Essays on Pricing

In determining the price of a commodity, a cost/management accountant must rely on valid cost information so as to arrive at a price that will incorporate all the relevant costs. Not all costs that are involved in the production of a commodity will have a direct impact on the price of such commodity, it’s with this understanding that management rely on cost information in making pricing decisions.

Organizations need to decide the prices that are acceptable for their goods and services. However, sometimes the prices are determined by the market forces of demand and supply and thus a firm will have little or no ...

[Author]

Executive summary

In understanding cost and pricing dynamics in relation to profitability, at least four issues face the cost accountant in tracing product or service costs, the value of which will be used as an essential input in pricing decisions. These are complexity, accuracy, ease of estimation, and time. Joint cost allocation is an example of a complex cost tracing due to inevitable data gaps. Sunk costs exemplify a type of cost the accountants normally consider as marginal and, therefore, may be ignored in the cost trace. Opportunity costs also possess a unique characteristic in its “potentiality” by nature, although quantifiable based on ...

- The relative merits of using a Cost based, demand based or competition based pricing method for the case of Cowgirl chocolate products. Cost-based pricing shows a variety of gross profit and product cost and most businesses use this method when pricing products. Examples of cost-based pricing include cost push pricing, mark up prices and planned profit pricing. It is easy to calculate pricing using this approach and allows an analysis of how different prices affect output needed. Everything in the business can be quantified into a cost, and cost-based pricing structure requires entrepreneurs first determine the costly expenses of production ( ...

Introduction:

Clearwater Technologies was formed by four MIT graduates. The Company deals in customer relationship management servers and focused on providing its services to small to medium sized companies only. The Company is operating in multiple products but QTX is the most successful product and major revenue earner for the company (Susan F. Sieloff and R. M. Kinnunen, 2007). QTX sales represent more than 50 percent of company’s total sales. Clearwater products are known for high reliability with life time technical support at no cost. As QTX is major revenue source for the company, the cash flows from the ...

Abstract

Marketing, if well planned and executed, can help boost the sales of a particular product. There are a number of aspects pertaining marketing. This paper seeks to look at two of the aspects, one being the product and the other being pricing. A product can be a good (something tangible) or a service. This paper explains in detail everything that one needs to understand about a product: the product lifecycle, packaging, labelling and branding. Implications of the stages of a product are also well explained. The paper has also covered the various strategies used to price a product, since pricing is a revenue source for business.

Introduction

Marketing ...

Is It Time to Rethink You Pricing Strategy?

Abstract The article under revision is taken from an academic journal MIT Sloan Management Review dated as of 2012 written by well known economists and businessmen Andreas Hinterhuber and Stephan Liozu who are also the authors of “Innovation in pricing” book. It is headed as “Is It Time to Rethink You Pricing Strategy?” and dwells on the issues of pricing and its role in the company's profitability. Economists know that pricing plays a substantial role and a strong impact on company's profitability indicators. Many companies nowadays use old pricing methods based on cost and competition. Businessmen mainly pay due attention to ...

Introduction

Pricing strategy is the way of pricing a product or a service. The price of a service or product plays a big role in the market. Price plays a big role in the marketing mix since it is the only component that brings about revenue in the firm or organization. The other P’s in the marketing mix are cost consuming and they are only undertaken for value creation for the consumer. Most companies set prices using simple heuristics which is always not with the strategy of the firms and economic reality. Retailers and producers practice pricing strategies that are ethical so as to ...

1. The role of pricing in the marketing mix Pricing is a very important element of the marketing mix. The process of setting the right price for a product plays an essential role in determining the overall success of not only the other elements of the marketing mix but also the overall success and profitability of the firm. It is thus very important that the pricing process of any product of a firm be undertaken carefully to ensure optimal results for the company. Pricing is the most flexible of the marketing mix elements. This ability to change prices according to ...

- What are the current brand and pricing strategies H.E.B is using for (a) its overall brands (Own Brands (HEB, HCF and National) in general and (b) its water brands in particular? Based on the information of the case study, the following points can be noted for HEB’s brand and pricing strategies for its own brands and national brands.

