Public Dissertations Samples For Students

This research identifies public relations as an essential element for nations. Under public relations, the study identifies Jordan as a potential region of study. This research identifies various avenues of image management during crises in Jordan. The study of Jordan and its practices of public relations, especially image management involve different stages. First, the study provides an overview of public relations and image management to foster the understanding of the topic. Image management is all about maintaining the reputation of a ...

- Introduction
The importance of training and development in any sector cannot be underscored more. The work environment requires that the staff is taken through periodic training and development sessions so that they can hone more skills in order to deliver their mandate. According to Okotoni & Erero (2005, pg.2), training and development ensures that employees can execute both major and minor elements of their mandate. In this regard, it is important for that all the players in both the public and private sector acknowledge the need for training and development in all work related programs. This dissertation focused ...

Chapter One

Despite the fact that in 1996, Supreme Court Justice Scalia called single-sex education in public schools “functionally dead,” Single-sex education has become an increasingly popular model in schools since the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 was passed. This federal legislation promoted innovative programs for states to implement that included single-sex classrooms and schools (U.S. Department of Education, 2006).
Within any educational setting there were many factors that impacted student achievement that related to boys’ and girls’ physical, social, emotional, and intellectual needs. A single-sex environment provided boys and girls with a setting that promoted specific gender related ...

Executive Summary

This dissertation deals with the disclosure obligations of the Charities in the UK in regards to the executive remuneration to the public and stakeholders. One of the means of disclosure is the annual report of the Charities also known as the Trustees’ Annual Report to be submitted to the Charities Commission which is the authority charged with the oversight of the charities in regard to their compliance with what is known as SORP. There were criticisms in the media about the excessive remuneration being paid to the CEOs of the leading charities in the UK. Therefore, this study gains ...

Discussion

The strength of any public services is shown by the quality of its human resource. Developments in the economy have led to shifts in knowledge and expectation. More than ever before, the citizens are increasingly aware of the obligation that the public sector has to the citizenry. There is increased expectation for quality service delivery. As a result of this, there is more demand for better services from a public sector that is responsive to the prevailing conditions (Pepple, 2009, pg.1). Stalled development in Nigeria has been blamed on the failure to achieve development targets and goals. Scholars argue that is ...

Concept Paper

Graduate Faculty of the School of Education
Requirements for the Degree of

Chapter 1: Introduction 1

Statement of the Problem 2
Purpose of the Study 4
Research Questions 4
Coding and Theoretical Framework 5
Definition of Key Terms 7
Chapter 2: Literature Review 8
Summary 12

References 14

Appendix A: Annotated Bibliography 24
Introduction
One of the goals of an educational institution is the development of “warm demanding,” an educational environment in which the educational, professional exhibits a warm; but demanding presence in the classroom (Bondy et al., 2007). Current research suggests that there is a distinct overlap ...

The Role of the Teacher in Fostering a Positive Impact through Warm Demanding versus the Academic Performance of Students in Public School Setting: A Correlational Study

Graduate Faculty of the School of Education
Requirements for the Degree of

Introduction 3

Statement of the Problem 5
Purpose of the Study 7
Research Questions 8
Hypotheses 9
Definition of Key Terms 10
Brief Review of the Literature 11
Summary 19
Research Method 21
Operational Definition of Variables 9
Measurement 10
Summary 19

References 12

Appendix A: Annotated Bibliography 13
Introduction
One of the ...

Introduction

The policy making and its environment issue are central to the governance process especially in the interactional affinity between the ruler and the ruled. Therefore it has attracted the attention of the scholars as well as the practitioners within the scholarship and world of political science, administration, among other policy sciences (Anderson, 2015). However, there has been tremendous maturation in policy making and its environment over the years. The policy makers and the society have been analyzed within different polities in the global political community. This research examines the concept of public policy controversy by incorporating the role of ...

The Role of the Teacher in Fostering a Positive Impact through Warm Demanding versus the Academic Performance of Students in Public School Setting: A Correlational Study

Graduate Faculty of the School of Education
Requirements for the Degree of

Introduction 1

Statement of the Problem 1
Purpose of the Study 2
Research Questions 3
Hypotheses 4
Definition of Key Terms 5
Brief Review of the Literature 5
Summary 7
Research Method 7
Operational Definition of Variables 9
Measurement 10
Summary 11

References 12

Appendix A: Annotated Bibliography 13
Introduction
One of the ...

