Essays on Melting Point

Question: what is the appropriate method of identifying compounds as either ionic or covalent based?

Background/Hypothesis Ionic compounds are created from the strong electrostatic bonding between ions (Brinker, and George 393). The covalent compounds have are formed by bonds that result from sharing of electrons (Mah 31).

Solubility test Conductivity test Melting point test Color and odor test Oxidation with oxygen test Steps/Procedures. Solubility test 0.25 grams of the chemical was placed in a test tube. 1 mL of water was added and stirred using a stirring rod. The addition of I mL was added until the chemical dissolved. The chemical that did not dissolve after adding 10 mL of water was recorded. The ...

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution to yield 4-Bromoacetanilide

Introduction Halogenation is a common process in organic synthesis. It is used in industrial and research synthesis as halogenated compounds are used for numerous widely used goods, including plastics. The lab aimed to perform monohalogenation of acetanilide. The reaction is specific since it is performed without catalyst. The typical halogenation is realized in presence of Lewis acid. Halogens molecules are electrophilic, and do not actively react. In presence of Lewis acid, the interaction is rather active.2 The lab used catalyst-free halogenation. The acetanilide molecule contains the acylated amine. As a result, the electronic density is shifted towards the amine ...

Summary

While all the components of a brake system are important, it is imperative to acknowledge that some components play significant roles in the system as compared to others. One such component is the brake pad. In most cases, the brake pad is referred to as the friction material. It is responsible for generating the friction which opposed the movement of the wheel thus causing a stop to the movement of the automotive. This report is aimed at selecting a section or component of the brake system and presents its modification. As a consequence, the report highlights and discusses the ...

The periodic table of elements, by far, stands among the most notable discoveries in the history of chemistry. Nowadays, probably everyone who has ever heard about chemistry heard about the periodic table of elements. Its implications on the scientific world are so enormous that it has even leaked out to the general public and have become associated with the chemistry itself. This is not surprising considering the scientific strength of this instrument. Using the periodic table, many characteristic properties of the elements can be predicted and many phenomena can be explained. This discovery put so much scientific knowledge together, ...

Metal handling is very significant for engineering processes. Metals possess unique properties that make them useful in engineering processes. As a result of these properties, metals are used in various construction processes such as building of bridges, houses, automobiles, machines and various kinds of structures. There are basics need to performed before processes as metals have to be joined, cut or even bent. This brings in a number of engineering practices as soldering, brazing, welding and even cutting. Plasma cutters leveraging high end technologies are used in cutting metals and joints can be joined using soldering, brazing or welding. Soldering, brazing ...

Lipids insolubility in water is general. Lipids structure has great number of variety. There are two types of fatty acids naturally, may be saturated or unsaturated. Unsaturated acids have lesser melting point than saturated ones. There are two polyunsaturated fatty acids, linolenic and linoleic, their absence in the human diet has been associated with health problems so they designated essential. Their absence can cause scaly skin, increased dehydration and stunted growth.

Lipids and oxidation of carbohydrates provide all needed energy to the human body. Lipids are primarily energy reserves and carbohydrates are readily available source of energy. Lipids have ...

Introduction

Selection of materials is an important part of engineering design. Material selection is aimed at increasing the performance as well as the life of the engineering component and hence, very important for success of engineering component. The nature of loading, expected life, working environment amongst other factors determines the material to be selected for a particular application.

Therefore, engineers and designers must determine the properties of materials before they incorporate them in their design. Mechanical properties of materials such as ultimate tensile strength, Modulus of Elasticity, proof stress, specific strength, toughness and density amongst others are some of the important ...

- Introduction

The vehicle manufacturing sector, as a dynamic arena, has undergone various changes, influences and effects, since the advent of the European Industrial revolution, and majorly so, from the input of Henry Ford’s – Assembly line model. Through its involvement in the process of vehicle manufacture, it actively contributes to the global economy, by way of revenue allotment, industry development and employment opportunities, in addition to contributing to varied environmental impacts and effects. It is involved in the development, design, manufacture, selling and marketing of vehicles, motorcycles and mopeds amongst other transport equipment. Pertinent, is the presence of the auxiliary ...

Creativity involves the production of products or ideas that feature uniqueness, imaginatively and usefulness when in use, the process is unrestricted to any subject matter or context (Burke & Tinsley, 1993). The creative process has found applications in the present world in various fields including technology, art, economics, music, education and linguistics, just to mentions but a few (Dervin, 1990). Creative thinking is a cognitive process where and individuals intelligence and personality are expressed through thought and ideas. The process of creativity is generated where there is a problem to be unriddled. The creative process involves the following stages: - Preparation ...