Strategy for HEB Own Brands Basket

HEB currently has three principal categories of own brands – HEB, Hill Country Fare (HCF) and the generic brands. HEB: this is positioned as a premium private label brand and is used as the flagship brand for the retail chain. HEB ...

Marketing

Introduction The recent years have witnessed a spurt in the entry of low cost airlines. This has brought about a revolutionary change in the passenger flight transport sector. The start of 1970s saw the introduction of low cost carrier by Southwest Airlines, in the United States of America. However the phenomenon gained popularity in the 1990s and diverse low cost carriers came to be launched at various parts of the world (Forgas et al. 2010). The main highlight of the business model of low cost carriers is cost saving. Such low cost carriers strike out services and comfort traditionally ...

Question 5

International Tax Systems: Approaches to Transfer Pricing Globalization is the new trend as companies are increasingly expanding beyond their domestic borders. Globalization is motivated by the need to seek new markets, diversify operations internationally, take advantage of differing tax laws among a myriad of other reasons. In order to take advantage of differing tax laws, multinational companies use transfer pricing. This paper discusses transfer pricing and the various approaches to transfer pricing. This paper will also discuss the recent developments in transfer pricing. Transfer pricing refers to the determination of prices for transfer of goods between subsidiaries both ...

The current paper is devoted to the analysis of appropriate promotions strategy as well as an illustration of the most appropriate pricing method for two product/target market combinations. When conducting this analysis, a conclusive illustration on the two promotions strategies is undertaken so that an inclusive decision is made as to why they are different or similar. Also, two pricing methods are highlighted for two product/target market combinations to present their differences and similarities. The two products combinations are non-lethal for handgun owners, and fitness products for black women aged 18 to 30. After conducting inclusive research on the pricing ...

Abstract

In this report, the author will review the pros and cons of several pricing strategies and will provide in depth analysis of the two best pricing strategies for the new product being launched. A recommendation will be made for one of the two, and an explanation given for that recommendation. Finally, a Channel of Distribution strategy to support the recommended pricing strategy will be detailed.

The President of Mobile Manufacturing, Michele Dietrich, has clearly set the overall pricing objective in the given notes of the case study. In Michelle’s own words, Mobile Marketing needs to capture a significant amount of ...

Pricing strategy refers to the consideration of the pricing models as a way of obtaining a strategic advantage in business. For pricing strategy to work, management ought to show deliberate leadership. The first article, “Is it time to rethink your pricing strategy?” by Hinterhuber and Liozu, suggests that we ought to re-examine the concept of pricing strategy. They hold the view that price setting and price getting can only be achieved through discipline. They assert that the reason as to why most businesses fail is their failure to exercise discipline. In addition to discipline, the author call for consistency. On the ...

Introduction

Price represents one of the primary determinants for successful revenue and profit generation for virtually any company operating in any industry. Airline companies operating within their domestic or international markets are no exception in this regard. It is ultimately the pricing strategy that each company choses to employ that will determine the competitive position of the airline carrier within its industry, as well as its ability to attract customers. The Airline industry has experienced significant change over the last few years, particularly in the years following the September 11th terrorist attacks of targets in the United States in ...

Pricing strategy

Marketers should develop a pricing strategy for new products to achieve the desired impact in the market and discourage emergence of competition. For the sporting goods company, a penetration pricing strategy is appropriate because it brings in new customers, increases the market share, and builds customer loyalty. The penetration strategy fits for the sporting goods such as baseball gloves, apparels, and tennis rackets among others because they are low-priced items. The penetration strategy involves setting an initial low price, which is lower than the eventual standard price with an aim of attracting new customers (Nagle & Holden, 2002). Usually a price war goes ...

INTRODUCTION

Service organizations face a challenge in terms of managing demand and capacity. Revenue management (also known as yield management) is a technique designed to address that challenge. Mudie and Pirrie, define revenue management as ‘provision of the right service to the right customer at the right time for the right price’ (164). Therefore, revenue management is a technique used to determine the optimal price of products generated by sale. It involves detailed forecasting of demand behavior and sophisticated mathematical modeling. There exists a strong relation between revenue management and marketing. Since, revenue management is responsible for demand control, including setting rate and availability controls, ...

