Essays on Hardness

Lab report

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine the influence of phase transformation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of plain carbon steel type AISI C1045. The testing of metals is necessary to learn what metal is suitable for construction of a specific item by testing how microstructures react during phase transformations. The metal used during the experiments was samples of AISI C1045 Steel also called carbon steel alloy. The samples each underwent tests for Heat Energy (ft-lb) and Hardness (HRC) at five temperatures; 70°F (assumed to be room temperature, 400°F, 700°F, 1000°F and ...

Abstract

Jade has been an important part of Chinese culture since Ancient times, when it was used to make various weapons and tools. The reason for this is because it is believed to have positive powers. Some of the attributes attributed to jade are purity, gentlemanliness, the ability to send one’s soul on a positive journey and to prevent misfortune from befalling a person. This is why jade was used in burial rituals, sacrifices and other religious ceremonies. Nevertheless, despite the importance of jade to the Chinese culture for many centuries only the very wealthy were permitted to own ...

Lab 2 – Water Quality and Contamination

Abstract In this lab, the water quality, contamination, and treatment were investigated. The ability of contaminants (oil, vinegar, and laundry detergent) to remain in the water after passing through the ground was examined. Also, the simple filtering procedure was assessed for its effectivity in purifying water contaminated with soil. The quality of tap water, Fiji, and Dasani bottled waters by the content of ammonia, chlorides, iron, phosphates, total alkalinity, total chlorine, total hardness, and pH was analyzed and compared. All of the studied contaminants proved to remain in the volume of water after passing through the soil; the proposed ...

Explain Hardness of Water

Explain Hardness of Water The water that occurs in nature always contains salts, which exist in water as positive and negative ions. The salinity of fresh water is 1000 mg/L (1L of water contains 1000 mg of various salts or ions). The typical cations present in natural water are sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium; the most common anions are chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate, nitrates, etc. Hardness of water refers to presence of calcium and magnesium ions. When water is heated, the reaction (Tebbutt, 1999):

takes place. Calcium carbonate, unlikely other salts, is insoluble and forms precipitate. The precipitate is ...

Summary of an Article

The test needs at least three samples; the first load sample burst at a consistent rate with the Test Method E8 to create fast fracture strength (FFS), geometrically (PFFS=Pc) (Kaminsky 783-786). The test has the primary reference data, specific load profile vary on the samples hardness within a scale of≥33HRC to 45HRC; >45HRC to 54HRC; and>54HRC. #/%Pmax/hrs is the symbol for incremental step load profile ("WITHDRAWN: Engineering Fracture Mechanics Special Issue—Mechanics Of Fracture And Failure In Geomaterials"). # represents some steps, and %Pmax gives the highest load anticipated by a single step.

The loading profile for≥33HRC to 45HRC is (10/5/2,4) or 10 steps at 5% of PFFS.

Specific load profile ...

Abstract

Color and texture are important attributes related to vegetable quality. The objective of this study was to determine the changes in quality characteristics, caused by cooking time, and pH (alkali and acid addition) in some vegetables. Four different vegetables — carrots, spinach, red cabbage and cauliflower — were analyzed for changes in color and texture associated to time of boiling, the effect of alkali (baking soda), and the effect of acid (vinegar and cream of tartar). Samples of each vegetable were prepared and treated for five minutes. Color change was measured visually and using the L*a*b* technique. Color and ...

Process Controls

An efficient compression method comprises of several control processes including machine operation, powder flow, and machine set up. For the tablet compression machine to operate at maximum performance, the machine should be assembled at appropriate tolerances, and the compression tooling should be matched for length. The speeds of powder flow should be coordinated to maintain uniformity. The granulation flow may be controlled by an automated system or by gravity depending on the complexity of the system (Gerhardt). The powder blend should be used to determine the compression machine’s parameters yield the appropriate attributes.

Parameters Monitored

The time used to complete ...

Rockwell Test:

This is similar to the Brinell test. Both of these tests have similarities when it comes to the degree of indentation caused by the indenter under a static load. Rockwell test is conducted with the choice of three varying loads and indenters. In the case of Brinell test, the indenters and loads are smaller in nature thus indentation of the load is made smaller and shallower. Rockwell scales vary based on the indenter and applied load. The scale employed is a function of the applied load and the indenter used. During its operation, a load worth 10kg is applied ...