Introduction

Defamation is the publishing of a statement regarding a person’s reputation to the effect that the statement lowers the person in the estimation of right thinking members of the society. The offence is divided in two different torts; slander and Libel. The earlier distinction between the two indicated that libel involves publications made in printed form while slander is basically oral defamation. However, with recent technological advancement, the approach is that libel occurs when the defamatory statement is in permanent form while slander has to make statements which are not recorded or not in permanent form. In order ...

Fire safety engineering

ID:

Abstract

The primary purpose of this research is to illustrate the best practices which need to be followed in order to minimize the risks of leakages and mishaps resulting from the leakages. As the demand of LNG is on constant rise, the need of the hour is to prevent the leakages which may result either from the technical glitch or lack of adherence to the standard processes to be followed as recommended by the best practices through industrial standard. It is known that the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is not as harmful as the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and ...

Executive Summary

The purpose of this research is to try and examine factors that influence business performance of SMEs. The aim of this study is to give the seeing on how individuals ought to begin their business by taking an evaluation at all the elements affecting business performance. Thus help to lessen the danger of disappointment and expand possibilities of success. The study inspected eight variables that impact the SMEs business achievement. These components are SMEs trademark, administration and expertise, items and administrations. (SMEs) Is acknowledged internationally as an apparatus for enabling the citizenry and economic development. It has been connected ...

ABSTRACT

This study is designed to study the relationship between corporate governance in trading Companies in Malaysia, which are listed in Bursa, and the performance of those Companies. The performance indication is measured using return on equity and overall returns whereas the state of corporate governance is assessed using board composition, CEO duality, and audit committee independence. The literature review has been conducted to see the supporting and contrasting ideas to the chosen topic.
The methods for research have been chosen by developing a theoretical framework, where independent and dependent variables are defined along with their concepts. Hypothesis testing is ...

Section 1.0 Executive Summary

Previously Merchant’s Bank of Halifax, the Royal Bank of Canada was founded by 134 Halifax businessmen was founded in 1869. However, it was later changed to its present name in 1901. In 1941, RBC became the largest bank in Canada moving in parallel direct as Canada as far as the economy is concerned. With its headquarter based in Toronto, Ontario Canada, RBC is able to cater to 15 million highly diverse clienteles needing different services as indicated in the organization’s five business segments given its highly diversified and competent 79,000 workforce. At present, RBC thrives in ...

Introduction

The fashion images have now changed and they become surreal because of the easy availability of the editing software and the photography tactics and tools. Such software, tactics, and tools are letting the designer and photographer to do as much of the processing and editing as their mind come up with, which has changed the fashion images. Now the images do not look real because they are changed to such an extent that their originality is lost. Being a photography student, in this paper, I have focused on the the improvement in the photography, the use of tactics in order ...

Capstone Project: Healthcare Administration

Introduction

Capstone project also called culminating project, the capstone experience, senior exhibition, and the likes. It refers to a multifaceted assignment serving as the culminating intellectual and academic experience for students during the final year of the academic course being pursued. It resembles a very great extent a college thesis, but capstone project has a wide variety of forms. The most common feature is the handling of long-term investigative projects culminating in a final presentation, product, or performance. Usually, students are to choose a topic, a social problem or profession of their interests. They conduct researches on subjects selected, maintain a portfolio of the results or ...

2017

Chapter 1
Introduction.1
Background.2
Statement of the Problem3
Purpose of the Research.4
Primary Research Questions5
Research Sub Questions6
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework.7
Nature of Study..8

Significance of the Study9

Definition of Key Terms10
Summary11
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5

References

Feasibility of the Study
Introduction
Central to the case study into the impact of mining and quarrying activities in the Akamkpa mining region located in Nigeria is a feasibility assessment; an essential component of a doctorial research dissertation (Creswell, 2013). Problematic issues are investigated such as program time management, data and participant availability, site permissions availability, and considerations in terms of ethical conduct ...

