Essays on Gel

ABSTRACT:

A plasmid DNA is an extra-small circular structure commonly found in bacteria which is capable of replicating by itself in the cell. These are used in genetic engineering as vehicles to carry and make copies of a particular gene which can produce desirable effect. In this report, we discuss the isolation and purification of DNA fromEGFP-LC3 plasmidusing a modified alkaline lysis method and QIAprep spin columns. The concentration of the isolated EGFP-LC3 plasmid DNA was found to be 82.868µg/ml. The ratio of ODs taken at A260nm/A280nm was found to be 5.314 which could be because improper washing step Continue reading...

Introduction

The discovery of restriction enzymes (REs), bacterial transformation, and agarose gel electrophoresis caused the sudden increase of popularity of molecular biology in the 1970s. Restriction enzymes allow the manipulation of specific sites of an organism’s genes and are commonly used in many laboratories worldwide. Restriction enzymes cut DNA in many different ways and can produce sticky ends and blunt ends (Weaver, 2012). The most abundant type of restriction enzymes is Type II, which require magnesium cations as cofactor (Pingoud et al., 2005). Aside from their popularity is recombinant DNA technology as a “cut and paste” tool, estriction enzymes Continue reading...

Aim: To separate Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) using poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).

Introduction: Bioluminescence observed in many marine organisms is due to a protein called as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Since its discovery, GFP has been useful in biotechnology due to its versatility and ease of transformation in E. coli (Chalfie et al., 1994). GFP is a 26.87 kilodaltons (kD) protein composed of 239 amino acids. It has a barrel structure with a fluorescent chromophore embedded deep in the interior of the protein. The chromophores in GFP are excited at a wavelength of 395 nm, and when the electrons of chromophores drop to a lower energy state they emit fluorescent light Continue reading...

Abstract

A polymerase chain reaction also known as PCR refers to a technique that is used in the amplification of a DNA fragment making huge numbers of the original fragment. The process uses an enzyme known as DNA polymerase to multiply the DNA fragment. Other components that are necessary for a PCR reaction are the DNA template that is provided by the sample being multiplied, the primers, and nucleotides. The experiment aimed to examine a number of human DNA polymorphisms, the PV92 Alu polymorphism and the mitochondrial control region using human DNA. This was achieved by isolating the mitochondrial DNA Continue reading...

Principle Gel Electrophoresis is a method used in the laboratory for the separation of charged molecules like nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and proteins that differ in size or charge (Agarose gel electrophoresis (basic method)). LB (Lithium Borate) buffer is the widely used buffer in agarose gel electrophoresis. The buffer solution comprises of Lithium hydroxide monohydrate and boric acid. LB buffer has low conductivity which can run at a high speed (5-50V/cm) than the gels which are made of TBE or TAE buffers (5-10 V/cm) which in turn reduces the run time drastically (Brody 6).

Experimental Required

Materials: Gel Electrophoresis Unit ( Continue reading...

I confirm that this work is my own work. Where I have rewritten someone else's ideas in my own words, I have identified this with a reference.Where I have used words directly from a book or any other source, I have enclosed these in quotation marks and have identified the source in the reference section.

Question 1

Below is a photograph of gel electrophoresis result obtained from the experiment.
Figure 1
L G-NTC G-DNA G-P H-NTC H-DNA H-P
The gel electrophoresis result showed 14 visible bands from the lane loaded with the ladder. No visible band was observed on the lane Continue reading...

Introduction

Cosmetic surgery is typically performed to accurate a physical oddity or to improve an otherwise usual physical characteristic and, so, recover a person's look. It's a tremendously wide field that can propose reconstructive surgical procedure for a patient following a destructive burn or additional physical disturbance, yet may also be accustomed to flat out wrinkles, make bigger breasts, or reshape the nose. In the recent past, this was restricted only to the surgery that it was completely essential to the healthiness and happiness of that patient, for example skin-grafting for solemn burns, repairing a busted jaw or nose, reconstructing Continue reading...

Abstract

A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) are a group of structurally varied scaffold proteins which are found to regulate the PKA pathway by localizing the protein kinase A and some specific enzymes at sub cellular level. So far several of the AKAPs have been found to play critical role in the regulation of phosphorylation of several PKA dependent substrates which are necessary for the modulating the cardiac function. Abnormalities in these AKAPs genes have been found to cause various forms of cardiac disease. The most prominent AKAPs are the AKAP9 and AKAP13. Mutations in the AKAP9 gene has been found to Continue reading...