The Pricing Objectives and Constraints

A company’s pricing objectives outline strategies and direction to achieve organizational goals. Pricing is a vital element in the market mix; a product’s pricing objective must be stated, and the company’s statements should include a defined timeline for achieving the set objective. A firm should consider various factors when setting pricing objectives, for instance, a firm should consider the overall financial, marketing, and management goals. The product’s objectives should be identified to ensure the pricing strategy matches the set targets. The consumer satisfaction is a vital element in any organization; the price elasticity and various price points should be reviewed ...

The current paper is devoted to the analysis of appropriate marketing mix for Chase Bank. As well, the paper undertakes to illustrate how each one of the four elements of the marketing mix affects, i.e. product, pricing, promotion, and place, affect the development of the organization’s marketing strategy and tactics. Besides, the paper is concerned with the description of how each element is implemented in the organization. When conducting this analysis, a conclusive illustration on the company’s marketing mix is undertaken so that an inclusive decision is made as to why each of the four elements of ...

Question 1:

Cost-based pricing is rather self-explanatory. It basically mirrors that costs that a company has faced while manufacturing a product in addition to the packaging, and might be a bit more, but never less than that. This method of pricing will beneficial to Cowgirl, for products such as Spicy Chocolate Truffle and even the Muslin bag because they form a majority of the revenues, 50% and 16% respectively. This entails that the demand for these products is relatively high and even if they’re highly priced based on their costs, customers will still purchase them. However, where competitive pricing lacks is that it doesn’ ...

Cost of Equity Capital

Cost of equity can defined as the opportunity cost of raising finances through equity. Equity comprises of ordinary share capital and retained earnings of a company. The rate of return expected by investors is the same as the cost of equity. Cost of equity is therefore important in valuation of shares. However, unlike debt securities, which have fixed interest, dividend paid on equity securities fluctuate over time. It is in the discretion of the management of any company discretion to determine how much dividend to pay in case they decide to pay dividend. This makes it hard to estimate the ...

The art of making decisions on aspects of the products in the real managerial setup is so hard. Theoretical aspects of product management appear to be so simple to implement. Actual practice of the theories present appreciable technicalities to the product managers. Product management decisions need consistent reviewing to ensure that the business thrives. The decisions made can be long-term, short-term and may require different levels of commitments of the business entity. Making right decisions based on the real conditions in the business and that synchronises with the theoretical ideal conditions is, therefore, a necessity. The paper covers pricing and ...

Introduction

Predatory Pricing refers to the practice of some dominant firms in selling goods and service at a rate so low that the competitors are likely to phase out of the market if they are unable to compete the lower price. This predation in price also acts as deterrent for potential new competitors to make an entry into the market. Though consumers are benefitted when the price war wages between the predators and their competitors, but when the competitors eventually go out of business, the predators create a monopoly in the market which is not at all beneficial for the consumers in ...

Wal-Mart’s return to “Every Day Low pricing policy” will not increase the company’s sales volumes and profits. This thesis shall assess the return of Wal-Mart to its low pricing policy thus draw the conclusion that this pricing policy is the best thing that ever happened to the company though its planned implementation is ill-timed. Wal-Mart is the largest retail company in the world. Testimony to this is the fact that the company is the largest employer in the world with an employee base of 2million and serves approximately 100million customers per week in the US retail ...

Introduction

The underlying research is an effort to exploring and critiquing the strategic pricing technique of strategic management accounting. Thus, the main aim of the paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of emerged strategic management accounting pricing tactics against traditional management accounting model used for the purpose of pricing products.

Literature Review

Strategic management accounting is one of the most novel but highly effective emerged disciplines in the modern business environment (Shah, Malik, and Malik, 2011). The concept has emerged with the critiques of traditional management accounting practices (Talha, Raja and Seetharaman, 2010). It was proclaimed by the early researchers of the ...

Introduction

Coca-Cola Company is an international brand that leads in the beverage industry. It has for a long time dominated the soft drinks market to outshine its rivals. Some of the major products include Sprite, Fanta, 5 Alive, Schweppes and many others. Due to competitive forces in the market, it is paramount for the management to outline a global marketing plan to safeguard the company’s current and prospective customers.