Is Water Hard or Soft

Standardizing the approximately 0.01M EDTA requires one to pipet 50-mL portions of the Standard (CaCl2) calcium chloride solution to three 250 milliliter volumetric flasks. Afterwards append five droplets of Eriochrome Black T indicator solution, 5-mL of NH3-NH4Cl buffer solution followed by five droplets of magnesium-EDTA convoluted solution. This should then be accompanied by a titration with just about 0.01 molar of the EDTA solution. After doing so, calculate the molarity for EDTA from the data obtained for each titration. Work out the average of these values. Obtain a sample bottle of approximately 500-mL deionized water and pipet three portions of ...

- Introduction

The vehicle manufacturing sector, as a dynamic arena, has undergone various changes, influences and effects, since the advent of the European Industrial revolution, and majorly so, from the input of Henry Ford’s – Assembly line model. Through its involvement in the process of vehicle manufacture, it actively contributes to the global economy, by way of revenue allotment, industry development and employment opportunities, in addition to contributing to varied environmental impacts and effects. It is involved in the development, design, manufacture, selling and marketing of vehicles, motorcycles and mopeds amongst other transport equipment. Pertinent, is the presence of the auxiliary ...

Abstract

The present paper examined water quality and contamination. The three experiments were conducted to find the effects of different pollutants on groundwater, processes of water treatment, and quality of bottled water. The contamination of groundwater was observed to evaluate the result of vitiating environment that has to be protected to ensure a safe future for the progeny. Water treatment processes have to be effective as well as economical, so that people in general worldwide can be benefitted. Treatment method like filtration has researched out for the benefit of people at large. Bottled water was analyzed considering safe for drinking. The ...

Introduction

Charles Bridge of Prague in Czech Republic and the Golden Gate Bridge in United States are two of the most renowned bridges of the world. Both of these bridges exhibit few similarities and few differences in its physical form, location, types of users, frequency and purpose of use, and materials. This paper will elucidates and compare these similarities and differences. Not only these bridges have a sheer economic significance but they have great cultural impact, as well. Both were made for the same notion of connecting communities (Brook & Cornish, 1992). Charles Bridge was made a century ago, while Golden Gate Bridge, ...

Abstract

Water is one of the fundamental requirements for any form of living thing on earth. It is known for the many vital roles that it plays in the continued survival of animals and growth of plants. In animals, water plays an essential role in maintaining many processes that take place both in the system of the animal and the outside world as well. Water acts as a medium through which most chemical reactions take place within the body system of all animals. In plants, it plays several roles, mainly by allowing the absorption of dissolved nutrients and mineral salts present ...

Abstract

This paper is an expository essay on the article” The influence of the feel of product packaging on the perception of the oral-somatosensory texture of food” presented by Betina Piqueras-Fiszman a,b,, Charles Spence (2012). Initial sections of the paper covers the expirmenet and method adopted in the article. The Later sections deals with critique and results of the experiment.

Introduction

The research has focused on the multisensory integration regarding the superior colliculus (SC) of the adult neurons (Betina & Spence, 2012). The core emphasis has been on perception of food texture and it also focuses on what may occur inside an adult ...

Objective

Purpose of this laboratory is to inspect the effect of precipitation hardening in Aluminum and steel alloys. Theory Hardness is a property of a material which delineates resistance to permanent or plastic deformation. For metals, hardness is generally defined as the resistance to indentation. One way to attain hardness is to look into the effect of precipitation hardening. This type of hardening helps to detain the yield strength in the material. There are four methods used to test hardness of a material: Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, and Knoop. The Rockwell hardness test measures the depth of indentation, while the other three ...

The current dilemma in communication is aggravated by the electronic mediums which act as an interface between the recipient and the source. In fact, the case is so worse that the chance of recognizing such items like artificial signs is all sublimed at the discretion of one party in the dialogue that is not a guarantee that they will realize them. Thomas Reid has a view that is consistent with many people who feel that serious communication is anchored on volatile grounds of grammar. Rules in grammar set principles that will help communications to make sense to either party in a dialog. ...

