Essays on Karl Marx

Introduction

Different protocols are in use to ensure end-to-end delivery of data packets between networks. These protocols use different types of metrics in determining the best path to take in delivering a packet to a destination network. The use of routers in internetwork communication necessitates ensuring that the routers have the required information to determine the paths to a destination network. Some of the information needed by a router to route packets between networks include the destination address, the routers connected to it, the possible routes to other networks and the best route to networks. A router determines information about Continue reading...

Assignment 5

The Marxist theory of surplus value speaks against capitalism and all political ideologies that support a market economy. The theory suggests that, in a capitalist society, commodity prices are determined by the inputs employed in the manufacturing process of goods and services. A worker provides his services to produce a commodity for which the owners of the means of production earn revenue. They pay their workers a very small amount for their labor and keep the major chunk of the profits with themselves. Therefore, the laborers are exploited, and their efforts are not recognized the way they should be; Continue reading...

Introduction

The existence of classes in the society has a long history dating back to the 19th century in the Western Europe after the industrial revolution (Abrutyn, 2013). As such, because of the industrial revolution, classes emerged. In this regard, the classes that emerged comprised of those of the rich and those people who worked for them. However, since then different forms of stratification emerged in the society. Examples of such stratifications or classes are the ones based on gender, race, age, and religion (Bartos & Wehr, 2002). Consequently, various arguments exist concerning these new forms of stratification with some people Continue reading...

Hallstead, Ted and Cobb, Clifford, “The Need for New Measurements of Progress,” in Mander, J., & Goldsmith, E. (1996). The case against the global economy: And for a turn toward the local. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
Short synopsis of the article: The authors seek to discover why people and politicians are still focused on the obsolete economic measurement, GDP. Beginning by discussing the economic boom of the 1990s, Hallstead and Clifford explain that while Allen Greenspan was assuring the media that the economy was in great shape many Americans were wondering why they were working longer hours with seemingly Continue reading...

Part I

For well over 150 years, the theories of Karl Marx have significantly influenced the thinking and ideas of many sociologists, especially those concerned with the relationship between the economy and politics (Kimmel, 1990). The interaction between the economy and politics in a class society defines social change. In point of fact, change is an inevitable force that is responsible for societal transformation. Contemporary American society is in a continuous flux of change, thanks to such forces and factors as t3echnology, social awareness and the dynamics of a class society. If Marxism and its early predictions were anything to go Continue reading...

Introduction

The principle of the double standard of aging is thought to be more prevalent on women as compared to men. This principle dictates that women and men become less attractive as they advance in age, but the rate at which women become less attractive is rapid as compared to men’s rate. This principle has also found evidence of a difference in judgment in relation to masculinity and femininity as far as advancement in age is concerned. For men, there was hardly a difference in their judgment of masculinity while there was a significant difference on the judgment of Continue reading...

The Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx with the help of Friedrich Engels in the year 1848. It has been acclaimed as one of the world’s most influential writings. In the manifesto, Marx analyses the historical class struggle and the problems that have been brought by capitalism. He also presents his theories on the nature of society and its political intrigues. These theories should be looked at in the context of people suffering because of the hardships they had to face in order to survive. This happened in the18th and 19th century England, France and Germany. The Continue reading...

Reflection on Economic & Philosophical Manuscripts By Karl Marx

Marx in his essay Scientific Socialism speaks of labor as alien to the laborer. He says that he labors, but does not “affirm himself in his labor.” The labor becomes separate from both him and his life. This is the central theme of the essay and also the point of his writing. While communism, the governmental system that stemmed from Marx, may not have worked out as he envisioned, his disquietude with the capitalist controllers of production were valid. The solution others proposed from his work did not work out, as in China and Russia. But given the time Continue reading...

William Faulkner once said that “the human heart in conflict with itself” is the only subject that is truly worth writing about. There are many authors who have applied this advice to their characters throughout literature. From the complicated Nineteen Eighty-Four’s Winston Smith to the simplistic Sam I Am’s Sam, there are too many characters to name who spend the pages of their novel feeling in conflict with their own hearts. Two more examples of such characters are Bernard Marx, from Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and Louise from Kate Chopin’s The Story of an Continue reading...

Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World is a particularly challenging text to read. There are many ideas throughout the book that test the reader to look beyond what is normal or typically accepted, forcing an unexpected thought or feeling in the process. For instance the opening chapter of the book explains how children are raised in test tubes, coached from fertilization for their predetermined station in life, and then taught subliminally until they reach adulthood. Promiscuity is encouraged while being alone and thinking abstract, original thoughts is punishable. The society of A.F. 632 seems very organized and neat but Continue reading...

