Essays on Gel

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Abstract

Polymerase Chain Reaction is a useful technique for the detection of genes done through the amplification of specific sites. Alu elements are a polymorphic group of elements found in the primate genome amplified by retroposition. The Alu element help in the polymorphism of the populations. The aim of this study was to use the PCR technique to detect the Alu insertion TPA-25 in cells from student population and its relation with genotype frequency, allelic and ability to establish the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Samples were taken from 81 students. Cells were obtained by mouthwash and Polymerase Chain reaction ...

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Abstract

Alu elements are a group of mobile elements amplified in primate genome through retroposition. One of the Alu elements is the TPA-25. This element presents a high degree of dimorphism within human population, showing different alleles frequencies in different human group. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique allow the amplification of part of the nucleic acid, including DNA being detecting by agarose gel. The objective of this study was to compare the genotypes of several individuals by using the Alu insertion detected by the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Cell samples from 82 students were taken. Samples proceed from ...

A Review Paper on Tribological and Mechanical Properties of Ternary Nitride based Coatings

Chauhan, K. V., & Rawal, S. K. (2014). A Review Paper on Tribological and Mechanical Properties of Ternary Nitride based Coatings. Procedia Technology, 14, 430-437. doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2014.08.055 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212017314000917 The paper reviews the nanotribological researches that are required to create basic understanding of the interracial phenomena on the lesser scale in the nanostructured polymers employed in the storage if magnetic systems and for other commercial applications. In many fields of the electromagnetic and coating applications such as the use in the automobile and the aircraft sectors, the wear and the friction of the moving parts is a critical aspect to be put ...

The media categorizes everyone into certain cultural groups based upon what they consume. Consumer behavior, whether it be in the form of products and/or media content, determine how the media views our consumption patterns, and determines which cultural group we belong to. However, our self-perception may not always match the profile of our cultural-consumption. In my case, I think that my self-perception, with a few notable exceptions, was gauged poorly by my cultural-consumption profile. First, my gender is male, and my consumption behavior is vague with respect to gender preferences for certain products. For example, my list shows that ...

Introduction

With the help of SFM or Sailfin molly fish as an emerging organism, we can have a better understanding of the theory of evolution. Some specifications such as the environmental impact, population biology and mating behavior can be revealed by studying the Sailfin molly fish. The “Guppy” genome is the closest relative of the sailfin molly since annotated. However the sailfin molly genome has to be annotated and not been done yet. In order to annotate sailfin molly genome we would need to create a proper polymorphic marker and some websites will help us to accomplish our goal. Creation ...

Abstract

The central dogma of biology is performed within this study. A vector of T7 RNA Polymerase gene was inserted into E.Coli where it could be transcribed into RNA and subsequently translated into protein. The protein was extracted and purified. A successful clone was produced by inserting the vector into the expressing cell line and it was observed after achieved an optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.84. A collected 20.87 ug of double stranded RNA was found. Additionally, a linear DNA template OD260: 0.04 µg/ml was transcribed. After expressing it was found that a total protein concentration of ...

Introduction

It is important for the organization to train their nurses and explain the different types of patient care activities that could result in hand contamination. The advantages and disadvantages of hand-washing should be explained to the nurses in order to make them more efficient in their nursing practices. I have reviewed three articles in this direction so as to justify the arguments put forward.

- KuKanich, K.S., Kaur, R., Freeman, L.C., and Poweel, D.A. (2013). Evaluation of a Hand Hygiene Campaign in Outpatient Health Care Clinics. AJN, 113(3), 36-42.

- Why did you choose this article? After ...

Q. 1. Explain how gel filtration chromatography (size exclusion chromatography) separates molecules on the basis of their mass/size.

A. In gel filtration, porous beads are packed into a column. The pores are of different size. The column is then packed with a buffer solution. This buffer solution is present inside the beads as well as around it. When molecules of different size pass through the columns, the smaller molecules pass through the pores and take a longer path. The larger molecules, however, travel around the beads. Thus, larger molecules travel faster than the ...

