Essays on Animal Cell

Hi. I am streptococcus bacterium. I belong in the family Streptococcaceae. My name streptococcus means twisted berry which describes mu characteristic grouping in chains which looks like a string of beads. I am nonmotile and gram positive. I am a common type of prokaryote. I can cause various diseases in humans and animals. If I were to look for a partner, I want something that thrives in the anus, pharynx, and skin because these are my carrier state. I can also look for a partner in raw milk and contaminated foods like eggs and milk. For me, the dirtier ...

THE SCIENCE OF FOOD

Cancer and nutrition – good nutrition is very important in the management of cancer and thus healthy eating habits are encouraged during this period. Tumors that develop in the stomach or intestines may, however, affect the way the body uses the food that is ingested and may not absorb all the food, although the patient may be seen to be eating enough food. The side effects that may affect eating when one has cancer include vomiting, dry mouth, constipation, mouth sores, loss of appetite among others. Nutrition therapy is advised for cancer patients to help maintain a good quality life ...

Vid30 complex participation in the degradation of CDC25 in yeast and their role in Ras/ cAMP/ PKA pathway

Background: Unicellular organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae in its total life cycle is exposed to diverse and changing nutrient conditions. Thus, in order to survive and achieve a competitive advantage, it has adapted itself such that it not only uses the wide range of available nutrient sources but also the sources that are nutrient rich. It mainly uses fructose and glucose by rapidly fermenting to alcohol. In response to these nutrient conditions, the intracellular trafficking transcription and turnover of protein from nutrient transporters (e.g. Hxts) get regulated. Therefore, when the availability of the glucose increases, the expression of low- ...

A General Outlook on Meiosis and Mitosis Processes

Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Think phases, starting and ending products, chromosome numbers, the purpose of each, and the cell types that complete each type of division. Be sure to do a DIRECT compare and contrast, and write in paragraph form - Mitosis involves one cellular division resulting in identical daughter cells while meiosis involves two cellular divisions resulting in different daughter cells. Meiosis produces four haploid cells while mitosis produces two diploid cells- this ensures genetic diversity by sexual reproduction in meiosis and cellular reproduction and production of general growth products in mitosis. The chromosome number also ...

Abstract

This examination paper acknowledges the spectacular diversity of reproductive adaptations for survival of various categories of land plants. It describes a typical life cycle of a land plant that reproduces via spores. It also identifies the different parts of Plant organs and their functions such as cell organelles, parts of a land plant, and epidermal cells. A microscope is an important tool for examination of biological specimens, including cell’s internal structures called organelle and is important in magnifying the focused area. Plants are classified into four main groups, namely, ferns, mosses, flowering and confers. This paper finds that ...

Gene replacement refers to a technique which utilizes homologous recombination (Carter & Shieh, 2010, p. 265), to make alterations by either adding a gene, deleting a gene or including point mutations. Gene replacement attempts to cure most of the genetic diseases at molecular level. A successful gene replacement prevents a protein from causing harm, giving new functions to proteins, and recovering or enhancing the normal function of a protein. This technique is commonly used to prevent, treat or improve animals. This is a permanent process that is very beneficial to animals. The process of animal gene replacement involves several processes ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]} A cell is a form of the miniature factory that encloses a distinct chemical system that is involved in structural maintenance, homeostasis, energy generation and reproduction. Every organism is made of these structural living units. The cell divides and produces more cells and assists in the growth of the organism. There are two types of cells, eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells are characterised by a membrane-bound nucleus enclosing the genetic material. The Eukaryotic cells can be divided into three main parts, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus (Cooper & ...

Introduction

The total number of patients with cancer keeps soaring globally with around 14 million cases diagnosed by 2014. Each year, about 8 million people die of cancer-related illnesses globally. There are quite some remedies that have been proposed to mitigate in the cancer menace. This study is focused on cancer treatment by curcumin through tyrosine kinase inhibition. Curcumin is the primary coloring agent found in turmeric, a tuber of the herb Curcuma longa Lin. It has widespread use as a flavoring agent (Aggarwal and Bokyung 87). It is also well known for its medicinal value commonly used to suppress ...

Chapter 9

Question 1

Binary mission in prokaryotes Mitosis and Meiosis in eukaryotes Question 2 The development of embryos as well as the growth and development of bodies. Important in asexual reproduction. Question 3 The term cell cycle refers to an ordered set of events leading to cell growth and division into two daughter cells.