What price adaptations should Coca Cola include in its marketing plan?

Pricing of Coca-cola products should be motivated by the assessment of the entire market. This would involve physical and virtual research by the marketing department to evaluate price elasticity of different products ...

Nestlé’s Market Sustainability: Nestlé has transformed how corporations view market sustainability by expanding the scope of how it ascertains social and environmental impact of its products. Nestle analyzes all stages in a product lifespan and includes all industry partners in this analysis. Nestlé’s policy on sustainable environmental practices accounts for environmental considerations in the supply chain from raw materials to the final consumer. This enables them transform perishable goods into safe and high quality food products that meet consumer needs. Systemic management of environmental performance is therefore a key factor in Nestlé’s sustainable development strategy. ...

Pricing is one of the most important decisions to be made by managers. Not all organizations are free to determine the selling price of their products and services. Pricing decisions are dependent upon various factors such as product features, substitutes, and stage of product life cycle, competitive position and new concepts. Some businesses are in a position to select their target price while others are obliged to follow the market pattern. Pricing decisions are also influenced by organizational objectives such as profit maximization, increasing market share, covering of fixed costs and revenue maximization. There are various approaches to pricing including ...

The Facts of the Case

The ethical issue in this case is predatory pricing, and the parties involved include both local and international retailers. Predatory pricing takes place in showrooms and online advertising media where retailers lower the prices of their products in order to attract and retain customers. This pricing occurs during advertisements as the retailers with monopolistic powers price their products at lowly as a strategy of driving the competitors out of the market. Predatory pricing creates barriers to entry for potential and new competitors since they cannot survive under extremely low prices without incurring losses. Most countries consider predatory pricing anti-competitive and ...

Declaration This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Gaining Strategic Advantage through Customer Value”, presented by me to the University of South Africa for the award of the degree of Master of Business Leadership is a bona fide record of research work which was carried out by me under the supervision of Dr Sidney Shipham. The contents of this dissertation in full or in parts have never been submitted to any other Institution of higher learning for the award of any degree or diploma.

Acknowledgement

I would like to express my gratitude to my study group members of the ...

Introduction

Lego is an international toy brand, having selling points all across the globe, in almost 12 dozen states of the world. The brand is known for the plastic building blocks which are used for making toys of the desired shape and form Lego is an international, company with head office in Bullind, Denmark. The company started in the early 1930’s and has been making progress by leaps and bounds since then. Currently, according to a global survey held in 2012, Lego is the world’s third largest toy selling company. Lego has been making the environment friendly toys ...

The Strengths of the Walmart

The Walmart is the largest retail seller in the world. The Walmart Company has invaded all the North America and spread to the other countries all around the world. The Walmart has got its markets in the most suitable locations in many towns. Also considering that the Walmart buys goods in very large amounts, the Walmart provides the best pricing for the customers. Selling a large range of products attract many customers to the company. Also the company can create the best pricing strategy by implementing different prices for different products. In another word, the price changes in the Walmart ...

Supply management requires that suppliers have a basic knowledge of all its facets which include costing, pricing, negotiation, distribution and after sales service. Supplier costing and pricing are foremost among these because it will dictate the profit and growth of a supplier. There are several methods which a supplier can use in setting its prices. The first model is the cost markup pricing model. In this method the supplier computes its cost and adds a certain markup percentage. The markup decided upon must cover the profit and all the direct costs of the product, and depending on the supplier, it may choose to ...

ECO/365

In this paper, the student discusses the different market structures with focus on the oligopoly market. The student identified he food processing industry as an oligopoly industry dominated by PepsiCo, Kraft Foods, and Nestle. Moreover, competitive strategies are presented for the maximization of profits in the long run as well as the strategies that the chosen organization (PepsiCo) might consider in maximizing profits.

I chose the food processing industry for the purpose of discussion in this paper. There are three world leading companies under this industry namely, PepsiCo, Nestle and Kraft Foods. It is stated in the book Rule ...

