MBP. However, golli-MBP is believed to play an important role in various physiological activities such as the regulation of calcium (Ca) homeostasis especially in oligodendrocytes (OLs) and in T-cells ( Paez et al., 2007). The latter authors investigated this particular property of golli-MBP using fluorescent protein clones, cell lines and imaging techniques. It was revealed that when overexpressed in OL cell lines (N19), the golli proteins activate the elaboration of processes and sheets which retract rapidly following a depolarization with high potassium ions (K+). Simultaneously, a substantial augmentation ...

1. a. The pKa value of an amino acid is an indication of how strong or weak an amino acid is, based on the said acid’s dissociation constant. An amino acid that has a high pKa value is weaker than on that has a low pka value. Given that an acid’s dissociation constant is Ka, the pKa value is given by the formula: pKa = -log10Ka pH = pKa + log ([A-]/[HA]),It follows that for Cys12, 7.4= 7.2 + log([Cys-]/[HCys]) 7.4-7.2 = log([Cys-]/[HCys]) 0.2 = log([Cys-]/[HCys]) 100.2= Cys-/HCys Therefore, Cys-/HCys = 10-4Similarly, ...

Muscle contraction is a very important activity that enables an organism perform various bodily movements and flexible actions, in response to nerve stimuli. Muscle fibers are multinucleated long cylindrical cells that have an outer membrane called sarcolemma, and are mainly composed of contractile elements called myofibrils (Dougherty, 2016). Myofibrils are made up of repeating units called sarcomeres. Sarcomeres in turn are composed of (thin) actin and (thick) myosin protein filaments called myofilaments (Dougherty, 2016). The muscle fiber structure and organization is shown in Fig 1.

Contraction Mechanism – Sliding Filament Theory

According to the sliding filament theory, during contraction myosin filaments remain constant in length, ...

An acid is defined as a chemical substance that is capable of forming an aqueous solution with the ability to turn a blue litmus paper red, have a sour taste and form salts when it reacts with certain metals and bases. A substance will qualify to be an acid if it is capable of increasing the number of hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, or the capability of that substance to be deprotonated, act as a proton donor during reactions. A base is a substance that in aqueous solution feels slippery, has a bitter taste, and is capable of ...

Chlorine is the most common and effective disinfectant at the moment is. Among the chlorine-free water purification methods, ultraviolet radiation, the copper and silver ions, ozonation, the use of preparations of the active oxygen of the organic polymer are widespread. In some cases a combination of above mentioned methods is the most effective. Nowadays, new technologies allow to use following methods for water perification. UV-radiation of a certain wavelength and intensity, when exposed for some time to microorganisms, damages their DNA, making them incapable of reproduction. This principle is based on UV disinfection, it kills even those bacteria which ...

Acids

There are three scientifically correct definitions that define an acid substance. Arrhenius defines an acid as a substance that made up of hydrogen that when dissolved in water breaks apart increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the water. Bronsted-Lowry defines an acid as a proton (H+ ion) donor. Lewis describes acids as substances that accept electron pairs. Acids have a sour taste and are highly reactive with metals (Brent, 2009). Nitric acid is used as fertilizers, and hydrochloric acid is used to bricks.

Bases

A basic substance can also be described using definitions from the three authors. Arrhenius ...

There are various ions that are responsible for the acidic or basic nature of a substance. The hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions are both responsible for the acidic and basic nature of substance respectively. A neutral substance contains equal number of hydrogen ions (H+) as well as hydroxide ions (OH-) An acid is substance that dissolve and donate hydrogen ions leading to more number of hydrogen ions in a solution. A substance that dissolves water and release hydroxide ions is considered a base. A base has more number of hydroxide ions as compared to hydrogen ions hence basic. Alkalinity ( ...