Introduction

This essay provides a personal reflection of the American Religious experience and it is based on the novel: The American Born Chinese. The Novel “American Born Chinese” provides the American religious experience to a large extent by looking at scenarios of three main protagonists. Scholars describe America as a melting point because of the diverse ethnic and religious groups it has. The novel challenges me to understanding my religious and cultural identity. In fact, after reading the novel I began my search of my identity and I became wary of stereotypes present in my culture and religion. The novel has three plots ...

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Introduction and Literature Review

The value for a drug is significantly impacted by the dissolution rate, chemical stability and solubility of the drugs thereby impacting the pharmaceuticals efficiency as well. In the pharmaceutical industry multi-component crystals such as hydrates, solvates, co-crystals and salts have a major role during the design of new solids. Solid does not self-crystallize. It crystallizes in varied forms depicting random crystal properties. Various approaches are used to modify solids like Salting, Solvation, Hydration, and Polymorphism. Apart from these approaches, Co-Crystallization is a promising new approach to modifying solids (Nauha, ...

Introduction

Aspirin is a commonly used drug. One of the properties of aspirin is that it is an analgesic, meaning that it relieves of pain. Aspirin is also an antipyretic drug meaning that it relieves on of fever. It also has anti-inflammatory properties meaning that if readily relieves swelling from tissues (Ahluwalia, Sunita & Adarsh 231). Salicylic acid has two functional groups. One of the functional groups is the phenolic group while the other functional group is carboxylic acid group. The presence of these two functional groups means that salicylic acid can undergo esterification in two different reactions. In one reaction, ...

Gold is one of the most precious elements that exist in nature. The chemical symbol of gold is Au, derived from the Latin word ‘Aurum’. The atomic number gold is 79 and its atomic weight is 196.967 . The physical properties refer to the characteristics possessed by gold in its elemental form. The list of physical properties includes color, odor, hardness, boiling point, melting point, luster, density and many others. Gold is bright yellow in color and has a shiny and lustrous glow. The metal is softer in nature; however, it hardens after alloying with silver, copper and other metals. The ...

Introduction

The destructive testing of the materials is often used to find out the material properties. The mechanical property is based on the parameters obtained from the material testing. The testing involves tensile testing, hardness testing, creep testing, and impact testing. The non destructive testing involves interaction of energy with the materials. It is necessary to decide the behaviour of the material by knowing the property of the materials. The structure of the material at the atomic level will guess the characteristic of the material at the atomic level. The materials fall into the category of metallic, ceramic, and polymeric. ...

INTRODUCTION:

The concept of Cottrell atmosphere is important to many aspects of material sciences and engineering. This was first proposed by Cottrell and Bilby in 1949 to explain the interaction of solute carbon atoms with defects in steel. The Cottrell atmospheres occur under the interaction between the dislocations and impurities (alloying elements) in matrix metal. These defects, like a dislocation, produce long-range elastic stress fields that distort the interstitial lattice site around the defect in the matrix. These distorted lattice sites then provide lower energy sites for the solute carbon to occupy, thus relieving some of the stress field. This raises ...

Abstract

Instance of countries introducing restrictions on the amount of harmful gases released to the atmosphere is on the rise. Countries like the United States have introduced policies which govern motor vehicle pollution. Gasoline is the main component of debate. As a result several studies have been done to determine the components of gasoline. In this experiment, components of gasoline are determine by an analysis process called gas chromatogram. Samples of gasoline used in the experiment are collected from four stations BP, Marathon, Moto-Mart and Sunoco from Ashland. The samples are then analyzed using a gas chromatogram. 10 ml was used ...

Introduction

Extraction, crystallization and melting point can be used as methods of separating mixtures. Extraction and melting points are employed on separating liquid-liquid mixtures whereas purification of elements utilizes crystallization as their method of separation with impurities. Separation of mixtures involves the distinction of the constituent elements of the mixture into their constituent elements. Separation of mixtures is based on characteristics of the constituent elements of the mixture. Chemical affinity and density are the most utilized properties in organic compound mixtures.

Discussion

Methods of preparing the substance include the use of extraction from a mixture which is based on the principle of ...

Introduction

The periodic table of elements is table used to display the important information about elements in accordance to their chemical and physical properties. The first physical property that was used to arrange the periodic table is the different boiling points of elements. The second property is the melting point of element. They differ according to their atomic number due to the distance between the energy level and that of the outer electrons. Thirdly the density and viscosity of the element played a major role in determining the arrangement of the elements in the periodic table. The other property is the ...

