Essays on Valence

Annotated Bibliography4

Introduction5 Literature Review..6 Conclusion....11 References..12 Abstract Negative (opposing or intimidating) events arouse robust and speedy physiological, rational, emotive, and social reactions. This organization of the organism is accompanied by physical, cognitive, and interactive results that diminish, lessen, and even wipe out the influence of that incident. This array of mobilization-minimization seems to be bigger for undesirable events than for unbiased or positive happenings. Hypothetical explanations of this response form are reviewed in this paper. Further, it will give a verdict on whether negative bias has been helpful or harmful to the process of human evolution. It is established that ...

Liu, T., Moeller, S. K., Ode, S., & Robinson, M. D. (2013). Neuroticism as Distancing: Perceptual Sources of Evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(5), 907-920.

Which perspective of personality did the authors take?

In both study 3 and 4, the researchers focus on how neuroticism (one of the five traits according to Eysenck) influences individuals’ perceptions of stimuli with positive or negative valence. A biological perspective is also evident in the fact that high neuroticism is dependent on an individual having an overactive sympathetic nervous system, thus a higher tendency for anxiety. The biological factor influences how each participant responds to the stimuli presented in ...

Executive Summary 3

Introduction 4 Theoretical Background 4 Brand Love Scales 4 Definition of Love 5 Personality of Brand 5 Image of the Brand 5 Brand Love’s Elements 6 Brand Romance 7 Brand Attitude 7 Brand Loyalty 7 Fashion Brands Love 8 Brand Love in Cell Phone Industry 8 Brand Love Creation by the Companies 8 Apple/Samsung/Huawei 8 PepsiCo 9 Benetton 9 Conclusion 9

BIBLIOGRAPHY 10

Executive Summary Brand love is a relatively new phenomenon actively discussed by the scholars and marketing professionals. Brand love is necessary for the modern companies to successfully attract and retain their customers. Moreover, it helps to convince ...

Iridium organometallic complexes

Introduction Iridium organometallic complexes are applied as catalysts, light-emitting diodes, dye-sensitized solar cells, and luminescent agents for cells imaging.1 Due to the wide application area, the scientists perform research on preparation, characterization and physical and chemical properties of iridium organometallic complexes.

The oxidation state in complex compound refers to the charge of the metal, which it would have in a simple ionic compound. The configuration of d-orbitals (dn) indicates the number of valence electrons in free metal of the same oxidation state. The iridium electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f145d76s2, yet the s-electrons transfer to d-orbital to form 5d9. The ...

Media Consumption and Materialism/Consumerism

Globally, consumption and materialism have become a fundamental component of the prevailing culture. Humans consume a myriad of products and resources that extend beyond their basic necessities to include technological innovations and luxuries aimed at improving efficiency and quality of life. Throughout history, consumption beyond basic needs has served as a method of boosting human happiness. Hence, excessive consumption does not necessarily pose harm to human life (Shah). Increasingly, however, important issues regarding media consumption and materialism have emerged in recent decades. As such, this study examines the neuroscience of human emotions, the use of recreational substances, and the ...

Part A

Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs and Herzberg Two-Factor theory are some of the motivation theories that underlie the switch to the new scheduling system at Montego Bay. Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of needs postulates that human beings have a set of five needs arranged in a definite order with three low-level level needs (physiological needs, safety needs, and social needs) and two high-level needs (esteem needs and self actualization needs) (Griffin, 2016). The scheduling system generates work schedules based on the daily performance metrics. Consequently, employees like Sylvia find themselves with lesser hours with which they are not able to ...

The periodic table of elements, by far, stands among the most notable discoveries in the history of chemistry. Nowadays, probably everyone who has ever heard about chemistry heard about the periodic table of elements. Its implications on the scientific world are so enormous that it has even leaked out to the general public and have become associated with the chemistry itself. This is not surprising considering the scientific strength of this instrument. Using the periodic table, many characteristic properties of the elements can be predicted and many phenomena can be explained. This discovery put so much scientific knowledge together, ...

Psychology: Exploring the Relations of Micro Expression to Professional Performance

Psychology: Exploring the Relations of Micro Expression to Professional Performance

According to the studies conducted by Albert Mehrabian in 1971, in communication process, around 93% of human communication takes place through non-verbal mode. He divided the communication process into three parts; words (7%), tone of the voice (38%), and body language 55% (Mehrabian, 1981). Among non-verbal modes of communication the commonly used mode is the facial expressions. The face of the person expresses his/her emotions. Yet, some part of emotions is sometimes not clear to everyone. We all are not experts in identifying each and every expression of the ...