Question 4

Interphase is a phase of the cell cycle characterized by the absence of cell division. During this phase, the cell obtain nutrients, the organelles duplicates, protein synthesis takes place, and cells duplicate its genetic material (its chromatids). The genetic material is located in the nuclei of ...

Research Question: Does a diet such as low fat and low cholesterol really help lower LDL? Hypothesis: It may or may not. Early research sometimes suggested not eating eggs would help lower cholesterol. This resulted in limits for how many eggs one should eat, if any. Determine if a low fat and low cholesterol diet really works with the study outlined below . Compare two groups of patients: one group eliminating foods which may alter LDL levels and one which continues on with their usual diet before diagnosis of the high LDL levels. Foods to be considered are eggs, 2% ...

Immunogenic cell death: the role of SAGE

Immunogenic cell death: the role of SAGE

Introduction

Millions of cells are always being removed in the human body not only to regulate and coordinate the body’s biochemical pathways but also to keep the cells healthy. This particular systematic removal of cells occurs through a selective mechanism called cell death or apoptosis process. Apoptosis is not a new concept in the understanding of the biological workings of the body. This homeostatic death of body cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many [1]. However, new discoveries have unearthed the existence of a different concept ...

Immunogenic Cell Death: The Role of RAGE

Introduction Millions of cells are always being removed in the human bodyin order to regulate biological pathways and keep cells healthy through a particular mechanism called cell death or apoptosis. Through apoptosis, such homeostatic death of cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many years [1]. However, during the past few years, scientists have discovered the occurrence of a different concept of cell death – immunogenic cell death (ICD), where the death of a cell stimulates a response from the immune system against antigens of a dead cell, and this mechanism of cell death may ...

Ans1: Growth is defined as the increase in size and mass of a particular organism over a period of time. It is measured in terms of biomass (mass of the organic material). An organism grows by mitosis. Growth stops after certain age of the organism. Growth is quantitative and measured by taking the measurement of height, weight, size and shape of body organs like brain, etc . Development is defined as the process of cells differentiation which helps in the development of the body. It adds complexities to the body (such as organ development). Development of the organism is a ...

Introduction

Millions of cells are always being removed in the human body in order to regulate biological pathways and keep cells healthy through a particular mechanism called cell death or apoptosis. Through apoptosis, such homeostatic death of cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many years [1]. However, during the past few years, scientists have discovered the occurrence of a different concept of cell death – immunogenic cell death (ICD), where the death of a cell stimulates a response from the immune system against antigens of a dead cell, and this mechanism of cell death may ...

Biology Assignment

- Cellular respiration is the metabolic process through which glucose is broken down in the cells to produce energy in the form of ATP. Anaerobic respiration or glycolysis is the anaerobic breakdown of glucose into ATP, which requires no oxygen. This process involves removal of hydrogen and electrons from glucose to generate NADH, pyruvate and energy equivalent to two molecules of ATP. In the absence of oxygen pyruvate undergoes fermentation, whereas in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is siphoned into the mitochondria and is completely broken down. The citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and ...

Definition of Some Terms

- Resting membrane potential: term denoting that Em is about -70mV - Depolarization: reversal of Em due to influx of sodium ions - Sodium (Na+): major extracellular cation - Threshold: minimal stimulus needed to cause an AP - Absolute refractory period: cell membrane insensitive to stimuli. - Potassium (K+): major intracellular cation

Answers to Questions

Describe a synapse, and include definitions of the pre- and post- synaptic neurons. A synapse is an anatomically specialized junction between two neurons, and it is where one neuron alters the activity of another. A presynaptic neuron conducts signals toward a ...

Eukaryotes are organisms that made up of cells that have a have a nucleus that is bound by a membrane. They also have membrane bound organelles. Prokaryotes are organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles.

Similarities

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA as their genetic composition or material. Secondly, both cells are membrane bound. They both have ribosomes. They have nearly the same basic metabolism. Both cells have vacuoles. Lastly, the two cells both have vesicles.

Differences

Eukaryote cells have a nucleus while the prokaryote cells lack a nucleus. Eukaryotes have a true membrane binding the nucleus in the cell, while the prokaryote ...

Virtual Lab Report

Virtual Lab 1: Virtual Microscopy A. Gauge the size of various biological components and organisms. The Virtual Microscope (copy and paste this address into a new browser window: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/ ) can be used to make these observations. Estimate the size (length and width in microns) of An E.Coli cell is around 0.5µm in width and around 2µm in length. A mitochondrion is around 0.5µm in width and approximately 10µm in length. A Red blood cell is around 5.5µm in width and 7.5µm in length. A virus is approximately 0.25µm in width and ...