Introduction

Roberts (2003, p.89) argued that performance appraisal is a controversial management tool that provides answers to problems within the system design and administration of organizations. Majority of the organisations have adopted appraisal systems to enable it gauge employee performance in trying to boost morale, and reward them accordingly. However, despite the importance and popularity of the performance appraisal in organisations, its implementation and effectiveness have been controversial (Liu and Dong, 2012, pp. 150). In fact, some studies revealed that there are many performance appraisal systems that have completely failed to motivate employees to do a better job (Oh and Lewis, 2009, ...

Introduction

This chapter gives an analysis of the results of the study to derive insights on why insider threats remains to be one of the leading and challenging security issues to deal with. The results of the study present a vague picture of what motivates insider threats in private organizations. The questions of why, what and how will be answered with references to the data obtained from the study. This section also demonstrates the actions taken by organizations and tries to link it with theoretical frameworks and pool of knowledge developed by earlier scholars.

Analysis

The belief that insider threats ...

Section 1: Foundation of the Study

The majority of business information is stored electronically, creating the need for a system of securing this information. As the systems providing computer and internet security becomes more and more complex, security is increasingly compromised. Interlopers and hackers continue to create new and more creative means of gaining entry to information stored on networks, and users are facing an increased number of security attacks. Surprisingly, despite the variety and amount of security risks, security tools designed to counter these are slow to develop appear for business consumption (Garcia-Teodoro et al, 2009). With the introduction of new technological trends, information technology ( ...

Annotated Bibliography

Broome, J. L. (2013). A case study in classroom management and school involvement: Designing an art room for effective learning. Art Education, 66(3), 39-46. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1355279565?accountid=161
This case study is a seminar moment ushering in a new era of systematic research in classroom management. Boom in his work, critically analyzed the varied factors that influence the teacher-student relationship in a class. The main aim of his article is to design a new art room that could provide all specific foci to the subsequent advantages in classroom management. In his new design, Boom suggests that the crucially of the new classroom ...

Introduction

This dissertations main porpoise and focus will be to address if the British armed forces will have any role in future international conflict. It will address the beginning of the British Empire all the way to the empire that we know today. After this we will look at concerns and threats that the British might face as well as the rest of the world and how this could have an impact on the British role in any future conflict. After having discussed all of the concerns we will look at the ability through advances in technology for any involvement ...

Executive Summary

Macau is a very attractive gaming destination in the Asia Pacific region, just across the border for Hong Kong. This city attracts a large number of tourists and international visitors. It has also seen a rapid growth in establishment of large gaming companies, ever since liberalization for gaming operators in 2002. This must have actually spurred economic growth, and boosted SMEs, which are the economic growth power engines. However, unfortunately this is not the case, primarily because of the intense pressure on manpower, which is contributing to labour turnover in Macau, so much that, almost 30% of the SMEs are facing closure ...

Abstract

This study analyzes the benefits and challenges of implementing an electronic medical system in both hospital and clinic environments. The overall research problem addressed in this study is determining how to effectively manage and communicate expectations associated with perceived benefits and challenges derived from a new install of an electronic medical record. The purpose of this study is to analyze perceptions associated with both the benefits and challenges derived from installing an electronic medical record system. This problem is relevant to many such as those who ...

Introduction

American education has been reported as average when compared to other leading countries. Finland has a top ranked education system. More than half a million 15-year-olds around the world took the Program for International Student Assessment in 2012. The test is administered every three years and focuses largely on math, but includes minor sections in science and reading. It is often used as a snapshot of the global state of education. The results, published today, ...

Introduction

Roberts (2003, p.89) argued that performance appraisal is a controversial management tool that provides answers to problems within the system design and administration of organizations. Majority of the organisations have adopted appraisal systems to enable it gauge employee performance in trying to boost morale, and reward them accordingly. However, despite the importance and popularity of the performance appraisal in organisations, its implementation and effectiveness have been controversial (Liu and Dong, 2012, pp. 150). In fact, some studies revealed that there are many performance appraisal systems that have completely failed to motivate employees to do a better job (Oh and Lewis, 2009, ...