Summary

Over the past few years, there has been a growing interest among neurosurgeons on the potential for therapies that impact on diseases, over and above the movement disorders and pain. One of the biggest targets of this increasing interest has been the nucleus accumbens. It has been studied for long, as an area of the brain that mediates a variety of behaviors, including reward and satisfaction (Salgado & Kaplitt, 2015). With this in mind, the modulation of the biology of the Nucleus Accumbens through either deep brain stimulation or through biological therapies like gene therapy or the transplantation of cells ...

The film describes a group of employees of a fictitious company «Initech». Shortly after the start of the film the company hires two consultants named Bob (namesake) in order to help the company reduce its costs. These two Bobs basically interview employees to determine who need to be fired.

CORE ISSUE

Peter is in stress. His work in office reduces his effectiveness because of his stress. Peter knows that he risks being dismissed in the list compiled by Bobs. An absurd accident comes at a time when his girlfriend takes him to the medical hypnosis therapy. The physician-hypnotherapist dies of a ...

Introduction

Acids and bases are chemicals with a wide range of applications both industrially and on small-scale basis. According to Arrhenius, an acid is a substance that liberates H+ when placed in water (Slabaugh & Spencer, 167). On the other hand, a base is a substance that liberates OH- when placed in water (Slabaugh & Spencer, 167). To illustrate, pure water dissociates partially to produce hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions as shown in the equation below: H2Ol H+aq+ OH-aq In the above equation, water dissociates to produce H+ and OH-. If an acidic substance is placed in water, it reacts with ...

Uncertainty Reduction Theory (URT), developed by Berger & Calabrese in the year 1975, is an experiential theory that states that individuals always feel the need to reduce uncertainty in initial face to face relationship interactions so as to feel comfortable about developing those relationships further. URT proposes that behavior in early acquaintance communication is clearly understood through the individual’s ability to predict and explain the behaviors of self and partners. URT posits that the early interaction between two strangers is primarily motivated by the goal of uncertainty reduction and this involves making the behavior of oneself and that of ...

A CASE STUDY OF SODEXO

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This research evaluates the management styles at Sodexo and the impact that such style shave on Personnel motivation. Sodexo is a popular international company whose services fall under the hospitality and catering sector. A total population of 25 respondents will be targeted in this study excluding any person in management with a 100% response rate. Questionnaires will be used to acquire information from the target participants. The study offers valuable insight into the wide array of management styles and the impact such management styles would have on employees’ motivation. The study’s result should indicate that for ...

Kurt Lewin was known introduce such notion as group dynamics in the terminology of psychology and psychotherapy. With it, he implied the process of the interaction of social and psychological determinants influencing the behavior of individuals in groups and communities (O'Connell, Cuthbertson, 2009). Although Lewin was not involved in therapeutic practice, the term group dynamics is constantly used in the area of group therapy by such famous representatives as Carl Rogers, William Schutz, Stanislav Kratochvil, and others. It is hard to disregard the significance of group dynamics, since the very idea and aim of group psychotherapy lies not just ...

Expectancy theory of motivation developed by Victor H. Vroom states that individuals are motivated to do something if the perceive the outcome as being desirable for them, and if they believe that their actions will result in successful achievement of that outcome (Kroontz, 2010). In other words, it is possible to measure the strength of a person’s motivation by multiplying the perceived value of the outcome by the confidence that this person’s efforts will substantially contribute to achievement of the goal. Formula depiction of this concept is the following: Motivation = Valence * Expectancy. According to Hill and McShane ( ...

A computer is an electronic device that can be programmed to store information, and perform arithmetic and logical operations. People use computers to simplify their work by using the internet, calculations and word processing capability of these devices. People have innovated ways to improve computers from analogue systems to the modern efficient computers that have larger storage space and are portable. Research continues on various ways to enhance the computer systems and solve the existing challenges on their usage. The type of atoms a material is made of is an essential characteristic of any matter. There are neutral and ...