Iron

Iron as a chemical element is referred to by the symbol Fe and has an atomic number 26 on the periodic table. Iron is a metal in the first transition series and is the most abundant element on the outer and inner surface of the earth.

Iron was discovered in 2000 BCE when it replaced bronze in manufacture of tools and weapons and ushered in the Iron Age. Iron was first used in South-Central and South-West Asia. Iron was picked over bronze because when it is blended with carbon, it becomes harder and durable. Iron can also hold a sharp edge better ...

Abstract

This report delineates the water quality and contamination of groundwater based on different water samples in three experiments. The water quality was monitored by adding laundry detergent, oil and vinegar in one experiment. The effectiveness of filtered water was evaluated in the second experiment by passing the contaminated water through filter layers containing sand, gravels and charcoal. The filtrate showed clear water compared to raw water. The third experiment was conducted to make a comparative analysis of water samples obtained from tap water with two types of bottled water samples. The samples obtained from Dasani and Fiji bottled showed good ...

Analytical methods to evaluate seed dormancy in legumes

Abstract Legumes are known to have multiple health benefits. The seed coat in particular contains a number of bioactive compounds which possess antioxidant activity. Of great interest is the relationship between the chemical composition of the seed coat and its role in seed dormancy. Modern technological approaches are currently used to further identify these compounds and determine their role in seed development; these include NRIS FTIR, mass spectroscopy, electron microscopy and chromatography. The following review describes the constituents of the legume seed coat and their respective roles in dormancy and other stages of seed development. The review also highlights ...

Steel is an alloy of another metal, iron. In addition, it contains carbon components. The carbon content of steel metal varies between 0.002% and 2.1% according to their weight. In fact, it is the carbon component in the steel metal that makes it harder than mere pure iron. As such, these carbon atoms make it hard for any dislocations to occur in the iron crystal lattice preventing the lattice from sliding past each other. Notably, steel is the metal that is most widely used for construction purposes, as well as the most recycled metal on earth. It ranges from ...

Water Quality and Contamination

Introduction Water is one of the basic needs of living organisms. Without water, life would be impossible. Humanity is dependent on water for their day to day activities. Basically, the foremost use of water is for drinking. Living organisms like humans have to take in water for their bodies to survive and sustain the various cellular activities. Aside from drinking, man use water for cooking, washing, recreation, cleaning, and keeping plants alive. Water used for drinking needs to be essentially clean. It must be free from germs and chemicals for the good health of man. Contaminated water ...

Introduction

Water is an amenity and indeed a necessity of the human being. Different epidemic waterborne diseases are due to scarcity of safe drinking water in the world. Water being essentially associated with the earth’s ecosystems can be studied in the context of its relative terms. The human rights emphasis on implementation of global environmental justice and force to adopt such approach that make sure the universal access of people to safe and potable water. That means water should free from contaminations including chemicals and hydrocarbon as detergents, oil and so forth. Ground water contamination is usually found in arid ...

Chapter 9 and Chapter 11 Narrations

Chapter 9: Acids and Bases Acids are defined as molecules or ions that are able to donate hydrogen ions to bases. Other authors have defined them as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. They are therefore proton donors (Brent 10-11). Acids and bases have become important components in biological and environmental systems and industrial processes. In fact, most of items found at home contain either acidic or basic substances. Acidic substances, which include grapefruit, lemons, vinegar and lime, taste tart or sour (Lew 1). Acids can be either diluted or concentrated. Concentrated acids such ...

Question One

It is essential to understand the four classes of materials; this is because it makes us have a clear understanding of the properties that specific materials should exhibit. This plays an important role whenever there is a need to select materials for use in applications. (Ashby, Hugh and Cebon, 2007). This is due to the fact that for every application there are specific properties required, there is always a need to select that material that has exactly the needed property. Hence, the understanding of such properties ensures that the right material is chosen for the correct application. The four classes of materials ...

Introduction

Thin films are in use since ages, and in old times people used to beat gold with hammers into thin films about less than one μm thickness and then used this thin film for gold coating of different stuffs. Thin films are used in many materials and do use them in daily life but are not aware of it. If one wax cars or paint homes that mean, they are applying a thin film.