Microbiology helps us understand microbes and how they interact with humans, plants animals as well as the environment. Microbiology is an important part of who I am. My years as a Masters’ student in the Biology department at the Laurentian University has cemented my love for microbiology and grounded my feet in research. This is what I wish to continue doing in future by making biomolecular science my mainstay. To be the best in biomolecular science research, it is imperative that my choice institution for my PhD studies be at the forefront in this field of research. Based on what ...

Protein degradation is a regulatory process of all living beings that helps to weed out proteins that are faulty in nature. The fault maybe in their sequence or folding. The proteins are degraded via ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The proteasome is made up of an outer activating module and an inner core particle (CP), which in turn is made up of outer α subunits and inner β subunits. The α subunits guard a N-terminal gates pore, which open up when proteasome activators (PA) binds to it. The β subunits have the active sites that can broadly accommodate different faulty proteins for degradation. ...

The experiment aimed to show that Blm10 protein elevates the turnover of proteasomal substrate through an active gating mechanism. This was to be done by showing that Blm10 enhances degradation that is proteasome-mediated in vitro using hypophosphorylated unstructured tau-441 as the substrate.

The objective was achieved using various stains such as BY4741, yMS63, yMS94, yMS122b, yMS131, yMS152, yMS159, and yMS476 among others. To start with, the proteasomal activity was assayed by determining gate opening in yeast CP/20S proteasome by the C terminal peptides. Phenotypic analysis was also done by growing the stains overnight in YPD and diluted to a density ...

DNA fingerprinting requires the use of certain methodologies and tools to ensure that the sequencing process of the DNA is accurate. DNA extraction is a critical step in DNA fingerprinting. To obtain the DNA, the source has to be living as I learned from the Utah site.

Certain additives are necessary in the extraction process. These include salt and alcohol. The salt helps the DNA to stick together while the alcohol is used for precipitating the DNA. The making of several images of the DNA requires the application of certain tools, which the Utah site provides a very good example. The ...

Lanza, R P, Robert S. Langer, and Joseph Vacanti. Principles of Tissue Engineering. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press, 2007.

Ever since its introduction into the market, several people have wondered about the mechanism of action of Apligraf. It is known that Apligraf is a bioengineered skin that helps in speeding up the rate of healing of a wound. However, Lanza, Langer, and Vacanti attest in their book, the mechanism through which Apligraf works to accelerate the rate of healing of a wound is still unknown. However, the authors in the book assert that the acceleration is made possible though the introduction of living cells and growth factors together with cytokines into the wound. The in book, the authors, under the subtitle ...

Kathyann

Abstract Dental care substances with stannous fluoride as an active ingredient may be helpful in allowing re-hardening or in increasing the resistance of teeth surfaces to further acidic or mechanical impacts. However, stannous fluorides are applied together with brushing and depending on how and when tooth-brushing occurs. This research focuses on the potential harmful and helpful effects associated with the use of stannous concerning erosive wear. Active ingredients like fluorides or agents that have unique anti-erosive properties were shown to offer protection against erosion and combined erosion and abrasion to some extent. The abrasive effects of dentifrices may ...

Approach to reading a chest radiograph

An initial assessment is done to ensure that the radiograph belongs to the patient. According to Moskowitz (2011), once the initial assessment is done, the technical quality of the radiograph is determined. This entails assessing parameters such as rotation of the patient, exposure of the film and inspiratory effort of the patient. Moskowitz (2011) notes that rotations may in most cases symbolize abnormalities in the cardiac contour and can result in erroneous diagnoses. To make certain that the patient is not rotated the position of the medial ends of the clavicles needs to be equidistance from the spinous process. ...