Chapter 3 Atoms and the Periodic Table

For centuries, many have tried to learn about the smallest particle. As far as 2500 years ago, Democritus and Leucippus created an idea for the atom and called it ‘atmos’ meaning indivisible. Various philosophers and scientists have proposed models for what and how the atom should be. The initial theory proposed by Dalton in 1803 states that atoms are indivisible and that all atoms of a particular material are identical. He also stated that atoms of different materials join to form compounds. J.J. Thompson proposed the initial model of the atom. It is called the plum pudding model. He theorized ...

Methods of Heat Transfer

Conduction The first method through which heat is transferred from one object to another is conduction. Conduction occurs in liquids and solids through transfer of kinetic energy present in one particle to the immediate particle(s) in its surrounding. By considering the bonds existing between atoms and molecules in solids as elastic links, the vibration of one particle due to increase energy level caused by heat, the next in its line vibrate too. This process is replicated in adjacent particles thereby allowing transfer of thermal energy from a body with a higher temperature as compared to the one with low ...

Ricci v. DeStefano, 557 U.S. 557 (2009) was a controversial case that was decided by the United States Supreme court. The case concerned racial discrimination practices by New Haven, Connecticut’s fire department. The department had eighteen employees where seventeen were white, while there was only one Hispanic. The company in 2003 had seven openings for captain and eight positions for lieutenant. The department administered civil service examinations to fill the positions. The test consisted of two segments where one was oral and the other was written. The New Haven Department of Human Resources issued and RFP for the exams ...

Psychology

In their research “The emotional roots of conspiratorial perceptions, system justification, and belief in the paranormal”, Whitson, Galinsky and Kay (2014) addressed human emotions that are linked with the uncertainty of the world. They suggest a hypothesis that these emotions (such as fear, surprise, hope, etc.) should promote the need to endow the world with structure and order using a variety of compensatory measures. The reason to conduct the experiments described in the article was a desire to prove that the certainty of the emotions plays a greater role than its valence in the process of activating compensatory control. Moreover, the experiments ...

Employee Motivation in the Public Sector and the Case Study of Implementing Teacher Pay for Performance as means of motivation in NY Public Schools Employee Motivation in the Public Sector and the Case Study of Implementing Teacher Pay for Performance as means of motivation in NY Public Schools Motivation of the employees is an important aspect in the public sector. Motivation increases the efficiency and effectiveness of the employees in the public sector by enabling them to feel that there is an appreciation in their work ("Evaluating the Effectiveness of Teacher Pay-for-Performance | RAND," n.d.). As such, they ...

Introduction 3

Background on Report 3 Current Technologies Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Technology 5 Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 8 Solar Heating and Cooling (SCH) Technology 10 Analysis and Recommendation 11 Conclusion 12 Figures and Tables Figure 1: Diagram of a P-N junction in a Photovoltaic Cell 6 Figure 2: A Typical Parabolic Through CSP System 9 Figure 3: Wakiki Shore Apartments in Honolulu, Hawaii 11

Used in Contemporary Society

Introduction The use of fossil fuels results in combustion gases which contribute to global warming. Furthermore, these combustion gases result in air pollution which is detrimental to the ...

Abstract

Scientists have conducted multiple ab initio calculations to determine the infrared spectra and the array of complexes BrH: NH3, ClH: NH3 and FH: NH3. Additionally, the research incorporates investigating the effects of inert gasses’ atoms on the infrared spectra and arrangements. The scientists constructed a double dimension MP2/6-31+G (d, p) energy surface for complexes XH: NH3. The two-facet Schrodinger calculations were solved for the dimer and the proton stretching series. Most complexes have differing infrared spectra even though their equilibrium arrangements are characterized by traditional hydrogen bonds. The grounds (v=0) and (v=1) that are both found in FH.NH3 describe the ...

Introduction

Prussian blue was discovered by Diesbach and Dippel between 1704 and 1707 in Berlin and was initially used as a synthetic pigment. The new pigment of Prussian blue was less expensive but readily produced unlike the other blue pigments initially used during the blue color paintings. 1 Evidential document provides that Prussian blue was produced in Berlin between 1708 to 1716 by Frisch and Diesbach. Selling of Prussian blue was initially done by Frisch. Dippel also produced the compound while he was in Netherlands until 1714. Frisch and Diesbach attempted to keep the secrecy of the production of Prussian blue ...