Bulk Material VS thin film

Bulk materials are those materials that are mined. They are referred to as Bulk solid in mining and mineral industry. The material that can be stored ...

Manfred Kahmann

SAIBT 2014 Tutorial Assignment 1 Engineering Materials - Main classes of materials

Metals and Alloys

Inorganic materials made out of one or more metallic components. They generally have a crystalline structure and are great warm and electrical conduits. Numerous metals have high quality and high versatile module. They uphold their great quality at high and low temperatures. They likewise have a sufficient elasticity, which is critical for some building provisions. They could be fortified by alloying and a high temperature medication. They are minimum impervious to erosion.

Pottery and Glasses

Inorganic materials comprising of both metallic and non-metallic components fortified together artificially. They could be crystalline, ...

Q1:

There are four classes/or types of materials that are considered as listed below

- Ceramics and Glasses - Composite materials - Polymers - Metal alloys First generalized properties of the materials will be discussed, and then based on these properties one material will be selected for a specific application. - Ceramics and Glasses Ceramics and Glasses are inorganic, non-metallic materials consisting of metallic and non-metallic elements bonded with ionic and covalent bonds. These are high strength bonding gives special characteristics to these materials.

The typical properties of these materials are as:

- Low to moderate density compared to metals, - High modulus of elasticity, - Provide good strength at elevated level of ...

INTRODUCTION:

The concept of Cottrell atmosphere is important to many aspects of material sciences and engineering. This was first proposed by Cottrell and Bilby in 1949 to explain the interaction of solute carbon atoms with defects in steel. The Cottrell atmospheres occur under the interaction between the dislocations and impurities (alloying elements) in matrix metal. These defects, like a dislocation, produce long-range elastic stress fields that distort the interstitial lattice site around the defect in the matrix. These distorted lattice sites then provide lower energy sites for the solute carbon to occupy, thus relieving some of the stress field. This raises ...

Introduction

The name diamond owes its origin to Greece. The term is a corruption of the Greek term Adamas, which means the invincible or the unbreakable. In mineralogy, diamond refers to an allotrope of carbons, which is capable of transiting from one state to another. The carbon atoms within the mineral are arranged in a cubic-centered crystal known as the diamond lattice. The diamond mineral has the formula C and exists in Isometric-Hexoctahedral (cubic) crystal system. It is also essential to note that diamond exists in the space group C63/mmc. Diamond exists in different varieties, as distinguished by their colors. Typically, ...

Alloy steels are basically carbon steels to which other metal alloys have been added so as to improve properties significantly. Three alloying compounds which are used in steel include manganese, chromium and nickel. The percentage of manganese present in steels ranges between 0.3% and 1.5%. It reduces effects of impurities gathered during the production process. It also works as a hardening agent, improves toughness and strength, non-magnetic properties and causes self-hardening to prevent abrasion. Chromium ranges between 0.3% and 4%. Its purpose is to improve wear, scaling resistance and oxidation. It also improves hardness and reduces ductility. Nickel ranges between ...

reinforced with Aluminium glassy alloys

Engineering

The effects of mixing time, sintering temperature, sintering time and pressure on mechanical properties of a metal matrix composite (MMC) reinforced with Aluminium glassy alloys

Introduction

Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) are an important class of engineering materials because they can continually be adapted to suit the needs of manufacturing and newly available technology. MMCs using aluminium as a basic ingredient can be designed to meet particular needs for high performance materials. Duralumin™ was the first aluminium alloy demonstrating the ability to result in a material with very high temperature strength after solution treatment and aging (STA). Duralumin™ or ...

Abstract

Eveslogite, ((Ca,K,Na,Sr,Ba)48[(Ti,Nb,Fe,Mn)12(OH)12Si48O144](F,OH,Cl)14), is a mineral found on Mt. Eveslogchorr in khibiny Massif, Kola peninsula, Russia. It derives its name from this locality, in particular from Mt. Evesglochorr. This mineral occurs as an anchimonomineral veinlet that cross-cuts poikilitic nephiline synite (Hawthorne 2012). This mineral appears to resemble Yuksporite since it forms similar placated fine-fibrous of approximately 0.05 to 0.005mm that aggregates outwardly. The color of Eveslogite is yellow or rather light brown. In addition it is a semitransparent mineral that has a white streak and a vitreous luster. ...