Introduction

Initially there were beliefs that, MMPs are jointly able to degenerate all constituents making up the extracellular matrix (ECM) together with basement membrane that confines their operations to tissue reconstruction as well as the preservation. Nonetheless, the contemporary studies also signify that MMP-1 is responsible for controlling the production or else the activation of the chemokines. At this point, it is critical to understand that MMP-1 is among other MMPs. Similarly, the knowledge holds it that MMP- 1 cleaves a peptide bond beforehand a residue comprising of a hydrophobic adjacent chain, for instance Met and Leu. The other sideways chains cleaved ...

Objective

Fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) have demonstrated suitability for construction projects due to their strength and durability, while weighing very little. The attributes of FRPs were examined as well as, their applicability in hot, desert temperatures for road barriers and other road safety units.

Background – Composite Materials

Strength and stiffness are the main mechanical properties fibres add to composite materials. The fibres must have uniform diameter, similar strength between each fibre, and very large length-to-diameter ratio. Crystals within the fibre that are aligned with fibre length create high tensile strength. Fibres need to have air space and fibre packing needs to be random ...

Question 1

Stress and blood sugar levels are closely linked. Stress may be caused by various environmental factors. This is especially common in today’s society that comprises of things occurring at high speeds. When the body is under severe stress, the body releases stress hormones, such as cortisol. Stress hormones cause an automatic increase in the level of blood sugar. Adrenalin, which is released during instances of flight and flight, has a similar effect. The main reason for this kind of functionality is to enable the body to have sufficient energy to react to the cause of the stress. Under ...

Abstract

A polymerase chain reaction also known as PCR refers to a technique that is used in the amplification of a DNA fragment making huge numbers of the original fragment. The process uses an enzyme known as DNA polymerase to multiply the DNA fragment. Other components that are necessary for a PCR reaction are the DNA template that is provided by the sample being multiplied, the primers, and nucleotides. The experiment aimed to examine a number of human DNA polymorphisms, the PV92 Alu polymorphism and the mitochondrial control region using human DNA. This was achieved by isolating the mitochondrial DNA from the mouth cells ...

Introduction

Decubitus ulcer also referred to as bedsore or pressure sore is an open wound on the skin (Thomas, 2006). Thomas (2006) indicates that the decubitus ulcer mostly occurs on the skin that covers the born areas. Notably, the most common areas for bedsore to appear are; hips, ankles, back and buttocks. Decubitus ulcer are common among the disabled, elderly and those people who spend long periods of time on wheelchairs or bed, and those who are not able to move certain parts of their body without assistance (Thomas, 2006). In keeping with Albert and Spencer (2007), decubitus ulcers/ bedsores ...

The Turkish independence war led to the birth of the Republic of Turkey. The post-colonial government was expected to be a bastion of freedom and civil liberties. The Ottoman Empire had been defeated in the First World War, and the Sultanate abolished. The Turkish people formed the Turkish National Movement to wage war against the allied nations to grant independence to Turkey. A nationalistic government was formed in 1923 after the Treaty of Lausanne, which led to the establishment of the Turkish Republic. After independence, the government was considered to be despotic in relation to the human rights. The Kurdish ...

Affiliate institution

First article According to the article, treatment of poisoned patients in a poison center is much cheaper as compared to poisoned patient treated in the hospital. Furthermore the patients treated in the poison centers takes shorter time to recover. The study compared the data obtained from Illinois Poison Center and data from the Illinois Hospital Association, and the results show that for every 10 patients treated in Poison centers there is a decrease in hospital charges by $2078 and the length of stay for poisoned patients was .058 days shorter. Notwithstanding the study finding that poison centers have shown to ...

TA ABSTRACT – Genetic engineering now has straight forward ecofriendly strategies to produce transformation in plasmids. The transformation process allows engineers to introduce DNa with specific desired capabilities into a host plasmid. In this way plants can be created that are able to resist a particular enemy or stressor without having to use toxics like herbicides and insecticides. The bacteria E. Coli was used to determine whether it can be made resistant to ampicillin or not. AmpR was integrated into the host cells and the tracer, GFP was used to identify expressed cells. The laboratory demonstrated that transformation by plasmids so ...