Introduction to proteins

Proteins are polypeptides made up of amino acids joined together by polypeptide bonds. The number of amino acids in a protein molecule can vary from several amino acids to thousands of amino acids. Proteins are made of a combination of several of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids as well as other minor amino acids. Proteins are very important molecules in the body .They form the structural components of animal and human tissue (Yildiz, 2009).

The primary structure of proteins is determined by the sequence of the amino acids in the protein. A functional amino acid must contain the Continue reading...

Lab partners

The transformation of bacterial cells using Puc18 plasmid as a vector
Abstract
In molecular cloning experiments, the DNA to be cloned is obtained from an organism and then broken into smaller fragments through digestion with restriction enzymes. The fragments of restriction enzyme digestion are then ligated /combined with some vector DNA to produce recombinant DNA molecules. These recombinant DNA molecules are then introduced into a host organism. When the host organism replicates, the recombinant molecule is replicated together with it. With time, large populations of transformed cells or clones are generated expressing the genotype and phenotype of the inserted Continue reading...

Introduction

Medicinal benefits of Aloe Vera Juice
The extent this information available to the public
Scientific proof of the medicinal qualities of the herb/ aloe vera juice
Conclusion
Abstract
This essay seeks to establish the premise that aloe vera juice contains a wide range of medicinal properties, which scientist up to this time ignore. Presently the juice is being used as a purgative. However, it is this author desire to explore its true identity in providing data supportive of the medicinal benefits contained in Aloe Vera Juice. Also an examination into the information related to aloe vera juice true properties Continue reading...

Price

Before agreeing on pricing, Gillette Company put the following factors into considerations: it checks on the fixed and variable costs, competition from other institutions, the objectives of the company, the proposed positioning strategies and the target group and willingness of the customers to pay for the prices set.
The pricing strategies used by the Gillette Company include penetration pricing, skimming pricing, competition pricing, product line pricing, bundle pricing and cost up pricing. In penetration pricing, the Gillette Company places a price that is low so that it can increase its sales and the market share of all the products. Continue reading...

The current paper is devoted to the analysis of the discovery or the invention of Blue-Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (Blue Native PAGE). As well, the paper undertakes to find out the people who were behind the discovery. The paper is besides devoted to highlighting the functions or rather the reasons that prompted the inventors to come up with Blue Native PAGE.
Blue-Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (Blue Native PAGE) was at first described by von Jagow and Schägger. They initially discovered Blue Native PAGE in 1989 as a simple technique to isolate membrane protein complexes immediately from purified mitochondria. Continue reading...

Introduction

Decubitus ulcer also referred to as bedsore or pressure sore is an open wound on the skin (Thomas, 2006). Thomas (2006) indicates that the decubitus ulcer mostly occurs on the skin that covers the born areas. Notably, the most common areas for bedsore to appear are; hips, ankles, back and buttocks. Decubitus ulcer are common among the disabled, elderly and those people who spend long periods of time on wheelchairs or bed, and those who are not able to move certain parts of their body without assistance (Thomas, 2006). In keeping with Albert and Spencer (2007), decubitus ulcers/ bedsores Continue reading...

Affiliate institution

First article
According to the article, treatment of poisoned patients in a poison center is much cheaper as compared to poisoned patient treated in the hospital. Furthermore the patients treated in the poison centers takes shorter time to recover. The study compared the data obtained from Illinois Poison Center and data from the Illinois Hospital Association, and the results show that for every 10 patients treated in Poison centers there is a decrease in hospital charges by $2078 and the length of stay for poisoned patients was .058 days shorter. Notwithstanding the study finding that poison centers have shown Continue reading...

Research Question: Do health care workers comply with hand washing strategies at the hospital level?

Annotated Bibliography
Asare, A., Enweronu-Laryea, C. C., & Newman, M. J. (2009). Hand hygiene practices in a neonatal intensive care unit in Ghana. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 3(05), 352-356.
In this study, the researchers sought to assess hand hygiene practices and the nature of patient contact in physicians and nurses at a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Ghana. The study was descriptive and cross-sectional, lasted two weeks, and the amount time of observation daily was 5 hours. The researchers assessed compliance to alcohol rub as well. Compliance to hand washing before and after patient contact Continue reading...