Business Proposal

The market for delivery of quality and notorious cooked meals in Dubai holds tremendous potential. While growing at unprecedented levels, Dubai attracts professionals and skilled workers from all over the world. Due to the demanding work schedules of these individuals and their desire to obtain wealth, there is very little time for them to make home cooked meals. Therefore, they purchase the majority of their food from restaurants and food stalls which is usually high in calories, fat, sugar, and contaminates from unsterile environments. Due to this growing epidemic, it has been reported by the Dubai health authority that a ...

Introduction

Economics is a field which has its active recognition n almost every walk of life and it is an important thing as well . Alfred Marsha and Adam Smith are known as the founder of Economics who invented it. According to both of these individuals, Economics is the name of how to earn the money and how to consume it in a perfect and well organized position. There are two different branches of economics, which are microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is the branch of economics that deal specifically with the economics of individuals while macroeconomics is the name of economics that ...

“Creating and Pricing products that satisfy the customers” this article has been taken from a book Business by William Pride, Robert Hughes, Jack Kapoor, it is published on 1 January 2011.This assignment is relevant to 5th part and 13th chapter of book..It discusses that pricing of the products according to the satisfaction of custom is about an aggressive change one must adopt to run a business (Griffin et al., p.1). Changing or decreasing the prices depends upon the nature of products. There is a procedure one must follow to minimize prices. There are many things that one has to consider. It is ...

Introduction

J.C. Penney is a 110 year old department store chain that recently unveiled its new pricing plans and strategies in order to remain competitive in an increasingly competitive retail market sector. It can be asserted that majority of the companies that flourished a few years to a few months before the global recession suffered from a certain extent of slowdown after the latest global financial crisis was unveiled in 2008 from which the United States economy has not fully recovered (Lublin & Mattioli, 2013). The goal of the new pricing and integration strategy, as announced by the CEO of J.C. Penney, Ron Johnson, is ...

Introduction

Marketing is a key function of a business operations meant to enhance performance in terms of acquiring and retaining customers. The functions have several aspects and concepts with different businesses focusing on aspect which are key to their operations in terms of market orientation. In addition, there are several factors that affect a business marketing operations. In that respect, this analysis seeks to analyze the marketing concept and orientation in reference to Tesco business by analyzing its marketing process, target marketing, factors affecting its marketing as well as discussing how it can benefit from customer retention, satisfaction and relationship marketing.

Analysis

- Marketing ...

Business Recommendations Based on Pandora Media Inc.

Business Recommendations Based on Pandora Media Inc.

Pandora Media Inc. is an American based internet radio service provider founded in 2000 and stationed at Oakland in California. This company has pioneered the issuance of personalized radio services through the internet. In the contemporary world, the AM/FM radio is losing its significance and current clients prefer real time based radio services round the clock. Pandora manage over a hundred personalized stations that enable listeners to create their own tailored playlists of unlimited music. The company has launched a project known as the Music Genome Project. This project has and is helping clients ...

[Class Title]

Introduction This paper would like to discuss Ryanair’s business strategy and how it is linked with the company’s financial accountability. As stated by Friedman, a business’s primary accountability is to increase its profit. Apparently, financial accountability does not only relate to providing accurate reports and financial statements to avoid fraud. An equally important concept of financial accountability is on how it relates to managing company resources, expanding on strengths and how it effectively uses accounting tools to develop strategies that would provide economic benefit for the company. However, economic forces can sometimes become confusing. ...

Jason Jowers, a product manager at the Atlantic Computer Inc, had a great responsibility in the company after four months of joining it. Being the youngest product manager with fresh knowledge in management rotations, which included several projects such as business development, project strategy and project management, he had a great responsibility of developing a pricing strategy for the existent ‘Atlantic Bundle’ at the company that was a large manufacturer of high-tech products and servers. The ‘Atlantic Bundle’ was a new PESA software tool and a Tronn server. He acknowledged that it was a great task ahead of him, but was eager and confident to handle the ...