Incandescent light bulbs emit light by the heating of the filament inside the bulb. First developed by Humphrey Davy in 1802, the earliest incandescent bulbs were made from two charcoal strips with a high power battery used to pass current trough it. The flowing current lead to the production of an intense incandescent light that became the first component of the arc lamp. Future improvement was done by Warren De La Rue in 1820 utilizing the platinum coil inside an evacuated tube. This design was motivated by the high melting point of platinum that would give the lamp a better operation ...

- Purpose The purpose behind conducting this experiment is to separate or extract Caffeine, which is an alkaloid and a weak organic base from the de-carbonated cola drink. - Procedure - A 125mL separatory funnel supported by an iron ring is taken and positioned on an iron stand. 60mL of de-carbonated cola drink is then transferred into it followed by the addition of 5.0mL Methylene Chloride (CH2Cl2) and insert the stopper. - The pressure built inside the flask must be released by inverting it and opening up the stopcock instantly. The stockcock must be closed again ...

Lab report on Preparation of Aspirin

Lab report on Preparation of Aspirin Introduction The chemical name for aspirin is the acetylsalicylic acid and is a drug that is used as an antipyretic. Aspirin reduces fever, relieves the pain and inflammation (Thomson Healthcare, 2012). The compound structure of acetylsalicylic acid has an ester group and is produced through an esterification reaction. Aspirin is synthesized through a reaction of salicylic acid with acetic acid using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The reaction equation occurs as shown below. The experiment aimed at synthesizing aspirin, providing an opportunity to familiarize with vacuum filtration as well as melting point techniques. ...

This experiment involved the measurement of temperature of a sample of water being heated at 30 seconds intervals. One real world application of the experiment is that it can be used for distinguishing between pure and impure water. There are certain terms such as melting point, boiling point, physical change, chemical change, physical property, chemical property, intensive property, extensive property and temperature that are overly important to this experiment hence an understanding of the difference in the meanings of these words is of essence. While melting point is the temperature point at which a solid substance changes to liquid, Boiling point ...

Good and Bad Fats

Fats can be classified as saturated fats and unsaturated fats. Unsaturated fats can be classified further as cis and trans unsaturated fats. Saturated fats are considered as bad fats. They consist of a long chained linear structure, high melting point and contain higher energy than unsaturated fats. These characteristics make them tightly bound to the body. Unsaturated cis fats have similar structures to saturated fats and are easy to deposit in the body. Unsaturated trans fats are good fats. They have a lower melting point, bent structure that allows for efficient packing, and can be broken down more easily than saturated ...

Chemistry

Trizivir: Ingredients: 3 synthetic nucleoside analogues with inhibitory activity against HIV-1. “A recently approved antiretroviral looks like a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), but it acts like a protease inhibitor” (Portyansky 1999).

Active Ingredients:

1. abacavir sulfate, 300 mg (aka Ziagen™) 2. lamivudine, 150 mg (aka EIVIR™ or 3TC™) 3. zidovudine, 300 mg (aka RETROVIR™ or azidothymidine, ZDV or AZT because of Azide functional group).

Additives:

1. titanium dioxide 2. hypromellose 3. yellow iron oxide

Coating on Tablets

Is FD&C Blue No. 2, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide and yellow iron oxide

Inactive Ingredients: 1. sodium starch glycolate ...

Introduction

Saponification number is defined as the number of milligrams of KOH required to saponify completely 1 gm of fat. Since fats are mixture of triglycerides, most of which are of mixed type, so saponification number is measure of average molecular weight of the fatty acids comprising the fats (i.e. the measure of the average chain length of fatty acids). Saponification number is an important constant particularly in distinguishing or identifying certain oils. Iodine number is defined as the number of grams of iodine absorbed by 100 gm of fat. Halogens, e.g. iodine or bromine are taken up by the ...

Question 1: Separation of mixtures

This is a method of separation of two immiscible solvent phases. It is the best method for the separation of a mixture of Cyclohexanone and Acetone (miscible)

Cyclohexanone is insoluble in water while Acetone is miscible with water. A mixture of the two compounds forms two distinct layers in water. Distillation cannot be used because the two compounds are highly flammable.

In this method of separation, water is added to the mixture. Acetone completely mixes with water while cyclohexanone does not. A funnel is then used to separate the two.

(Note: the colouration is ...