Clean pull handle.

COMPANY OVERVIEW
Introduction
Mission
Vision
We believe we can mount a successful fight against preventable contagious infections and keep people healthy.
Shelton Sanitary Systems is a startup that commenced its operations in February 2013 by a team of six tech savvy youngsters and a former senior marketer at freehold. It is a limited company that specializes in the Clean Pull and Turn Clean monitoring systems. It utilizes the modern and recent developments in the information technology industry. It is supported by a complex system of mobile devices support and a combination of software that are able to disseminate the Continue reading...

Question 1

a)
i) If genomic DNA from the wild type bacterium were digested with EcoRI, three different fragments would be detected. The approximate sizes of the fragments would be 1.625 Kb, 1.375 Kb and 0.25 Kb. This is because there are two different digestion sites for EcoRI within the region complementary to the probe, and therefore three different fragments would partially hybridize with it after the digestion.
ii) There are only two restriction sites for BamHI shown in the diagram, but neither of them is within the region complementary to the probe, and both of them are upstream of this Continue reading...

The Turkish independence war led to the birth of the Republic of Turkey. The post-colonial government was expected to be a bastion of freedom and civil liberties. The Ottoman Empire had been defeated in the First World War, and the Sultanate abolished. The Turkish people formed the Turkish National Movement to wage war against the allied nations to grant independence to Turkey. A nationalistic government was formed in 1923 after the Treaty of Lausanne, which led to the establishment of the Turkish Republic. After independence, the government was considered to be despotic in relation to the human rights. The Continue reading...

Virtual Lab Report

Virtual Lab 1: Virtual Microscopy
A. Gauge the size of various biological components and organisms. The Virtual Microscope (copy and paste this address into a new browser window: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/ ) can be used to make these observations. Estimate the size (length and width in microns) of
An E.Coli cell is around 0.5µm in width and around 2µm in length. A mitochondrion is around 0.5µm in width and approximately 10µm in length. A Red blood cell is around 5.5µm in width and 7.5µm in length. A virus is approximately 0.25µm in width and around Continue reading...

Medical technology is a term that talks about the usage of a medical device to prolong life, ease pain and or decrease the hazards of a disease (Fullick, 2012). There are a number of technical discoveries that are used globally in medical facilities to enhance health care. Technology has positively impacted the lives of many individuals worldwide. Medical procedures such as surgeries and medications are all included under the technology advancement category. Owing to the vast technological development, doctors are able to perform treatments that could not have been possible earlier (Haidekker, 2013).
One of the impressive technologies used Continue reading...

i. Executive Summary; Proteomic analysis is the large scale experimental analysis of proteins and their structure that is being used by many industries. The Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are considered the primary source for recombinant therapeutics and antibodies. The Proteomic analysis is of prime importance in the CHO cells engineering. With other varied applications, especially in CHO cell engineering, where they are used to modify cells for desired functions. Proteomics has improved product standards and efficiency in many industries. (Baycin-Hezal, et al, 2012)
ii. Background Definition of Proteomics; Proteomics is the study of proteins. Proteomic analysis is the Continue reading...

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Polymerase chain reaction known as PCR was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983. It is a Molecular Diagnostic technology used for amplification of DNA. A single copy of DNA can be amplified to higher magnitudes with a thousand copies of a single DNA sequence. PCR has now been developed as a Molecular Diagnostic tool for Cancer and mainly to detect the early onset of leukemia or lymphomas. It is widely used as a diagnostic tool in the field of microbiology and is also utilized in detection of infectious micro-organisms y detecting specific disease causing genes. In the year 1993, Continue reading...

Introduction

The most widely used model when investigating the breast cancer is T47D cell lines. These cell lines are easily spread, easily manipulated genetically and when used in the experiment, it provides good results. They have been used to examine new therapies and the and the breast cancer pathobiology1.
Over many years HER2 has 25% - 30% of human breast cancers have been caused by gene amplification. The monoclonal HER2 and the EGFR are the two HER2-targeted therapies that are used for approval in the most clinics. During growth, HER2 is used to regulate the cell growth and assist in Continue reading...