Executive Summary

As a new startup entertainment company, we plan to manufacture SmartTV as well as crate programs to be broadcasted on all television through established broadcasting network. As a step in that direction, our mission is to deliver continuously innovative entertainment products for the diverse needs of the viewers. We are in the process of doing SWOT analysis as a part of generating situational awareness. This process of environmental scan will help us better understand our position in the market. Next we will be applying the principles of Market Opportunity Analysis (MOA). These steps will help in goal formulation. The next stage ...

[Author Note]

Executive Summary

The main perspective of this assignment is to make effective strategies in terms of 4Ps of marketing. There is a hypothetical company has been chosen for the analysis, with the name of X-1. There are four different companies are also present in the industry with the name of X-2, X-3, X-4 and X-5 and all of these companies are doing exceptional job as far as competing with X-1 is concerned. From the assignment, it is found that all of the strategies like Place, Price, Promotion and product are in the favor of Company X-1 as far as generating ...

This looks at an organization, which has launched a new product into the market. The product is considered to be quite innovative and a plus to the users who adopt it. As an organization they have done their research in the market to know which people would purchase the product and their financial capability. The ethical dilemma in this case study is that the target for sales of the product will not be reached because of funding issues of the schools. This means the sales representative will not reach the target set for her and she will not get the reward, ...

A. Pricing for International Markets 5

B. International Marketing Channels 6 C. Products and Services for Customers 8 D. Cultural Dynamics in Assessing Global Markets 10 4.0 Summary and Opinions of Influential Cultural Factors 11 5.0 Conclusion 13 Work Sited 15

Highlighted Points

The purposes of practicing and aiming for international marketing are to understand how and why: - cultural diversity has been known to influence international marketing in pricing and contractual agreements - analyzing the roots of culture to integrate it into a global marketing plan enhances coherent business strategies for successful worldwide marketing - the references listed at the ...

Q1: Customer Lifetime Value' and ways to implement Customer Relationship Management Customer lifetime value is a concept used in marketing to predict the net profit that a business should expect in its entire future involvement with a customer. The concept does not consider the whole life time of a customer. Instead, there is a cutoff point of approximately three years. If a business needs to do marketing plan that involves revenue consideration beyond three years, the process will require a more in depth examination than what customer lifetime value calculation can provide. The customer lifetime value calculations also do not include the previous contributions of a customer ...

Business to business marketing discussion

With the current stiff competition in the business arena, firms use different marketing strategies to outdo their arch rivalries and increase their profit margin. Firms that adapt effective marketing strategies expand their market niche, reduce their operation costs, and enhance their efficiency echelons; an idea that promote fair competition. For many years, firms have employed penetration-pricing strategy and value pricing models, which increases the sales volume, profit margin, and expansion of market share. Penetration pricing strategy remains effective under certain market situations and for considerably short period. However, misuse of this strategy create unpredictable environment that hinder new firms ...

Pricing is the most important strategic issue in any organization. In particular, product positioning highly depends on the pricing strategy. Besides, the marketing elements like promotion, channel decisions and product features are both influenced by pricing (Smith, 2011). For the international product launch, the paper introduces the product to the United Kingdom as the preferred international market. It further examines the pricing and channeling strategies for the product launch. The paper basically explores the most appropriate channel and pricing strategy for both international market and domestic market via direct channels of exportation.

The pricing strategy will be applied is ...

Introduction.

This essay looks at the theory of predation and recoupment in business and market analysis. The essay makes a preview of existing legislature on predation and recoupment practices and its efficiency. They also analyzes various cases of alleged predatory practices and the outcome of these cases, benefits accrued, damaged caused and the court ruling if any. (Bolton et.al.2006)From the discussion, I drew findings, which try to identify and vindicate the type of market that the practice is common or is possibly practiced. I also give a critique on the matter and finally outlines the recommendation in the conclusion.

Methodology.

The theory ...

Business Marketing and Sales assignment

This assignment is being submitted on June 26, 2015 Question. 1. Pricing wheel: Used Kitchen Equipment B2B Sales The given business model needs a definite pricing strategy , so we will apply the notion of pricing wheel, which can be further broken into following six steps: Affirming Strategic role of pricing – Competitive and convenient pricing may be significant of for ensuring enhanced offering of the repaired products in B2B markets. Prioritizing pricing objectives – The foremost objective is to establish brand image amidst competition, followed by securing the return on revenue, and lastly to have a price stability in ...