Aim: To separate Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) using poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).

Introduction: Bioluminescence observed in many marine organisms is due to a protein called as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Since its discovery, GFP has been useful in biotechnology due to its versatility and ease of transformation in E. coli (Chalfie et al., 1994). GFP is a 26.87 kilodaltons (kD) protein composed of 239 amino acids. It has a barrel structure with a fluorescent chromophore embedded deep in the interior of the protein. The chromophores in GFP are excited at a wavelength of 395 nm, and when the electrons of chromophores drop to a lower energy state they emit fluorescent light of 509 nm (Ormo et al., ...

I confirm that this work is my own work. Where I have rewritten someone else's ideas in my own words, I have identified this with a reference.Where I have used words directly from a book or any other source, I have enclosed these in quotation marks and have identified the source in the reference section.

Question 1

Below is a photograph of gel electrophoresis result obtained from the experiment. Figure 1 L G-NTC G-DNA G-P H-NTC H-DNA H-P The gel electrophoresis result showed 14 visible bands from the lane loaded with the ladder. No visible band was observed on the lane ...

Virtual Lab Report

Virtual Lab 1: Virtual Microscopy A. Gauge the size of various biological components and organisms. The Virtual Microscope (copy and paste this address into a new browser window: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/ ) can be used to make these observations. Estimate the size (length and width in microns) of An E.Coli cell is around 0.5µm in width and around 2µm in length. A mitochondrion is around 0.5µm in width and approximately 10µm in length. A Red blood cell is around 5.5µm in width and 7.5µm in length. A virus is approximately 0.25µm in width and ...

B1.Nowadays the development of a culturing technique to populate scaffolds is the greatest challenge in the field of tissue engineering. In this work, it will be shown how the spinner flask dynamic cell cultures should be used to populate hydroxyapatite microcarriers (HA-MC) for bone tissue engineering [B1].

Introduction:

B3 In bone tissue engineering, the most widely used scaffold materials is Calcium phosphate ceramics (e.g., hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate), and that due to their special properties, they are osteoinductive and osteoconductive [1–4]. B2 So far a vast variety of shapes and sizes have been developed, and it’s proved that the ...

(Name of the class) (City, State)

Introduction

TLC or Thin-layer chromatography refers to a technique that is applied in the separation of mixtures that are not volatile (Reich & Schibli, 2007). The process is done on a sheet of plastic, glass, or aluminum foil that has been coated using a thin layer of material that is adsorbent such as aluminum oxide, silica gel and cellulose (Sherma & Fried, 2003; University of Colorado, 2014). This adsorbent layer is referred to as the stationary phase. The sample is usually applied using a capillary tube on the plate, and the sample is taken up the plate through capillary ...

Hybrid Wind and Solar Powered Outdoor Lighting

Team: MET-421-001 Senior Design Project I Winter 2014

Abstract 1

Project Description 2 Photovoltaic Cells 3 Wind Turbine 4 Integrated Controls Unit 6 Battery 7 LED Lighting 8 Patent /Market Review 9 Economic Analysis 9 Conclusion 13

References 14

Appendix 15 Abstract The United States Department of Energy has laid out a vision in 2011, which includes to have the U.S. secure a leading role in clean energy technologies. With current global considerations to conserve natural energy resources and convert to more sustainable methods of power generation, applied efforts need to be ...

Introduction

The discovery of restriction enzymes (REs), bacterial transformation, and agarose gel electrophoresis caused the sudden increase of popularity of molecular biology in the 1970s. Restriction enzymes allow the manipulation of specific sites of an organism’s genes and are commonly used in many laboratories worldwide. Restriction enzymes cut DNA in many different ways and can produce sticky ends and blunt ends (Weaver, 2012). The most abundant type of restriction enzymes is Type II, which require magnesium cations as cofactor (Pingoud et al., 2005). Aside from their popularity is recombinant DNA technology as a “cut and paste” tool, estriction enzymes can ...