Worker Alienation in a Modern Economy

The term “worker alienation” was coined by Karl Marx decades ago. Built on the principles of capitalism and socialism, it addresses the concept that workers feel apart from the products of their labor. The result is a loss of his sense of humanity. In a capitalist society, exploitation of the worker exists through selling his labor and not the product of his labor. His labor is sold as through it were an intangible product. The product is sold and the profit goes to the capitalist. The proletariat now owns neither his labor nor the product it produced; however, he Continue reading...

The historical, cultural and scientific events of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries shaped human thoughts and philosophy. The purpose of science and philosophy is to explain the universe, meaning of life and where man fits in. Man has made progress based on the growth and development of science and philosophy.
The conventional opinions that were barriers to a richer human experience were attacked by Nietzsche, who disliked liberalism, communism, and socialism. He disagreed to the two-hundred-year-old western intellectual tradition of progress and condemned the morality of Christians. He advocated that the man was living alone in an Continue reading...

Although both Mill and Marks associate great value to liberty and freedom, both philosophers have a very opposing notion of liberty. To say that both these philosophers have very similar views on liberty is not a correct assessment. A close scrutiny of their works would depict that in essence Marx and Mills hold very different views with regards to the individual liberty and the role of society in this regard. While Marx believes that a total conformity to communist norms is the true liberty, Mills contends that the freedom of nonconformity is the only way to ensure an individual’ Continue reading...

The quip that, while man was born free but everywhere is in chains, attempts to trace and explain how the civilized man has evolved from the natural man. Accordingly, the natural man limitation and greatest asset is his body. The body serves both as an essential tool for surviving the day to day upheavals while also remaining a tool for safeguarding man’s life. Knowing neither good nor evil, the natural man is free from moral restrictions. As such, the natural man is as free as he wishes, constrained only by his ability.
In contrast, the civilized man is Continue reading...

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Essay 1

The Diamond-Water Paradox first appeared in Adam Smith’s An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (30) to illustrate the irony of value as seen by consumers and traders. It since became a classic analogical centerpiece among subsequent economists to explain their respective theories of value. This essay gives a snapshot of Smith’s original description of the paradox, followed by David Ricardo and Eugen von Bohm-Bawerk.

Adam Smith’s ‘Paradox of Value

So goes the ‘Diamond-Water Paradox’: “Nothing is more useful than water; but will purchase scarce anything; scarce anything can be Continue reading...

Abstract

The paper will address the social conflict theory that was instigated by Karl Marx in the 18th century. The theory had been in place since then but has undergone various changes with the changes in the society. The paper will exploit the developmental journey of the theory and discuss what was added or subtracted from the original ideologies of the theory in modernity. Moreover, there will be an examination of how the theory came to be. For instance, Marx came up with the theory after witnessing first-hand the exploitation of the lower class. He developed the theory to explain Continue reading...

Law and social theory

Sociology has been linked with the way people live their daily lives. Many scholars have tried to explain the relationship between law and social theory. The most widely known scholars or sociologist who attempted to create a relationship between law and social theory would be. Marx who came with what has commonly come to be referred to Marxism and then mark weber who was a well-known sociologist. Their works had similarities and differences, but their aim in trying to figure out the relationship between law and social relations was similar.Max weber
Conferring to weber work in his book economy Continue reading...

According to the Division of Labour as proposed by Adam Smith, growth is rooted in the constantly increasing division of labor. This thought relates predominantly to the interest of the labor power, precisely with relation to the breaking down of big jobs into several unimportant components. In such a scenario, every single worker becomes a specialist in a secluded vicinity of production, consequently rising his competence. The reality that it is not necessary for laborers to toggle responsibilities during the course of the day additionally saves more time and money. Interestingly, this was what exactly permitted many factories in Continue reading...

Marx is considered to be one of the most prolific thinkers and writers of the last 200 years. Is the intellectual figure that influenced western political thinking the most and his writings are essential to understand political ideas of the modern left. This paper will review some of his most original and revolutionary ideas.
The first discussion that comes to mind when discussing Marx´s ideas is his views on alienation and social classes. The heavy influence of positivism can be perceived behind his theories about social classes when he describes how men lose their ability to determine their Continue reading...

Introduction

History of Economic Thought is a subject which is has a critical account of development of all emerging economic ideas, seeking for their originsand, in most cases, trying to figure out their results.The history of economic thought is concerned with thinkers and theoriesin the fields of political economy as well as general economics from the far past ranging to the immediate present (Roll 1996, p23).The broad subject of economics was considered as a distinct discipline until the 19thcentury.
For instance, the ancient Greek philosopher named Aristotle, in one of his works on ethics and politics thought about the ‘ Continue reading...