METHOD

PARTICIPANTS Initially, I identified 963 individuals to participate in the study. The number reduced to 876 after cleaning and identifying those that were not truthful. Eventually, I settled on a filtered sample of 625 participants. I noted the participant sample size both initially and after data cleaning. The inclusion method involved the responses from the participants. Additionally, Psychology 105 students were included in the study. The exclusion criteria involved the participants who did not respond randomly. Eligibility of participants varied from the demographics, to timeline follow back to the AEAS. Firstly, the participants were to be of both genders. ...

Expectancy theory of motivation is based on cognitive psychology. The theory opinionates that people are motivated by their conscious expectations of what will happen if they undertake particular things. The individuals are in most cases more productive when their belief is inclined to the realization of their expectations. This essay seeks to examine the three elements of the expectancy theory in relation to the managerial motivation towards employees.

The three elements of expectancy theory include

- expectancy, - instrumentality - Valence

Expectancy

Expectancy refers to an individual’s belief that working hard will bring the desired level of performance. This effort-performance element, which can be ...

The behaviour of organizational employees plays a colossal role in enhancing the success of any given organization. This can be attributed to the fact that employee’s behaviour determines the choices that employees regarding a wider array of duties assigned to them. Victor Vroom’s expectancy theory of motivation offers a comprehensive analysis regarding personal behaviour. In a nutshell, the expectancy theory is based on the premise that an individual opts to behave in a certain way as they choose a behaviour over the other because of the expected results obtained from the selected behaviour (Champion, 2008). Deductively, motivation towards a certain behaviour is dependent on ...

Interpersonal Communication Theories and Infidelity

Interpersonal Communication Theories and Infidelity Infidelity is a common problem found in many relationships and marriages. Whether couples are married or dating, straight or gay, it appears that 48% of couples are unfortunately bound to experience a period of infidelity . Many believe that infidelity only brings on episodes of conflict between the couple, followed by an inevitable breakup or divorce. They do not think there is any way through infidelity, or that there is any other type of communication involved. However, interpersonal communication is far more complex than that, and the couple can become mired in several different theories in ...

Module/course Name

Executive Summary This paper identifies that Google Incorporation has not only focused upon the pay and financial rewards but also the extrinsic factors. Some researchers have supported the idea of rewarding employees financially and paid them higher while others have emphasized upon intrinsic factors such as recognition, appreciation and tangible benefits.

Introduction

The market today is highly competitive due to rapid globalization. Organizations, as a result, are more inclined towards making long term profits by attracting and retaining the best talent available. The main focus of the organizations today is towards motivation of its human resources so that maximum performance ...

Introduction

Many theories have emerged on ways of motivating workers as a solution to the low productivity in the working place. Since the world war, issues in the workplace have emerged, such as equality, gender discrimination, poor interpersonal and interpersonal relationships, and job dissatisfaction among other issues. Over the decades, motivation of employees has been seen as one of the most effective solutions to improve productivity in the working place. Today, many employees embrace various methods that motivate their work force such as rewards, provision of good working condition, job security, and eliminating any factor that would cause job dissatisfaction to ...

Abstract

Understanding motivation and the determinants of motivational levels in criminal justice organization is an area of interest among various researchers. Motivation is defined as the factors within or outside an individual that stimulate the desire to do something. Motives can either be intrinsic or intrinsic. Every decision to engage in particular activities or to perform particular task are influenced by the level of motivation. In this paper, three theories of motivation are discussed within the context of criminal justice. First isAchievement-Power-Affiliation Theory that states that motivation is tied to one’s need to achieve and have power. Second is ...

INTRODUCTION

In recent times, there has been an intense exploration of the Tunneling field effects transistors. This is because it has been discovered to have the potential to offer a way out of many concerns, especially the power concerns, in nanoelectronics. “Graphene nanoribbon was recently discovered and has been deemed ideal for tunneling FETs,” [1]. For graphene nanoribbons tunneling transistors, the subthreshold swing has been investigated to be a nonlinear function of temperature. The graphene nanoribbon has been declared as the best candidate for tunneling field effect transistor owing to its compatibility with planar processing, direct and narrow band gap, and low ...

Victor A. F. Lamme

Commentary:

- Consciousness is a much debated yet less known topic that has been debated by both science and philosophy. However most of our knowledge about consciousness stems from introspection and behaviour analysis. This paper helps us move away from the psychological intuitions of consciousness. - Through well-designed examples, the author allows us to understand that we cannot be the judge of our own consciousness. - We may think that we see the full picture but our consciousness consists of a small fraction of what is actually in front of us. This theory is well explained ...