Objective 2

Introduction 2 General background 3 Resistance mutants 4 Hemoglobin mutants 4 Sickle Cell Anemia and Genetics: Background Information 5 Connection of Sickle cell with Malaria 6 Method: 7 Introduction of Recombinant DNA technology in diagnosing disease: 8 Discussion (implementation of recombinant DNA technology to solve the issue) 9 Conclusions 10

References 11

Objective This report targets to study a group of people that has developed resistance to malaria. It will focus on the use of recombinant DNA technology to study this cohort and gain insights into the nature of this observation. This ...

Medical technology is a term that talks about the usage of a medical device to prolong life, ease pain and or decrease the hazards of a disease (Fullick, 2012). There are a number of technical discoveries that are used globally in medical facilities to enhance health care. Technology has positively impacted the lives of many individuals worldwide. Medical procedures such as surgeries and medications are all included under the technology advancement category. Owing to the vast technological development, doctors are able to perform treatments that could not have been possible earlier (Haidekker, 2013). One of the impressive technologies used in the medical ...

i. Executive Summary; Proteomic analysis is the large scale experimental analysis of proteins and their structure that is being used by many industries. The Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are considered the primary source for recombinant therapeutics and antibodies. The Proteomic analysis is of prime importance in the CHO cells engineering. With other varied applications, especially in CHO cell engineering, where they are used to modify cells for desired functions. Proteomics has improved product standards and efficiency in many industries. (Baycin-Hezal, et al, 2012) ii. Background Definition of Proteomics; Proteomics is the study of proteins. Proteomic analysis is ...

Introduction

Orthopedics refers to the branch of surgery devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of illness, injuries malformations and deformities of the musculoskeletal system (Goriainov et al. 2014). The system includes the muscles, ligaments, tendons, joints and bones. Orthopedic engineering leverages biomaterials in the form of implants such as sutures, joint replacements, bone plates and so forth. It also deals medical devices to replace damaged and defective parts of the body (Goriainov et al. 2014,"Material, Technology and Profit” 1988). Biomaterial is termed as "Any substance (other than drug) or combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which ...

English

Introduction Plastic and cosmetic surgery is a growing trend in the medical industry and widely influences the growth of medical tourism. The various procedures classified under plastic and cosmetic surgery encompasses the reshaping and altercation of appearance of the human body. The objective of cosmetic surgery is to change the aesthetical condition of the part of the body that does not look pleasing, but performs its intended function normally. However, plastic cosmetic surgery also has its risks and complications. The discussion will highlight the different forms of cosmetic and plastic own surgery along with the risks that come along ...

Research Question: Do health care workers comply with hand washing strategies at the hospital level?

Annotated Bibliography Asare, A., Enweronu-Laryea, C. C., & Newman, M. J. (2009). Hand hygiene practices in a neonatal intensive care unit in Ghana. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 3(05), 352-356. In this study, the researchers sought to assess hand hygiene practices and the nature of patient contact in physicians and nurses at a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Ghana. The study was descriptive and cross-sectional, lasted two weeks, and the amount time of observation daily was 5 hours. The researchers assessed compliance to alcohol rub as well. Compliance to hand washing before and after patient contact ...

Introduction: Genetic mutations are associated with changes in the genomic sequence that are the main cause of diversity among organisms. The changes in genetic sequence can occur at any instance and are known to have different consequences. Mutations are often associated with a change that affects the nucleic acids in most organisms. Nucleic acids are considered as the building blocks of DNA. On the other hand, DNA are associated with the storage of information that is transferred to the offspring during reproduction. Mutations are associated with diversity and considered as an essential part in evolution. Genetic mutation is considered to ...

Clean pull handle.

COMPANY OVERVIEW Introduction Mission Vision We believe we can mount a successful fight against preventable contagious infections and keep people healthy. Shelton Sanitary Systems is a startup that commenced its operations in February 2013 by a team of six tech savvy youngsters and a former senior marketer at freehold. It is a limited company that specializes in the Clean Pull and Turn Clean monitoring systems. It utilizes the modern and recent developments in the information technology industry. It is supported by a complex system of mobile devices support and a combination of software that are able to disseminate the data in ...