Political Implications of Sino-Saudi Relations to the US and Regional Affairs

Abstract
As the largest and most influential nations in the Middle East, Saudi Arabia has been considered a valuable asset to any country wishing to have influence in the tightly-knitted Middle East. Many nations throughout the years have tried to sway the Saudi government and monarchy into entering diplomatic and economic partnerships with them in order to gain access to the region’s oil reserves and establish their partnership but only a few have been successful. One of these successful nations is the People’s Republic of China, which has strong diplomatic, economic and social partnerships with Saudi. China has been ...

Vernacular Architecture – Hassan Fathy

ABSTRACT

Before his death in 1989, Hassan Fathy proved a leader and innovator in a particular focus on vernacular architecture inspired by his intention to rediscover and use the traditional materials of the desert dwelling Arab of his beloved Egypt. In his journey, he realized the importance of the spirit of culture, of community, and of the roots of Islam influence on the best sustainable architecture of the desert dwelling Muslim in the community setting. Tasked with creating the design and development of a community for several thousand displaced people from the old Gourna village Fathy incorporated the poverty of the ...

- Strain as the actual or anticipated removal of positively valued stimuli and

- Strain as the actual or anticipated presentation of negatively valued stimuli

In all the scenarios, strain is responsible for creating a negative scenario, while at the same time removing all the hopes for positive goals amongst the youths. In other words, there is nothing good about strain and it can negatively impact on the behaviour of the victims in the long run if they do not get proper counselling.

In most of the cases, the victims of Cyberbullying often fear for their safety ...

A Comparison between UK and India

Abstract

Stress has been part of human life ever since the beginning of mankind. Initially, people stressed themselves out hunting for food, finding places to rest, and inexplicability of natural phenomena. With the globalisation of industries and the presence of multinational companies all over the world, organizations may need to consider adopting certain policies to match up to other similar organizations. Stress in organisations has become a major issue in the UK and most organisations now have policies and procedures to help employees avoid this and interventions are often in place to support them. It is not known whether ...

Advancement of technology specifically information technology is playing a significant role in buying electronics products (Tai, Pearn and Chen, 2015). This swift and fast modern technology affect the attitude of a customer. Consumers employ to acquire new models/versions and quality products. This is the prime cause of boosting the branded products, and numerous market players present themselves to consumers with a great deal of futures innovated designs in their products. In addition, consumer’s enticed to modern technology feels more comfortable about existing market trend.

E-commerce: Online Accessibility of Products

The online accessibility of electronic products provide a superior array of options, brand names and the lack of ...

Black Boys and underachievement: Myth or Reality?

Introduction
Since the decade of the 1960s, the families of black Caribbean boys have been particularly concerned about the academic performance of their children. The reason for this is due to an apparent gap between these Afro-Caribbean children and other students, especially white ones (National Union of Teachers | NUT | The Teachers' Union, 2007). Today, their scholastic success at the attainment at General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) remains well below the national average. In 2006, 44.9 percent of these children gained five good GCSEs or their equal compared to 57.3 percent of white students (DfES, 2007). The figures ...

- Introduction to Relevant Literature

This chapter reviews the literature sources which provide relevant information and data for analyzing the chosen topic of applying the marketing mix in three chosen countries on the examples of three companies: Blizzard Entertainment (US), Rockstar North (UK) and Tencent (China). The main area for the collection of academic sources was marketing, as it is directly connected with the topic. Due to the reason that marketing in computer games is not extensively researched, I reviewed the literature on marketing, game industry and some sources about the three chosen ...

ABSTRACT

The research argues that although a gas flaring stoppage is not successfully in-place in Nigeria, fitting the appropriate technology with complementary economic and institutional factors can lead to near-zero or zero gas flaring. Nigeria is a developing country with a unique culture of many tribes and one of the largest growing urban populations in the world. Infrastructural, political and economical challenges to meeting the goal are introduced. Reinjection of gas back into wells is not available as an option to gas flaring because a large region for gas production is wetlands (Buzcu-Guven et al. 2012). Wetlands ...

Abstract

Technological inventions in the healthcare sector are ever-growing. Healthcare providers are always looking for advanced technologies that will help in the efficient and effective delivery of healthcare. There are numerous technology-based healthcare solutions, and most are striving to reduce the common face-to-face practitioner-patient interactions. There are numerous benefits of this such technologies, as well as a host of limitations. Technology has modernized healthcare delivery because modern technologies help empower patients to be in charge of their health, and this in turn minimizes doctor consultations (Katz, Nissan and Moyer 2004). Technologies such as telemedicine, internet, robotics and telecoms have revolutionized the ...