Introduction

Gene expression is the process through which the information that has been encorded in the gene is firstly converted into messenger RNA and then finally to a protein. The study of gene expression is critical especially to the biological student and more so to one who would like to study biology related course like microbiology in future. Therefore, it is important to note that we study gene expression in order to determine how the genes and the proteins which they encode functions in the intact organism. Zhang (2006),
Another reason why we study gene expression is in order to Continue reading...

TA
ABSTRACT – Genetic engineering now has straight forward ecofriendly strategies to produce transformation in plasmids. The transformation process allows engineers to introduce DNa with specific desired capabilities into a host plasmid. In this way plants can be created that are able to resist a particular enemy or stressor without having to use toxics like herbicides and insecticides. The bacteria E. Coli was used to determine whether it can be made resistant to ampicillin or not. AmpR was integrated into the host cells and the tracer, GFP was used to identify expressed cells. The laboratory demonstrated that transformation by plasmids Continue reading...

(Name of the class)
(City, State)

Introduction

TLC or Thin-layer chromatography refers to a technique that is applied in the separation of mixtures that are not volatile (Reich & Schibli, 2007). The process is done on a sheet of plastic, glass, or aluminum foil that has been coated using a thin layer of material that is adsorbent such as aluminum oxide, silica gel and cellulose (Sherma & Fried, 2003; University of Colorado, 2014). This adsorbent layer is referred to as the stationary phase. The sample is usually applied using a capillary tube on the plate, and the sample is taken up the Continue reading...

According to Lexus.us, Dosimetry is defined as “Measurement of radiation exposure, especially X-rays or gamma rays; calculation of radiation dose from internally administered radionuclides”. (2010). Neutron dosimetry is neither as precise nor as complex as gamma dosimetry. In the United States today, neutron dosimetry is among the vital requirements used to carry out comparison of the clinical results gotten from radiotherapy trials done at the fast neutron therapy facilities.
The neutron dosimetry radiation uses specialized devices which includes superheated drop detectors. Gamma rays originating from the surroundings, the phantom or biological object experiencing the radiation, the collimating or field-limiting Continue reading...

For generations, women have been looking for the secret to younger and beautiful skin. Different beauty products are available to make women feel better and more beautiful. However, women may not know that these products may have harmful ingredients that may cause skin irritation. There are also some chemical-based products that harm the skin with continuous use. Chemical-based beauty products may no longer be needed because Aloe Vera is here to help women in taking care of their skin. Proven safe and effective, Aloe Vera will keep women’s skin younger and fresher. The Aloe Vera, aside from its Continue reading...

Day 1 - Cell Culture: At First an LB/amp plate was labeled with initials, the date, the name of the bacterial strain to be used (BL21) and the plasmid (pDHFR). Then 10 uL of reconstituted BL21-pDHFR was pipetted onto an LB/amp plate using sterile tip.The bacteria was streaked into four quadrants of the plate and after this it was covered immediately to avoid contamination. The plate was placed upside down inside the incubator overnight at 37°C and once colonies have grown to ~1 mm in diameter, they may be stored in a sealed bag upside down at 4º Continue reading...

Introduction

When choosing about a topic that falls in line with the human sexuality and protected sex, one tends to think what would contribute to our global community in totality. A concept is only powerful if it is presented clearly and its application is interpreted effortlessly.
Numerous scientists around the world have failed to crack the accurate formula of a Male Reversible Contraceptive. This does not show the right attitude towards innovation, but it does look like a clear challenge.
Currently estimated to be beyond six billions, the world population is anticipated to double in the next four Continue reading...

On Whey Protein Isolates

The hardness and brittleness are key characteristics of protein molecules that can be used in determining the nature of the proteins. The hardness of the protein molecules refers to how well the molecules are bonded together making it more difficult for the denaturation of the protein molecule (Vardhanabhuti, & Foegeding, 1999).On the other hand, the brittleness of the protein molecule refers to the character of the protein molecule that prevents breakage in the bond linkage when subjected to different conditions.
A major function of proteins among the food systems is the process of gelation. The process constitutes a three-dimensional Continue reading...