Membrane transport refers to the mechanisms by which ions and other small molecules move across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane allows the passage of certain molecules down their concentration gradient. This passage depends on the charge, size and polarity of the molecule. Non-polar molecules and small polar molecules diffuse easily across the cell membrane by the process of simple diffusion. However, it becomes difficult for charged polar molecules to enter the cell even though the concentration of the ion is more outside the cell when compared to the cytosol. At ...

Introduction

Cells are independent units of life. However, when a cell becomes part of an organism, it becomes part of a tissue and organ system. Cells in a tissue are joined to each other and to the extracellular matrix (ECM) by cell junctions. There are three kinds of cell junctions: Occluding junctions, anchoring junctions and communication junctions. Occluding junctions occur in the epithelium where the adjacent cells are so tightly sealed together that even small molecules cannot pass. Communicating junctions allow the exchange of chemical and electrical signals between cells. Anchoring junctions are the ones which attach a cell either to its neighbor or ...

The lightning rod functions by providing a path of least resistance to ground. This path conducts excessive current that is generated in the event of a lightning. The lightning rod is part of the lightning protection system components. The rod connects to a thick piece of copper wire which is attached to a conductive underground grid. According to the lighting diversion theory by Franklin, the lightning rod offers protection to structures by providing a path of least resistance to the earth. When a lightning strikes there is a sudden discharge which is drawn to the lightning rod since it’s the highest point on the building ...

Properties of Life

When it comes to dealing with cells as a structural and functional unit of all kinds of life on earth, it is important to understand the biological concept of what constitutes life. Most biologists, including cell biologists will agree that life is defined according to seven principles. First, that living things are composed of cells. A cell is a unit that makes up all kinds of life, whether it is a bacterial life or plant life or human life. The second principle is that there are different levels of organization in life – cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and so ...

Sorting of the Receptor

Response to questions Q. A Describe the main pathway turned ‘on’ by the EGFR to regulate cell growth MAPK/ERK pathway is the main pathway, which is turned on by EGFR in order to regulate cell growth. This path comprises of a chain of proteins within the cell, which communicates a signal from the cell receptor surface to the DNA within the cell nucleus. When a molecule binds to the receptor at the cell surface, a signal is induced and ends when the DNA expresses a protein, which in turn produces some changes within the cell. One of the common changes are cell ...

Introduction

The thyroid gland is an essential gland found in various vertebrates, and has thyroid follicles (comprised of thyroid epithelia cells), which are supplied by a dense network of blood capillaries. The thyroid tissue’s main function is the biosynthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormone, which is an essential biological molecule existing in either of two forms, T3 and T4. The activity of the thyroid gland is controlled through the neuroendocrine system, which involves the hypothalamus and the secretory actions of the pituitary gland. TSH plays a key role in stimulating the thyroxin-binding globulin (TGB) and the uptake of blood iodine ...

“Abstract”

Cholesterol plays a pivotal role in the fluidity of plasma membrane in cells. Evidence of cholesterol evolution from lanosterol suggests that cholesterol has little sensitivity to changes in temperature as opposed to lanosterol. Simulations also revealed that there is no ld-lo coexistence and 3-phase lines in lipid/lanosterol systems as opposed to lipid/cholesterol systems. The sterol also favors a strong interaction with lipids having saturated acyl chains (Miao et al.) which is a key factor in understanding and characterizing the lipid bilayer model. Based on surface potential measurements, cholesterol and ergosterol reduce the penetration of water into the lipid monolayer. Results revealed that excess ...

The artifact in the chosen picture is the people. Some of the men are wearing traditional Middle Eastern garb. The other gentlemen in the photo are dressed in more Western clothing. They follow different traditions, and may have a difficult time communicating between each other. The difficulty may be language based as well as tradition-based. Whether it is one issue, or a combination of both, there is a gap in communication between the people. Cells in the human body act in much the same way. Though there may or may not be direct barriers, cells find a way to communicate information throughout the ...

Osmosis is the random diffusion of solvent water molecule from an area of low solute concentration to areas where the solute concentration is high through a semi permeable membrane so as to equalize the concentration of the solute on both sides (Kylstra, Longmuir, and Grace 289). It is a biological process essential to both flora and fauna that results into various physiological effects, for this experiment water and a mixture of syrup and water will be used to demonstrate the process. A laboratory report hence illustrates what the students involved, understood while carrying out the practical experiments. The purpose of the ...