Chapter 2: Literature Review

Introduction
Poor student development has been established to stem from the inability of teachers to effectively manage classroom behaviour, also stemming from ineffective instructional strategies. As teachers show a diminished capacity to support and respond to students’ needs, student rates of misbehaviour and poor academic performance will continue. The unproductive, unengaged environment of classrooms run by teachers without adequate classroom management skills results in a need to examine the efficacy of classroom management as a practice in addressing these problems. The following literature review examines the existing literature related to classroom management, providing a definition of classroom management, determining its effectiveness, and ...

Investigation of the United Nations (UNESCO) World Heritage Convention

Over the Temple of Preah Vihear
ABSTRACT

The research in this scholastic investigation intended verifying if the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Convention practices indeed contributed to the conflict already occurring between Thailand and Cambodia over contested border and who has sovereignty over the ancient Temple of Preah Vihear and found the existing literature more than ample proving this. With public, legal, and academic reports, the actions of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee proves it irresponsibly and with direct circumvention of its own protocols inappropriately named Cambodia with inscription on its Heritage ...

Sex Trafficking Survivors

Muraya, D.N & Fry, D. (2016). Aftercare services for child victims of sex trafficking: A systematic review of policy and practice. Sage, 17(2); 204-220.
The study employed the use of current practice, a systematic review of unpublished and published research and organizational policies to explore the various aftercare services that are afforded to the victims of child sex trafficking. The study explored the various services that children survivors involved in sex trafficking are provided with and the policies in place to ensure they are taken care of. There was need for the development of best practices related to the ...

Policy making processes can be long and arduous. Nevertheless, they play a very important role in determining the way a country should be governed (Anderson, 2015). One of the issues that needs urgent attention from public officials is the crowding in correction facilities.
A correction institution is a place where people who have been convicted of crime are kept and housed in an environment of limited freedom. The amount of time one spends in prison depends on a number of issues and the nature of crime committed. Convicted felons are transferred to places that suited to hold them according ...

ECON 4331W

Introduction
The phrase "the rich get richer while the poor get poorer" has become a worldwide anthem at many political and economic forums. While these facts are actually true very few or practically no one goes forward to act in a manner seen to strike a balance if anything many individuals are individualistic and greedy. Elite economists from IMF recently released a study on the causes and consequences of rising income inequalities. It is believed as a result of income inequality there could arise a myriad of complex problems, most of which touch and significantly impact upon the economic ...

Introduction

The phrase “the rich get richer while the poor get poorer” has become a worldwide anthem at many political and economic forums. While these facts are actually true very few or practically no one goes forward to act in a manner seen to strike a balance if anything many individuals are individualistic and greedy. Elite economists from IMF recently released a study on the causes and consequences of rising income inequalities. It is believed as a result of income inequality there could arise a myriad of complex problems, most of which touch and greatly impact upon the economic growth ...

Abstract

This dissertation formulates a research dissertation and strategy for a study into the impact of Islamic banking on the economic development of societies within which such banks operates. To this end, the research examines the major tools and impacts of Islamic banks on society by conducting a literature review. This is followed by the deduction of research questions and a hypothesis that will be used to form the parameters of the entire research. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the relationship between the growth of Islamic banking worldwide and economic development of countries wherein this growth is ...

ABSTRACT

The aim of the current research was to examine the impact of the wider view of CSR on operations management of any the organization. The aim was divided into four objectives i.e.
This research was based on secondary analysis. The researcher collected secondary data from internet and peer-reviewed journals to achieve the research objectives. The researcher made the following conclusion from this research. Decision-making is the core responsibility of managers. Operations managers need ensure that business decisions do not affect the society negatively. The business should not make profits at the cost of the environment. The manager should ...

ABSTRACT

The aim of this dissertation is mainly to analyzethe risk in the New York Stock Exchange using Statistical aspects and the computation of Value at Risk. The technique of Value at Risk or Value at Risk (VaR) is a methodology to standardize the calculation of the various risks that occur in a business e.g. banks, stock exchanges and corporations. The risk is defined as the probability of obtaining a result different than expected, the factors that will depend on the position of the entity, the risk factor under consideration and the time of calculation. Thus, the VaR seeks to establish quantitatively the ...