Deploying new technologies will be affected by political and regulatory dimensions. Politics will affect the deployment of new technology. This is evident with the various policies that have been put by governments concerning the various dimensions of technology (Cheng, 2013). Both local and international perspectives of technology deployment will have to be considered in the new technologies (Coşgel, Miceli, & Rubin, 2012). This is an vital process that needs to be considered in the deployment process. There are processes that have to be followed before new technological applications have been approved by the government. It is because of these ...

Research Plan

Introduction Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems incorporate pervasively in prokaryotic genomes that have also been suggested to perform a role in numerous critical cellular operations (Van, & Bast, 2009). These systems characteristically comprise of a two-gene operon encoding a toxic protein molecule which aims at an important cellular purpose and an antitoxin that connects to and hinders the toxin. Control of toxin action is attained via differential constancy of the stable toxin as well as the unstable antitoxin (Kamada & Hanaoka, 2005). In several occasions, the antitoxin also operates as a transcriptional autorepressor of the operon, whereby the degradation of the antitoxin leads to transcriptional introduction ...

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Polymerase chain reaction known as PCR was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983. It is a Molecular Diagnostic technology used for amplification of DNA. A single copy of DNA can be amplified to higher magnitudes with a thousand copies of a single DNA sequence. PCR has now been developed as a Molecular Diagnostic tool for Cancer and mainly to detect the early onset of leukemia or lymphomas. It is widely used as a diagnostic tool in the field of microbiology and is also utilized in detection of infectious micro-organisms y detecting specific disease causing genes. In the year 1993, Mulis was awarded the Noble ...

Hemoglobinopathies: Analytic Diagnostic Techniques

Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemia’s are a kind of Genetic disorders caused mainly by a mutation or deletion of Globin genes in Hemoglobin. Hemoglobin consist of α or β Amino acid chains. An alteration in α chain production leads to α Thalassemia and alteration in β chain causes β Thalassemia. Hemoglobinopathies on the other hand may be caused due to the structural abnormalities or alteration of amino acid sequences in the Globin genes. These are mainly hereditary and constitute to around 4 to 5% of the world population. (WHO Statistics, 2012) Each year around 250,000 to 300,000 new born children have either hemoglobinopathies or thalassemia. Both ...

According to Lexus.us, Dosimetry is defined as “Measurement of radiation exposure, especially X-rays or gamma rays; calculation of radiation dose from internally administered radionuclides”. (2010). Neutron dosimetry is neither as precise nor as complex as gamma dosimetry. In the United States today, neutron dosimetry is among the vital requirements used to carry out comparison of the clinical results gotten from radiotherapy trials done at the fast neutron therapy facilities. The neutron dosimetry radiation uses specialized devices which includes superheated drop detectors. Gamma rays originating from the surroundings, the phantom or biological object experiencing the radiation, the collimating or ...

For generations, women have been looking for the secret to younger and beautiful skin. Different beauty products are available to make women feel better and more beautiful. However, women may not know that these products may have harmful ingredients that may cause skin irritation. There are also some chemical-based products that harm the skin with continuous use. Chemical-based beauty products may no longer be needed because Aloe Vera is here to help women in taking care of their skin. Proven safe and effective, Aloe Vera will keep women’s skin younger and fresher. The Aloe Vera, aside from its ...

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

Gillette India Limited Personal Care Products Market in India Targeting a wider Consumer Base with Personal Care Products

- General Environment- Gillette India Limited and the Indian Personal care Products Industry - Political and Legal Environment - Economic Factors - Sociocultural Factors - Technological Environment - Porter’s 5 Forces Analysis - Suppliers - Buyers - Substitutes - New Entrants - Rivalry - Personal Care Products Industry Trends in India - SWOT Analysis - Key Success Factors - Decision Criteria/Recommendations - Looking Forward- ...