Leadership and motivation go hand in hand in establishing a successful business and the type of leadership style applied in an organization is an essential factor in motivation employees in a workplace. This is essentially because of the relationship that exists between the leader and the employees in all levels of the organization as well at the communication methods used between the leader and the employees. As seen in the case of Lenthall Furniture Company, the owner had established authoritarian leadership style where all the business operations had to be performed according to his orders. In addition, he was solely ...

The ubiquitous climate change and the attendant consequences in the forms of flash floods, earthquakes, tsunamis etc has further intensified efforts at seeking alternative sources of energy to the currently used fossil fuels that contribute so much to the deterioration of the environment and the menace of climate change. The alternative forms of energy, termed green energy are renewable sources of energy e.g. solar energy. Theses green sources of energy do not contribute to the deterioration of the environment. The industrial production of hydrogen gas H2 is dependent on heavy use of fossil fuel-generated electricity to power the process ...

A counselor at a Summer Day Camp is expected by management to perform his duties to the letter at all times. Anyone who wanders off from his responsibilities even for a moment is sternly reprimanded and threatened that the next time such an incident happens he would be fired. One such responsibility is accommodating the limitations of campers especially during sports activities. This means adjusting one’s skill level in order to allow the campers to feel good about their performance in these games. Being young and competitive, counselors often find it difficult to adjust one’s skill level especially when ...

Introduction

The term affective valence can be viewed and defined according to its ability to influence the thinking capability and the reaction towards the surrounding world. In addition to this, it is concerned with the speed the mind can visualize objects and be able to draw significant affective content of the same. The affective valence is divided into evasiveness and attractiveness of the particular event or object in discussion. Moreover, affective valence can also be used to describe specific emotions into a specific object of interest. The difference between affective valence and emotional valence does not exist. Affective valence is defined ...

NITROGEN AND COPPER DOPED SOLAR LIGHT ACTIVE TIO2 PHOTOCATALYSTS FOR WATER DECONTAMINATION

Abstract: A new category of photocatalytic coating that can degrade chemical as well as bacterial contaminants under visible sunlight wavelengths was generated by the deposition of a stable photocatalytic TiO2 film over the internal lumen of glass bottles by means of a sol–gel technique. Such a coating was produced either in doped or undoped form. This coating used copper and/ or nitrogen for producing visible light-active TiO2 films that were normalized or annealed at 600 ◦C and were characterized by Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The degradation of methylene blue was seen to accelerate with doped and undoped TiO2 films ...

The Marion County

The research on tobacco prevention was in Marion County in Indiana State, which is one of the counties found in the United States of America. Marion County found in Indianapolis states with Indian being the capital of the Indianapolis State, which is the largest city in the whole region. The county covers approximately 403.01 square miles or 1,043.8 kilometers square. The county is 98.34% covered by land and the rest 1.66% is water. The population in the county as seen in the previous census reflected a 903,393 figure rendering it as the 55th most inhabited county among all ...

Question One: why it is difficult to distinguish between clinical-decision making errors solely due to intuitive judgment or analytical judgment

It is often difficult to distinguish between clinical decision making errors solely due to intuitive judgment or analytical judgment. The reason is because both systems; that is the analytical and intuitive systems act in tandem most of the time when making judgment. From a functional view point, reasoning commences intuitively. This implies that one interprets environmental information precociously at first. The intuitive system is activated automatically and unconsciously. This automated processing o the environmental information will give rise to one or more solutions from the working memory. The activation of the analytical reasoning will confirm or invalidate the relevance of ...

The Marion County

The research on tobacco prevention was in Marion County in Indiana State, which is one of the counties found in the United States of America. Marion County found in Indianapolis states with Indian being the capital of the Indianapolis State, which is the largest city in the whole region. The county covers approximately 403.01 square miles or 1,043.8 kilometers square. The county is 98.34% covered by land and the rest 1.66% is water. The population in the county as seen in the previous census reflected a 903,393 figure rendering it as the 55th most inhabited county among all ...