Abstract

Pop culture of the 60s that originated in Britain and spread to US followed a string of philosophical and theoretical movement turning into mass culture. Pop culture has had many proponents in fashion, music and literature as well as numerous characteristic features. Studying the 60’s fashion design trends in ...

Abstract

Background: This research is based on the background that human resource management and activities in the health sector of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is generally not evaluated as a unique component of independent studies. However, there is evidence that human resource management in the healthcare sector is very different from that of other sectors around the world. Therefore, the study sought to study the demographics, education, experience, career development and levels of job satisfaction amongst HR professionals in hospitals in Riyadh.

Methods: The study evaluated various components of the HRM practices and processes of hospitals in Riyadh. All ...

- Introduction

1.1 Background developments

Traditionally, accounting standards have been developed by different countries on the basis of local legal, economical and cultural institutions frameworks (Elliott and Elliott, 2009, p. 158). As a result, the standard setting was very country specific. With the globalization process at work for the last 3-4 decades and increasing mobility of capital internationally accepted accounting standards have become necessary to facilitate cross border transactions and make financial reporting comparable between countries and companies thereby leading to a greater transparency for investors (Nobes, 2004). IASB has been set up as a private international standard setter with a mandate to create high quality accounting standards ...

Abstract

This report includes the example of Deutsche bank in which the bank is accused of publishing a poor audit report with false figures and inadequate material to made analysis. The paper talks about the importance of the Risk, risk management, disclosure of the risk and the ways to disclose the corporate risk to decreases the impact of it.teh report includes the way through which the display of the information in the report affects the performance of the company. There are many ways through which good reporting can be achieved with even poor digits. The importance of the discloser in the ...

face-to-face, by phone or email, etc. There are two main roles of personal selling in the promotional mix. First of all, it is used to link the company with its customers. Because salespeople represent the company, to most of customers the salesperson is the company, therefore, customers may become loyal to the salespeople and company. Meanwhile, salespeople represent the customers to the company, which means company could understand customer needs through salespeople and provide more valuable products and services to gain more advantage relationship between customer and company.

The other role of personal selling is coordinating marketing and sales. ...

Introduction

Understanding self- identity in ‘selphie’ portrait photography looks at the influence of social media on the way people take mobile phone pictures connected to editing a new identity as portrayed in the photographs shared on Internet social networks. The amazing popularity of phone camera (see Figure 1) technology, photography, and the number of self-portraits finally appearing on Internet social networks continues creating a phenomenon. The effect looks at how social networks influence how people take selphie (Oxforddictionaries.com, 2014) photographs and edit them. Comparisons of film and digital photography linking to self-identity show a connection ...

For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology

Unpublished Work
All Rights Reserved
_____________
For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology
Alcohol abuse is a psychiatric diagnosis characterized by the excessive and recurring use of alcohol despite the negative consequences experienced, and it can be categorized as mild, moderate, or severe (American Psychiatric ...

Introduction

The achievement gap in formal schooling between African American children and other groups is stark. This has proven consistent over time (Coleman, et al, 1966), across jurisdictions (Clotfelter, Ladd & Vigdor, 2009; Bailey & Dziko, 2008), and throughout the K-12 system (The National Center for Education Statistics, 2014). Improving these issues is an obvious direction forward. Yet, the obstacles are numerous and multifaceted (Sanacore, 2004). Relative to the public domain, the school system is often targeted for a lack of understanding in relation to educating young African Americans of low socio-economic status. The curriculum is long been criticized for being de-contextualized to ...

Transfer of professional responsibility and accountability for some or all aspects of care for a patient, or groups of patients, to another person or professional groups on a temporary or permanent basis is referred to as clinical handoff. Transfer of patients and their information has an element of risk. This process can involve a written report, however the process mostly involves verbal information exchange between allied health staff, nurses, and physicians. There are minimal guidelines for information exchange, and nurses can take a major role and participate in interprofessional collaboration to improve the practice.
Substandard handoffs potentially can place patients at risk ...