A Brief Review of Epogen

Epogen is a glycoprotein made up of 165 amino acids that is used to stimulate the production of red blood cells. The compound is manufactured through recombinant DNA technology. The compound has a molecular weight equal to 30,400 Daltons. When consumed, its biological effects are similar to those of endogenous erythropoietin. The dugs formulation is a sterile colorless liquid in a buffered solution. It is administered intravenously or subcutaneously. This drug is used by athlete to enhance their performance. This is by producing more red blood cells and opening up lung passages so that more oxygen is delivered to the muscles. Endurance ...

Molecular Diagnostics

Genomic Evaluation of Risk of Atrial Fibrillation and Alzheimer’s Disease

Session You Attended

Abstract The aim to of this series of experiments is to examine a patient’s DNA for association to atrial fibrillation (AF) and Alzheimer’s disease. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2200733, associated with an increased chance of development of atrial fibrillation. Two SNPs: rs439358 and the rs7412, located within exon4 of the human apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene are associated with increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Isolation of the DNA from patient white blood cells, followed by PCR-RFLP and cycle sequencing are among the techniques ...

Introduction

Trichomonas gallinae causes avian trichomoniasis infection, which is often a lethal disease. The parasite is considered to primarily affect columbiform birds like pigeons and doves, but can affect other wild and domestic birds as well (Stabler, 1954). Diagnosis of the infection can be reliably done by collecting and studying material from the bird’s mouth and crop.

I carefully collected oropharyngeal swabs from the oral cavities of hunter-killed Woodpigeons in eight areas of Norfolk and one area of Suffolk counties in the three months’ time period between April and June. Using sterile cotton swabs, I collected crop swabs from the ...

Day 1 - Cell Culture: At First an LB/amp plate was labeled with initials, the date, the name of the bacterial strain to be used (BL21) and the plasmid (pDHFR). Then 10 uL of reconstituted BL21-pDHFR was pipetted onto an LB/amp plate using sterile tip.The bacteria was streaked into four quadrants of the plate and after this it was covered immediately to avoid contamination. The plate was placed upside down inside the incubator overnight at 37°C and once colonies have grown to ~1 mm in diameter, they may be stored in a sealed bag upside down at 4ºC ...

Introduction

Medicinal benefits of Aloe Vera Juice The extent this information available to the public Scientific proof of the medicinal qualities of the herb/ aloe vera juice Conclusion Abstract This essay seeks to establish the premise that aloe vera juice contains a wide range of medicinal properties, which scientist up to this time ignore. Presently the juice is being used as a purgative. However, it is this author desire to explore its true identity in providing data supportive of the medicinal benefits contained in Aloe Vera Juice. Also an examination into the information related to aloe vera ...

Dihydrofolatereductase (DHFR) is an important enzyme in the formation of DNA (Goodsell, 2002). DHFR controls the amount of tetrahydrofolate in the cells, which in turn is an important cofactor for purine and thymidylate synthesis and ultimately in the growth and proliferation of the cell (Davidson &Sittman, 1999). The enzyme is common to many species on earth. Human and bacterial DHFR have a relatively low rate of primary sequence agreement at 26%. However, they both retain a common general structure.The key role that the enzyme plays in biology as well as the variations that the enzyme displays makes it an important target ...

Lab report discussion and results

Introduction The experiment is aimed at studying about the protein content in the cells and tissues of various organisms and the ways of regulating the growth of some tissues in the body of the animals like in our case we used the rabbit tissues in determining the feasibility of the experiment. The process begins with the ability to look at the process of obtaining the protein from the sample given and how to quantify the amount of protein in such cells.

Method:

Protein extraction The process of protein extraction involves three major processes which must be followed in ...