Book VII - On Shadows and Realities in Education

SOCRATES - GLAUCON AND now, I said, let me show in a figure how far our nature is enlightened or unenlightened: --Behold! human beings living in a underground den, which has a mouth open towards the light and reaching all along the den; here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised way; and you will ...

Although Taoism has principles as any philosophy or religion, these are not strict, as they are subjected to the customization. As there are over 6.5 billion individuals in the world, there could also be 6.5 billion ways to practice it, because everybody can understand it and practice it differently, teaching the others what they have learned about Taoism and in the same time absorbing the Taoism knowledge from others (“Taoism 101: Introduction to the Tao”). Therefore, by its nature, Taoism focuses on individual, having the purpose of enlightening him, putting him in harmony with himself and with the surrounding ...

Short title- Effects of Groundwater Contamination

Full title- Effects of Groundwater contamination on water quality utilized for drinking purposes Lab 2 - Experiment 1: Effects of Groundwater Contamination Hypothesis: Laundry detergent is responsible for causing maximum groundwater contamination due to the presence of components like, surfactants containing Alkylbenzenesulphonates and bleaches containing Sodium hypochlorite, and bleach activators containing Tetraacetylethylenediamine.

Post-Lab Questions

- Restate your hypothesis. Was it confirmed or denied? How do you know?

As per our hypothesis, laundry detergent is responsible for causing maximum groundwater contamination.

Yes, our hypothesis was confirmed. This was because of the physical presence of foam and soapy and grassy smell in the water which was mixed with laundry detergent and passed ...

Salvador Dali painted The Persistence of Memory in 1931, and today it is regarded among the 20th century’s most acclaimed and remembered paintings. This painting served as a means of introducing Surrealism in conventional America. The reason this painting has always been increasingly appealing, and has both encouraged and perplexed analysis and explanation is because Dali has effectively combined the dreamlike and the everyday, the illogical and symbolic, technology and nature. Even the hardness and softness in the painting create confusion. However, according to the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA), these “baffling” qualities of the painting, especially the watches, ...

Purpose

The purpose of this experiment is to prepare soap through the saponification process and use it to test water hardness. Procedure The saponification process began by placing approximately 5 grams of lard in a beaker. 15 mL of sodium Hydroxide (6 M) was slowly and carefully added followed by an addition of 25 mL of ethanol. After adding ethanol, the beaker was heated while stirring until the base fully reacted with the lard. The result was a clear and homogenous solution. After cooling the solution, 20 mL of water was added. The next step involved the preparation of saturated ...

On Whey Protein Isolates

The hardness and brittleness are key characteristics of protein molecules that can be used in determining the nature of the proteins. The hardness of the protein molecules refers to how well the molecules are bonded together making it more difficult for the denaturation of the protein molecule (Vardhanabhuti, & Foegeding, 1999).On the other hand, the brittleness of the protein molecule refers to the character of the protein molecule that prevents breakage in the bond linkage when subjected to different conditions. A major function of proteins among the food systems is the process of gelation. The process constitutes a ...

Bone soaked in vinegar

Observation on Bending The notable observation when the bone was bent: It just bends easily. Upon application of pressure on the soaked bone on vinegar, the bone bent easily since the vinegar had eliminated the calcium content which is responsible for the toughness and or hardness of the bone.

Baked Bone

Observation on Bending On bending the bone after baking, it was inflexible, hard as compared to the one soaked in vinegar. An underlying reason is that water that initially was present was drained by the heat during the baking process. On smashing the bone it broke easily into ...

Until today, over 2000 minerals have been discovered, and constantly on a daily basis, new minerals are discovered. Minerals just like matter is made up of atoms of elements arranged in a particular way together with a definite chemical composition. Notably, minerals are aggregates of nearly all rocks found on the earth’s crust. Geologists define minerals as inorganic materials on and in the earth’s crust with a specific chemical composition. Most minerals are always naturally occurring and it is worth noting that nearly all the minerals contain crystals. This is attributed to the fact that mineral particles are usually arranged in a ...