Introduction

Osmosis refers to the net water movement across a membrane, which is selectively permeable and the movement is driven by a difference in the concentration of the solutes on the opposite sides of the membrane. A selectively permeable membrane allows water to pass through without allowing ions or solute molecules to pass through. Other small molecules that are not charged are also allowed to pass through the membrane. Diffusion, on the other hand, refers to the movement of molecules in a random motion as a result of the kinetic energy and causes the molecules to have a net movement from areas where the particles ...

Anatomy deals with the study of forms and body structures (both internal and external) along different levels of organization such as molecules, cells, tissues, organs and organ system. These forms and body structures performs a corresponding function which is responsible for the growth and development of an organism. The study that deals “with the patterns and processes through which the body functions in its environment” is known as physiology (Starr, Evers and Starr, 2008). Physiology is essential in understanding how anatomical structures perform individual and group task related to the activities of the body. For instance, one segment of the ...

Q1 Insolation can be described as the amount of energy of solar radiation received on a certain surface area and recorded in a given time. It is also known as solar irradiation and expressed as daily irradiation when recorded during a day and hourly irradiation when recorded during an hour. Throughout the year, the seasons undergo changes based on the quantity of sunlight hitting the Earth as it circles around the Sun. Seasons occur as a result of Earth tilting on its axis, moving in a loop around the Sun every year. Summer occurs when the hemisphere is angled towards the Sun ...

Aerobic Cell Respiration

Aerobic Cell Respiration is necessary for the respiration characteristics of life. Every living organism requires energy to use for growth and maintenance. Aerobic Cell Respiration leads to the conversion of biochemical energy into the Adenosine Tryphosphate (ADP). This occurs during catabolic metabolic reactions in which volumes of energy are released as a result of the breakdown of large molecules into small ones (Rich, P. R., 2003). This is an exothermic redox reaction which and it is through it that the living organisms manufacture energy. However, it can only occur if the body is supplied with energy rich foods such as ...

Part ABriefly discuss the signalling process which occurs when salmeterol binds to its targetReceptor

The receptor to which salmeterol binds The drug salmeterol binds to the active sites of beta-2-adrenergic receptor . This is a category of G protein-coupled receptors. Beta-2-adrenergic receptors have specific actions in the body. They are responsible for the relaxation of smooth muscles relaxation of a non-pregnant uterus, dilation of arteries in the skeletal muscles, contraction of the sphincter muscles and anabolic processes in the skeletal muscle. The receptor has a three dimensional crystallographic structure. The receptors work by ensuring rapid and specific signaling. The receptors couple with Gs G protein, the result being the activation of adenylyl cyclase. The receptors have ...

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a set of steps beginning with an observation and collection of information about something. From this information a tentative explanation or hypothesis is generated to explain what is observed. A prediction is then made and the hypothesis is tested by constructing an experiment with a control and variable group. The data is then collected and analyzed. From the data, a conclusion will be drawn (Have Fun Teaching, n.d.) Although this song only covers the basics of the scientific method, it is very helpful in learning the steps of the scientific method. People often remember lyrics of songs easier ...

Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV is a retrovirus, which is a unique virus family consisting of RNA as the genetic material instead of DNA. This genetic material is surrounded by an envelope of lipoprotein. HIV differs structurally from other members of the family retrovirus. It is roughly spherical and has a diameter of around 120 nm. Human Immunodeficiency Virus comprises of two copies of non-covalently joined positive single-stranded RNA enveloped by a conical capsid that consist of the p24 viral protein, which is typical of lentiviruses. Lysine tRNA is reverse transcriptase that is magnesium dependent and is involved in the packaging of both ...

Abstract

Water is an important chemical owing to its various uses by living things. Most chemical reactions within the bodied of living things require water in order to occur. It is purported that life evolved from water some 3.8 billion year ago following the organization of inorganic and organic molecule to form as prokaryotic cells. Besides, the well being of a cell is overly dependent of the balance between the water and the dissolved substances in the water. In this regards, the cell can permit water molecules to move in and out of the cell; the process in called Osmosis.

Introduction

In ...