Product description

The product to be designed is called Dry Space. This product is a dedicated type of gel pad which can be used on the restroom floors. This item is used to help the users dry faster once they leave the bathrooms. A user will step onto the device and excess water will then drain into a receptacle placed at the base of the device. This device has the advantage of helping the user remove the frequent unhygienic conditions that usually form on the floors of the bathrooms when a person has showered. This device was Continue reading...

INTRODUCTION

General overview

Preparation of yoghurt takes place through milk fermentation process with various cultures of bacteria comprising of streptococcus subspecies mixed with lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies and thermophiles (Barbano, 2009). Basically, yoghurt comes in two types: distilled and set (Augustin et al., 2003). The author further explains there is a difference in the main procedure through which these yogurts are manufactured. In the set yoghurt (inclusive of fruit on the bottom), the formation takes place in retail pots as the fermentation of the lactic acid bacteria proceeds into lactic acid generating a structure of continuous gel in the container Continue reading...

Introduction

Initially there were beliefs that, MMPs are jointly able to degenerate all constituents making up the extracellular matrix (ECM) together with basement membrane that confines their operations to tissue reconstruction as well as the preservation. Nonetheless, the contemporary studies also signify that MMP-1 is responsible for controlling the production or else the activation of the chemokines. At this point, it is critical to understand that MMP-1 is among other MMPs.
Similarly, the knowledge holds it that MMP- 1 cleaves a peptide bond beforehand a residue comprising of a hydrophobic adjacent chain, for instance Met and Leu. The other sideways Continue reading...

Objective

Fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) have demonstrated suitability for construction projects due to their strength and durability, while weighing very little. The attributes of FRPs were examined as well as, their applicability in hot, desert temperatures for road barriers and other road safety units.

Background – Composite Materials

Strength and stiffness are the main mechanical properties fibres add to composite materials. The fibres must have uniform diameter, similar strength between each fibre, and very large length-to-diameter ratio. Crystals within the fibre that are aligned with fibre length create high tensile strength. Fibres need to have air space and fibre packing needs to be random Continue reading...

Question 1

Stress and blood sugar levels are closely linked. Stress may be caused by various environmental factors. This is especially common in today’s society that comprises of things occurring at high speeds. When the body is under severe stress, the body releases stress hormones, such as cortisol. Stress hormones cause an automatic increase in the level of blood sugar. Adrenalin, which is released during instances of flight and flight, has a similar effect. The main reason for this kind of functionality is to enable the body to have sufficient energy to react to the cause of the stress.
Under Continue reading...

B1.Nowadays the development of a culturing technique to populate scaffolds is the greatest challenge in the field of tissue engineering. In this work, it will be shown how the spinner flask dynamic cell cultures should be used to populate hydroxyapatite microcarriers (HA-MC) for bone tissue engineering [B1].

Introduction:

B3 In bone tissue engineering, the most widely used scaffold materials is Calcium phosphate ceramics (e.g., hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate), and that due to their special properties, they are osteoinductive and osteoconductive [1–4].
B2 So far a vast variety of shapes and sizes have been developed, and it’s proved that Continue reading...

Hybrid Wind and Solar Powered Outdoor Lighting

Team:
MET-421-001
Senior Design Project I
Winter 2014

Abstract 1

Project Description 2
Photovoltaic Cells 3
Wind Turbine 4
Integrated Controls Unit 6
Battery 7
LED Lighting 8
Patent /Market Review 9
Economic Analysis 9
Conclusion 13

References 14

Appendix 15
Abstract
The United States Department of Energy has laid out a vision in 2011, which includes to have the U.S. secure a leading role in clean energy technologies. With current global considerations to conserve natural energy resources and convert to more sustainable methods of power generation, applied efforts need to be developed in order to integrate known methods of energy creation, and Continue reading...

Objective 2

Introduction 2
General background 3
Resistance mutants 4
Hemoglobin mutants 4
Sickle Cell Anemia and Genetics: Background Information 5
Connection of Sickle cell with Malaria 6
Method: 7
Introduction of Recombinant DNA technology in diagnosing disease: 8
Discussion (implementation of recombinant DNA technology to solve the issue) 9
Conclusions 10

References 11

Objective
This report targets to study a group of people that has developed resistance to malaria. It will focus on the use of recombinant DNA technology to study this cohort and gain insights into the nature of this observation. This study targets the investigation of the evolution of such Continue reading...