Introduction

Cosmetic surgery is typically performed to accurate a physical oddity or to improve an otherwise usual physical characteristic and, so, recover a person's look. It's a tremendously wide field that can propose reconstructive surgical procedure for a patient following a destructive burn or additional physical disturbance, yet may also be accustomed to flat out wrinkles, make bigger breasts, or reshape the nose. In the recent past, this was restricted only to the surgery that it was completely essential to the healthiness and happiness of that patient, for example skin-grafting for solemn burns, repairing a busted jaw or nose, reconstructing an extricated eye, or extravagance an ...

Abstract

A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) are a group of structurally varied scaffold proteins which are found to regulate the PKA pathway by localizing the protein kinase A and some specific enzymes at sub cellular level. So far several of the AKAPs have been found to play critical role in the regulation of phosphorylation of several PKA dependent substrates which are necessary for the modulating the cardiac function. Abnormalities in these AKAPs genes have been found to cause various forms of cardiac disease. The most prominent AKAPs are the AKAP9 and AKAP13. Mutations in the AKAP9 gene has been found to be ...

Analysis of Culture Cell KU812F with Three Protocols

Abstract Protein analysis for cancer cell research has been found to be extremely reliable. The culture cell KU812F (chronicle myeloid leukemia cell line) was used for this laboratory. Globin gene switching was observed by evaluating the gene expression in the cells. Gene expression and protein folding were provoked. Gene expression is the process of transcribing DNA to cDNA and then used qPCR to study gene expression. cDNA was translated into mRNA which in turn is translated into a protein. mRNA concentration was analyzed. The three protocols were Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), Enzyme-Linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA), and ...

NITROGEN AND COPPER DOPED SOLAR LIGHT ACTIVE TIO2 PHOTOCATALYSTS FOR WATER DECONTAMINATION

Abstract: A new category of photocatalytic coating that can degrade chemical as well as bacterial contaminants under visible sunlight wavelengths was generated by the deposition of a stable photocatalytic TiO2 film over the internal lumen of glass bottles by means of a sol–gel technique. Such a coating was produced either in doped or undoped form. This coating used copper and/ or nitrogen for producing visible light-active TiO2 films that were normalized or annealed at 600 ◦C and were characterized by Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The degradation of methylene blue was seen to accelerate with doped and undoped TiO2 films ...

Sand can be classified into coarse sand and fine sand, based on particle size. The former is usually greater than 4.75 mm (retained in a No. 4 sieve), while the latter is less than 4.75 mm (passing through the No. 4 sieve) (1).The properties, including shape and texture, size gradation, moisture content, specific gravity, reactivity, soundness, and bulk unit weight, of different types of sand,influence concrete strength (2). The shape of sand particlescauses variations in the surface to volume ratio, and a larger surface to volume ratio improves bond characteristics but decreases concrete workability. The surface texture of sand ...

Burns are common accidents that happen to people on daily basis. With the many activities that involves the use of heat, electricity and highly flammable of corrosive substances, people are prone to burns. This brings the need for understanding how to handle such accidents when they occur. To begin with, burns are categorized in two three; the first degree burns, second degree burn and third degree burn. Burns should never be underestimated and therefore, the best care is required to prevent fatalities and the extent of burn. This is an instruction paper that gives the steps involved in care ...

Introduction

The most widely used model when investigating the breast cancer is T47D cell lines. These cell lines are easily spread, easily manipulated genetically and when used in the experiment, it provides good results. They have been used to examine new therapies and the and the breast cancer pathobiology1. Over many years HER2 has 25% - 30% of human breast cancers have been caused by gene amplification. The monoclonal HER2 and the EGFR are the two HER2-targeted therapies that are used for approval in the most clinics. During growth, HER2 is used to regulate the cell growth and assist ...

Introduction

Gene expression is the process through which the information that has been encorded in the gene is firstly converted into messenger RNA and then finally to a protein. The study of gene expression is critical especially to the biological student and more so to one who would like to study biology related course like microbiology in future. Therefore, it is important to note that we study gene expression in order to determine how the genes and the proteins which they encode functions in the intact organism. Zhang (2006), Another reason why we study gene expression is in order to ...