1.0 Mitochondria in eukaryotic cells Organelles are special compartments surrounded by a bilipid membrane which separates them from the rest of the cell which carry out specific functions. An example of an organelle is the mitochondria which are known to be the “powerhouse of the cell.” They have their own genome (mtDNA) and are semiautonomous. They are said to have evolved from a free α proteobacterium like organism (Takasugi, Yagi, et al., 2010). The word mitochondria is derived from two Greek words: “mitos” which means thread and “chondros” which means “grain”. These two words offer an apt description of the morphology ...

Latrunculin B, methyl viologen and Antimycin A treatments on plant mitochondria which is the powerhouse of the cell. They all cause respiratory and metabolic inhibition directly or indirectly. Hence some are employed as herbicides and some used mainly experimentally to inhibit the respiration process in plants

The cell is the smallest unit of all living things. Both plants and animals are made up of cells which is the centre of control of all activities. These cells in turn are made up of several organelles like the nucleus, the cytoplasm, the nucleolus and the mitochondria all working as a team. Both ...

Homeostasis is the propensity of an organism/a cell to direct its internal situation, typically by a system of reaction controls, for the health and functioning to be stablelized, despite the outside altering conditions. The capability of the body /a cell is to look for and uphold the state of stability inside its internal environment while it’s dealing with the outside changes. Homeostasis takes place when the body regulates its temperature so as to try maintaining an inner temperature.eg in hot days we sweat to cool off, also we shiver to generate heat in the cold season. Homeostasis use hormones to ...

Abstract

Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a group of autosomal recessive lipid lysosomal storage disorders caused by mutations of the HEXA gene, which codes for the alpha subunit of the enzyme Hexosaminidase A, one of three enzymes responsible for the normal degradation of GM2 ganglioside, a substance found in high concentration in the plasma membrane of neuronal cells. The classic acute infantile form, discussed here, is a neurodegenerative disorder with onset at four to eight months of age in which acquired capabilities are lost and general neurologic deterioration occurs, with death by age two to four years. It occurs with highest frequency in the ...

1. Overview

The peptide hormones are proteinous in nature and may have 3 to 200 amino acids residues. This class of hormones includes all the hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary, as well as insulin and glucagon of pancreas. Peptide hormones are named based on their endocrine activity rather than their chemical structure; for example, growth hormone is thus named because one of its effects is to stimulate growth. The structure of a particular peptide hormone can vary among different species, with some homology between close relatives. Some small peptides are identical; for example, GnRH is identical among mammals but different in ...

Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) exhibit genetic heterogeneity. Most of the HCC tumors are associated with activation of insulin/IGF-1/IRS-1/Ras/Raf/MAPK/Erk and a WNT/Frizzled receptors/β catenin signaling cascade which provides targets for therapy. All the pathways are mediated by genetic mutations and signaling compounds and the loss of regulatory proteins also contributes for tumor generation. Two signaling pathways are involved in the carcinogenesis which includes insulin/IGF 1/IRS 1/MAPK and Wnt/FZD/β catenin pathways. The insulin/IGF-1/IRS-1/MAPK cascade plays a crucial role in regulating regeneration of liver and embryonic development. The constitutive activation of these cascades which is due to IRS 1 over expression leads to HCC ...

How an Animal Cell Survives

Although the animal cell is similar in many ways to eukaryotic as well as some few eukaryotic cells, there are strikingly large differences between them, especially the requirements for survival in various environments (Baitsell, 2008). The animal cell is one of the members of eukaryotic cell category, whose structure is quite complicated by the organelles present as well as the diverse functions they play towards the survival of the cell and the organism in general (Solomon, Berg, & Martin, 2004). The cell structure is defined by a plasma membrane that bounds a number of organelles, all of which function towards the ...

Plant and Animal Cell

A cell is the structural or functional unit of living things. Living things can be either unicellular or multicellular. Unicellular organisms are those that are made of a sing cell like the bacteria while multicellular are those that contain many cells an example being the human being. Each cell operates in its own way that is it takes in its own nutrients and converts them into energy, it also dose specialized functions and also reproduces. The cell also has its own set of instructions that control the activities that happen in it (Melchor, 2007). There are differences and similarities between ...

Aims

1. To observe and investigate the effects of osmosis across the cell membranes of a plant. 2. To investigate the ability of different molecules to diffuse across a selectively permeable membrane.

Introduction

All living cells are enclosed by an outer covering known as plasma or cell membranes. In addition, these plasma membranes serve as barriers between different compartments in the body to confine processes and materials to certain locations. Examples of these processes are diffusion and osmosis which are the main physiological processes that play important roles in the body. Diffusion can be defined as the process by which molecules move ...