World political arena has already seen and practiced a number of various theories, concepts and ideas of how to build productive economy, set the qualitative state machine, and form happy society. Over the past two hundred years, Europe has changed plenty of political ideologies and views, a lot of political movements and parties have been formed, and every political phenomenon has influenced on the further development of the European countries. Some of them (political phenomena) led to negative or unpredictable consequences; several had a positive effect on the nations and other were roughly distorted or reformed into the new Continue reading...

Introduction

One of the elements in the society that has a huge influence on the economy is politics. Studies related to international political economy seek to find out how politics influences the political and economic relations between nations and within nations. In a nutshell, economic relations refers to the selling and buying off goods and services, investment flow, the poverty and wealth of nations and regions and other related aspects. International political economy seeks to answer questions such as the proper role of governance in the economy. It explores the policies that can be constructed to induce economic prosperity in Continue reading...

"Mein Kampf" is a Hitler's book in which he in details stated his political program. In Hitlerite Germany "Mein Kampf" was considered as the bible of national socialism, it gained fame even before issue, and many of Germans believed that the nazi leader is capable to realize everything that planned on pages of the book.
The racial doctrine of Hitler was the main subject of the book. Germans, he wrote, have to realize superiority of Aryan race and store racial purity. Their obligation is to increase nation population to execute the mission - to reach world supremacy. Despite defeat Continue reading...

Chapter 9: Descartes

1. "I find here that thought is an attribute that belongs to me; it cannot be separated from me. I am, I exist, that is certain" (Descartes qtd. in Soccio 260). What does Descartes mean by this statement and why is it so important?
Descartes claims that there is no ego without a thought (mind) and this ego does not exist in a thoughtless state. That is one of his most important ideas, which led to a well-known statement - “I think therefore I am”.
2. What is meant to be proven by the wax example? How does Descartes Continue reading...

Karl Marx opposed the systematic inequalities in the society around him. He openly Advocated, at least for the near future, many social measures that egalitarians support: For Instance, a graduated progressive income tax, abolition of the right of inheritance, equal liability of all to labor, and universal free public education. It is possible that a society with economic equality can eliminate most delinquency. Crime and inequality are connected. This suggestion is according to three main theories of crime, economic theory of crime, social disorganization theory, and strain theory (Vito & Maahs, 2012, pg.161). The economic theory of crime refers to Continue reading...

In the 1840’s through to 1850’s there was industrial revolution and commercialization of agriculture. This brought with it social problems majorly being some members of the society amercing wealth while others lived in poverty. This paper seeks to compare between response to the manifesto of the communists by Marx and Engels and that by Walden by Thoreau. It specifically looks at what were the problems in their view and what were the possible solutions.
Marx and Engels viewed the greatest problem that faced the world at their time as class conflict. Classes according to them arose when Continue reading...

Human beings have always been relentless in their pursuit of property. In many occasions, the amount of property that an individual possesses defines his stature in the society (Ostrom & Hess 6). It is for this primary reason that humans have since time immemorial devised various means and ways of acquiring property. There are two main types of property. These are private property and public property. Greater interest is however shown in private property. As mentioned, human beings have always desired to as much private property as possible and over time, some philosophers have attempted to explain how the desire Continue reading...

The book by Freud, civilization and its discontents argue about the capitalist work and effects they have had on the society from a different perspective compared to the estranged labor by Karl Marx. Despite the differences that do exist between the theories, there exist some similarities that will be highlighted in the content of this paper. The similarities in this essay will be highlighted contrasting and comparing the contents of these two articles.
The article by Freud is based on his previous work which is religiously based. In essence, his try to overlook the existence of different pathological and Continue reading...

The communist manifesto that was published in 1848 for the communist league which was considered the first Marxist political party. Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels were members of the league and thus are the ones who drafted the communist manifesto. It was written at the time in history when communism was developing. The prime objective of writing it was to establish a foundation on which the existing classes, the working and socialism, could be united since they were different and sometimes hostile to each other as each of the classes struggled for control and power over the society at Continue reading...

Capitalism is an economic environment in which factors of production and trade are privately controlled to maximize profits. Capitalism is characterized by such factors such as capital accumulation and competition in markets and wages. A lot of theories have been postulated in a bid to explain the origin of modern capitalism. This paper focuses on two theories on the origin of capitalism by Karl Marz and Max Weber. Special Focus is given to the alienation theory by Karl Marx and the origin of capitalism as explained in by two theories.

KARL MARX THEORY OF ALIENATION

In the theory of alienation, Karl Marx explains and Continue reading...