Introduction

Competitiveness both in terms of product and or service quality and pricing can spell the different between a continuously growing business and a stagnant one that is ready for some downsizing. Naturally, businesses who know how to market their product well by setting the prices right and making sure that the customers get the highest value that they deserve in terms of quality are the ones that would most likely thrive. Their market share would naturally be higher compared to companies that offer poor value propositions in terms of pricing and product and or service quality. This principle, in fact, applies ...

- Introduction- To analyze Oil and Gas prices by understanding the basics of oil and gas, major event in past and important players in the oil and gas industry. - Key Points - Major Players in the Oil and Gas Markets. - Story of Oil and Gas through decades. - Decoding the pricing of Oil and Gas - What is the future of Oil and Gas? - Body of the paper - The major players that operate in oil and gas industry globally who have the political and economical clout to alter ...

Capital Asset Pricing Model

The primary role of capital market is allocation of ownership of the economy’s capital stock . Capital market theory extends portfolio theory and develops a model for pricing all risky assets. Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) allows determining the required rate of return for any risky asset. CAPM offers powerful and intuitive pleasing predictions about how to measure risk and the relation between expected return and risk. It is widely used in application such as estimating the cost of capital for firms and evaluating the performance of managed portfolio . CAPM has been the basis for calculating the required rate of ...

MARKETING

1. Which of the different product mix strategies discussed in the text applies best to Payless’s new strategy? Discuss this in detail. A product mix comprises of the entire product and services that is manufactured and sold by the company. The product mix strategy affects the product from all the angles. The product mix strategies are - Developing new products - Brand or product expansion - Existing product modification - Removal of any product or brand With the decreasing market space and the closure of stores, Payless was forced to implement a completely ...

1. “A firm would prefer to be a monopoly, rather than be involved in a perfectly competitive market.” Discuss. Every student attending economics class knows that perfect competition is ideal for any market, while monopoly is the worst possible situation due to a number of reasons. But at the same time, it is a well-known fact that since ancient times firms have strived to gain the status of monopoly. Why is it so? The matter lies in people’s nature – monopoly offers to a firm great power and control over market and requires practically no effort to get considerable income. At the same ...

Price and cost of goods and services in the market is shaped by the various forces that are within a given market at a particular time. Price and cost analysis is in most cases done by entrepreneurs in the market and governments that are involved in the granting of tender to various firms that are bestowed with the responsibility of the provision of goods and services to the people. There are various factors that affect the reasonability of pricing of various factors.

First of all, the cost of production by various firms determines the final pricing of goods produced by the ...

1. Introduction

Pricing policy in the air transport industry is dependent on several factors. Some of these factors include the running cost of the airline which includes cost of fuel, cost of maintenance, cost of hiring and retaining employees, marketing and promotional costs, landing fees to mention but a few. The pricing policy in the operation of an airliner is also influenced by the demand for the specific routes, target market and the degree of competition the industry. Basically the pricing strategy of an airline is meant justify the economic viability of the carriers’ operational activities.

2. Airline’s Preferred Pricing Strategy

For one to understand the pricing ...

Introduction

The automobile industry in the US is one of the largest in the world. The history of the automobile industry dates back to the 1890’s. Since its start it has undergone massive evolution to become the largest in the world. This is attributed to the large size of market available domestically. It is also successful due to the use of mass production. Until 1980, the U.S. was the largest producer of automobiles. It was dethroned by Japan in 1980. This was followed by the subsequent overtaking by the Chinese automobile industry in 2008 though this is greatly attributed ...

Reflective Report of Marketing Module

Introduction The concept of marketing is essential for an organization from different aspects, and the provision of the same is the one that make a marketing department strong and effective. It is the only department of an organization that works like wonders for them, because it covers both the strategic and economic well-being of a corporation (Baum et al., 2013). From this aspect, it can be said that marketing function and orientation are essential and effective for their future aspects and growth of the entity (Baum et al., 2013). In this assignment, it is required to make a personal reflection report in ...