Introduction

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most prevalent genetic disorder in the Caucasian population, with an incidence of 1 in 2500 births. CF is a disease that affects many organs including the upper and lower respiratory tracts, pancreas, intestines and reproductive system. Over the past 20 years, our understanding of the manifestation and management of the disease has progressed dramatically. CF was once considered a condition of childhood and there was very little expectation that children would enter adult life. However, CF has become a multisystem adult disease with the increased survival attributable to advancements in standardized treatment, introduction of ...

The heat was intense. The orange light shone on the desert, drying up the remaining puddles of water into vapour, rising into the atmosphere. A lizard crawled slowly, almost dying, parched and with a hide so leather like, one would think it was crisp fried. Slowly, I heard the intense ringing of the siren. Waaang waaaang waaang. It was time to get inside our shelters. The shelters were not made of concrete. Unlike the olden days, concrete was the material of choice. All buildings were once made from stone, from cement mixed with water to form hard solid blocks. ...

Literature review

In the history of the construction of sea structures in oil exploration, load and corrosion together with how those structures will be maintained have always posed a scientific nightmare. Chamberlain, Adam and other authors in a scientific journal illustrate that for a good design of an onshore structure, there should be a right proportion of the ingredients in order for the structure to give maximum life service. They all agreed that in order to achieve this, keen interest should be paid to the permeability, strength, and durability of the mixture. Finally, they added that for effective control of corrosion, ...

Abstract

This paper discusses how exercise stimulates the release of growth hormone. Older people tend to have lower levels of the hormone. As a result, mechanisms have been formulated to help deal with the deficiency which includes inducing the growth hormone into the individual’s body. This, therefore, leads to the discussion of the exact mechanism through which the growth hormone facilitates exercise, maintains growth and repair of worn out muscles or even reverses the aging process among the aged. Also, the functions of IGF-I binding proteins during exercise and its importance in aiding the release of the GH is ...

Introduction

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are vital reactions in living organisms since without the two; there would be no life on earth. Cellular respiration involves a set of metabolic reactions that take place in cells of living organisms thereby converting nutrients like sugar into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Osterhoudt & Barhydt, 2010). On the other hand, photosynthesis involves the conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compounds by the photoautotroph in the presence of sunlight. Most animals attain their energy requirements through cellular respiration while on the other hand; photosynthesis is performed by most plants that can make their food. These two reactions ...

Uranium (U) element was discovered by a German chemist, Heinrich Klaproth, in 1789. Uranium is a radioactive element with an atomic weight of 238.02891 and an atomic number of 92. The uranium element initially discovered by Heinrich was an oxide, uranium oxide. A French chemist, Eugène-Melchoir Péligot, was the first person to produce pure uranium by reacting it with potassium in a heated platinum crucible. The element’s radioactive properties were established in 1896 by a French physicist known as Antoine Henri Becquerel. Currently, uranium can be extracted from various ores such as carnotite (K2(UO2)2VO4· ...

The objective of this experiment was to get acquainted and study galvanic cells, Nernst equation, and electrochemical reactions and determine the experimental value for the Ecell vs. log Q for Cu/Zn cell. Galvanic cells are the systems which can produce electric current due to reactions occurring in them. In our common understanding these cells are the batteries. In these cells, the processes of electron transfer and corresponding chemical reactions occur due to the difference in tendency of different substances to gain electrons. The galvanic cell typically consists of two half-cells and a junction between them which is often a ...

Introduction

There are environmental chemical processes which require light to react. These processes are called photochemical reactions. Photochemical reaction is commonly initiated due to the absorption of solar energy or light. When molecules absorb energy in the form of light, the atoms are converted in a transient excited state (Larson & Weber, 1994). This transition state or excited has completely different physical and chemical properties with the initial state of the molecule. The excited states also have more tendencies to react since they are considered stronger acids and stronger reductants that the initial state of the molecule. The excited state of ...