Numerous debates have been produced relating to the ideology of atheism and religion. These arguments have been raised by scholars and individuals who believe that their opinions are irrefutable. However, both religious leaders and atheism propagators are surprised to learn that the arguments related to the existence of God lives on for centuries. These arguments were all refuted immediately they were implied. Some of the genuine arguments given consideration are those that emerged with the past hundred years. Feuerbach, Marx, and Freud propagated these arguments. Therefore, this paper will scrutinize some of their ideologies and concepts in relation to Continue reading...

Compare and contrast Karl Marx and Max Weber

Two of the most eminent sociologist and constructors of the understanding of modern capitalism are Karl Marx and Max Weber. According to some sociologist they belong to the school of classical sociology, whereas according to the other they are distinguished representatives of modern sociological theories. Their work is important for understanding of capitalism and its impact of the Western society and civilization. Even though their understanding of capitalism differs in many aspects, one major similarity of Karl Marx and Max Weber is that they try to explain the reasons of appearing capitalism as a boom at the dawn of Continue reading...

Gregory Mantsios argues that though Americans refer to the contemporary world as a classless society, the reality speaks that class distinctions; class oppression and class privileges occur. To validate his claims, he explores the four myths and mistaken beliefs about America. This paper would describe and analyze the two myths of Mantsios that I deem interesting and of greater importance. The first myth states that “The United States is fundamentally a classless society.” (Mantsios, p.183) The second myth declares that every citizen regardless of their present economic status have equal chances and opportunities to succeed.
After stating and describing Continue reading...

Karl Marx's philosophical and economic works influenced almost every aspect of the European society in some or the other way. In his works, Marx focused on economic ideas, historical materialism and philosophy. In the early nineteenth century, Europe was under the influence of industrialization. The population saw a rapid growth like ever before. Several political parties emerged across the European continent. Trade took new shape with the improvements in the technology of production and transport. During the early nineteenth century, agriculture was the major source of employment and wealth in almost all the countries of Europe . Industry and commerce Continue reading...

Death of a Salesman is a play that addresses the painful conflicts within a family, showing how Americans are tackling issues regarding their national values within real means. Miller therefore depicts America as selling false myths founded around capitalist materialism, and nurtured by the postwar competitions. During this time, most American families had centered their ways of life on material ownership, often with attempts by individuals to be equal to their materialistic neighbors (Death of a Salesman).
For mastering the structure of the play, that is, to understand and interpret the script and casts he should rehearse and work Continue reading...

Evidently, the societal and political realm in the mid-nineteenth century was characterized by extensive dominance by the male middle class. However, this did not last long in that as the century approached, the ideas and actions of Freud, Marx, and the suffragettes challenged this, and advocated for women’s rights. The period after the mid-nineteenth century experienced the emergence of feminist ideas, which were fuelled by various societal transformations. Above all, economic transformations that were eminent in the period after the mid-nineteenth century fuelled feminism. Precisely, economic transformation resulting from industrial revolution resulted in the expansion of consumer markets, Continue reading...

Introduction

Monetary theory focuses on the functions, uses and management of money. The approaches to money go back as far as Plato and Aristotle. Aristotle focused primarily on money as a medium of exchange but later stated that money needed to be something with intrinsic value. He suggested that money should be something metallic and rare. As a result, Aristotle may be classified as a “metallist.” Plato’s conceptions of money differed from Aristotle’s because he introduced a credit component in the monetary theory. Schumpeter, a monetary historian, classifies Plato as a “Cartalist.” Karl Marx had strong conceptions on Continue reading...

The economy of the modern world reflects the two prominent theories of Adam Smith and Karl Marx. The world economy currently marked with free trade which Adam Smith theorizes in his book, the Wealth of the Nation. A small part of the world, however, is in the close trade applying the principle of communism. The western part, for example, engages in a free trade or capitalism form of economy, while a minor part of the world is in communist/socialist state.
According to an online encyclopaedia, communist/socialist states include People Republic of China, Republic of Cuba, Lao People’s Democratic Continue reading...

Introduction

Information and communication technology (ICT) refers to the act of accessing and gathering of information. The main mode of accessing data and information is internet. Internet being an open and public platform, some privacy and security concerns related to ICT exist. For example, almost everyone knows now that tracking cookies constantly collect data regarding the browsing habits of the online users and based on the information jam their inbox with spams. This tracking data is also sold to many marketing agencies which use that data to feed users with advertisements and product information. These information and spams are most Continue reading...

Karl Marx is an important philosopher in the Western tradition of philosophy not just because of his ideas, but because those ideas led to significant changes in the world in the 20th century as his ideas were adopted to fuel political movements and also in the structuring of new systems of government. The philosophical issue that Marx explored was a political philosophy on the divide between those of economic means, and workers who in order to get by needed to sacrifice their humanity to work lands they did not own, or factories in which their labor contributed to the Continue reading...