Johnson, D. (2012). Swearing by Peers in the Work Setting: Expectancy Violation Valence, Perceptions of Message, and Perceptions of Speaker: Communication Studies, 63:2, 136- 151. This article seeks to study on how swearing occurs in the workplace setting and to measure the perception of people on the same. From the study it is estimated that three percent of the communication made by adults in the workplace is all swearing. This means that most people have been accustomed to cursing in their ways of communication. The study aims at knowing the frequency of people swearing in their communications. The ...

Introduction

With Almadina is an investment house established in 1998, with a capital of 10 million Omani Rials and five employees’ in a 50 square meter office. the company was established to serve as a local stockbroker. Today, after more than 14 years, the company has diversified into, real-estate development, insurance, logistics, and franchising, private equity placement and recently into sharia compliant products. The name of almadina is now well known in many industries across the nation, it has been quite successful in most of the ventures and establishments across the board. Using the s-7 framework, we will evaluate seven elements in almadina, ...

Assignment 3

A mixture is a substance that has molecules of different types. Constituents of mixtures could be either elements or compounds. The different constituents of a mixture exist together in a state whereby they are in contact with one another. However, they do not combine chemically. In addition, the individual constituents of a mixture retain their individual physical properties even after forming the mixture. It is possible to separate a mixture into its constituent elements by physical or mechanical means. The melting and boiling points of a mixture are not definite. They range from one figure to another. It is also possible to mix the constituent ...

Abstract

This experiment sort to find an accurate and most viable method that would be used in laboratories to the measurement of iron concentration in aqueous samples. The methodologies that were identified for further analysis included; colorimetric assay (molecular spectroscopy), flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, redox titration (volumetric) and cation exchange chromatography (EMA technique). These methods were analyzed of their advantages and later subjected to a validation test. In the process, a wide range of CRMs were used alongside six other samples that contained unknown iron concentration.

The experiment was thus, geared towards providing answers to statements like; the necessity of quantification of ...

Abstract

The Stroop effect involves demonstrating a longer reaction time inherent in performing a more complicated task. The effects of conflict processing on reaction time is thought to be significant; the higher the level of conflict processing, the longer it takes for someone to react to that conflict. The current study measures response times based on four different exercises involving the reading of numbers and row length. The third exercise includes two levels of complexity (counting and number identification), as opposed to a single level of complexity with the remaining exercises. Eight pairs of subjects are tested for reaction time based on these ...

Abstract

The current study measures response times based on four different exercises involving the reading of numbers and row length. The Stroop effect is measured using mean reaction times to each sheet, and the t-tests for each comparison are calculated. According to the results, response time measurably decreases when order and number are shuffled.

Introduction

Cognitive conflict processing involves the selection of one stimulus among competing stimuli, requiring the ability to selectively attend to particular features in an environment. The Stroop effect is an experiment that is intended to determine one's ability to ignore conflicting stimuli while focusing on one single ...

The expectancy theory of motivation has been first developed by Victor Vroom in 1964. It attempts to explain the choice of behaviour, which individuals make in response to the motivational stimuli (Koontz & Weihrich, 2008). According to Vroom people try to achieve a goal only if they believe that the final result is worth their effort and if they understand the connection between their actions and the achievement of the final objectives. Therefore, motivation can be defined as a product of the anticipated value of the final result and the probability of achieving this result. Based on the expectancy theory, human ...

Expectancy theory

The “Expectancy Theory” is a theory in motivation pioneered by Victor Vroom (Droar, 2006). It is about the decisions a people make, and it suggests that an individual will choose to behave in a certain way. This is because individuals are motivated to choose a specific behavior over others because of the expected results. This theory proposes that behavior results from known choices among a variety of choices whose goal is to restore satisfaction and reduce pain. According to Vroom & Kenneth (June 1968, p. 30) an employee’s performance will depend on characteristic factors such as abilities, knowledge, and skills. There are three ...

Abstract

The paper deals with four main sections of leadership. These include leadership styles, dependency theory of power, expectancy theory of motivation, and performance appraisal in a company. Each section is discussed in details and examples of relevant scenarios given. Mainly, the paper identifies leadership styles in given scenarios, gives an explanation of the dependency and expectancy theories of motivation. Moreover, performance appraisal process in a company has also been discussed.

Key words: leadership styles, power, dependency, expectancy, performance appraisal.

Task 1: leadership styles

Identifying Leadership Styles

Leader A can be categorized as a level 5 leader. This is because he/she has transformed the company to a high ...