Ernest Rutherford and his contribution in radioactivity

Ernest Rutherford is termed as the Father of Radioactivity and nuclear science. Rutherford, who born in 1871 and passed on in 1937, discovered alpha and beta rays. He set forth the law of radioactive decay, identified the alpha particles as helium nuclei. Rutherford postulated the nuclear structure of an atom. His contribution to Radioactivity came from an experiment he demonstrated by firing alpha particles into gas atoms where few particles were seen to deflect. This implied a dense, positively changed central region of an atom contained an atomic mass (Dardo, 2004). Figure 1. Top: expected results, alpha particles passing ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]} All drug delivery systems (DDS) use the nanostructures as drug containers. There are various types of these nanocontainers such as polymeric liposomal nanoparticles, carbon nanostructures, magnetic nanoparticles and polymeric micelles (Singh and Lillard, 2009; Zarogoulidis et al., 2012). The mode of action of these nanostructures on the target site and the molecular proceedings occurring during this process provides a mechanistic foundation for drug discovery against cancerous developments. The several considerable points that an anti-cancer agent should have are targeted delivery to the impacted cells, least activity loss, ...

The objective of this experiment was to prepare Beer-Lambert calibration curves for different forms of nitrogen and to determine the concentration of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia ions in different water samples from the Biscayne Bay.

Introduction

Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the Earth atmosphere. In is not surprising that it is one of the most crucial elements not only to human life but all life on our planet. The chemistry of nitrogen is rather diverse because it can exist in different oxidation levels – from +3 to -5. Due to its large impact on the biosphere, the circulation of ...

According to Ions (1999), "The word "myth" is usually associated in two ways to a modern human" (p. 1). Firstly, the "myth" is often contrasted with "reality" - a popular technique used by journalists in the title, e.g. "Democracy in North Korea - a myth or reality?". When we see a headline, there is no doubt that under the "myth" in this case means "a lie, an illusion, deception." Secondly, each of us is familiar, for example, with the myths of ancient Greece and is aware of the myth as a literary heritage of the ancient Greece, often treating ...

Chronic obstruction pulmonary disorders and treatment options

Chronic Obstruction Disorder disease (COPD) is one the most prevalent cause of morbidity across the globe. It is a curable and partially reversible problem which is manifested by an obstruction in air flow and impaired health status. The patients who have frequent attacks of COPD have worst condition along with acute episodes of symptom exacerbation. The objective of the treatment is to avoid the symptoms through controlling it by including the lung functioning and health status. COPD is linked with abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious gases or particles. Patients below the age of 35 are at ...

Sodium

Sodium is an element found in Group I of periodic table according to WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements (n.p), commonly known as the Alkali metals. It is a metal with silver-white color appearance. It is usually found in many different minerals like cryolite, zeolite and amphibole. The most common mineral where it is found is sodium chloride. Sodium is the sixth abundant element in found in earth’s crust. It has an atomic symbol of Na and an atomic number of 11. The atomic mass is 22.98977 and atomic radius is 186pm. Sodium is a very reactive metal. ...

Discussion

Temperature, pH and enzymes are some of the factors that are known to influence the rates of biological reactions (Almeselmani &Moaed et al. 382-3). The action of enzymes (being biological) is controlled by temperature and pH. It was hypothesized that in test tubes 2 and 4, under the influence of temperature, the reactions would be much faster because the molecules moved faster at higher temperatures. However, as attested by the results, with respect to observable color change, test tube 2 did not react to the higher temperature. Test tube 2 remained clear at different temperatures. This was attributed to ...

Introduction:

Corrosion refers to the partial and gradual dissolution of materials used in water treatment and supply systems, pumps, pipes, tanks and valves. In most circumstances, almost all water is corrosive and this may lead to structural failure, water leaks, capacity losses and deterioration of the microbial and chemical water quality (WHO 2011). The pipes used in water distribution are made of different materials such as plastic, metals (galvanized steel, copper, lead and iron), and even concrete. Pipes made from concrete and plastic tend to be corrosion resistant. In piping systems, however, there are several water quality factors working singly ...