Essays on Scientific Method

Scientific Method steps

Several ways can be used to state scientific method and the exact scientific method steps depend on how the steps are broken. However, the basic steps involves making observations, coming up with observation explanation using hypothesis proposal, testing validity of the explanation by designing and performing an experiment, and accepting or rejecting the given explanation through data analysis if necessary and even try coming up with a better one. The scientific method steps are important because they attempt to minimize prejudice or biasness in the experimenter. Even a scientist with best intentions cannot escape bias. Bias originates from cultural and personal ...

Wolfs (2013), describes the scientific method as the process of creating a reliable and consistent representation of a theory or hypothesis by actively eliminating all personal prejudice and bias from the person researching the theory, using the observation-hypothesis-prediction-experiment model. It involves the observation and description of a phenomenon followed by formulation of a hypothesis to explain that phenomenon. By using this hypothesis, the scientist attempts to predict the existence of new phenomenon especially as pertains to new observations. Finally, other independent scientists perform further and deeper experiments on these predictions. The scientific method was important in the technological advances realized during the ...

Sociology: DS2 Part 1

The first theme selected for this discussion is social construction of reality. This theme is related to a theory with assumption that reality is relative to the socio- cultural environment where people live and interact. It consists of one’s country, religious affiliation; city, education among a few other variables (Korgen, 52). From my personal point of view this theory contains inconsistencies because reality is relative to one’s personal experience. As such, it was my proposal to investigate this occurrence by conducting a brief survey asking a small sample of respondents to explain their views of reality. The questions posed were:- ...

The scientific method is a general process by which all scientists gain knowledge by considering questions in a methodical way. There are five general steps to this process. The first step of the scientific method involves observing phenomena. In other words, the scientist has to decide what it is he wants to know. This requires him to observe the world around him, and to focus in on his particular area of interest. The second step in the scientific method involves creating a hypothesis, which essentially addresses the topic in which the scientist is interested and about which he has made ...

RESEARCH PROBLEM:

Homosexuals are people that are attracted both equally romantically and sexually towards same sex. All throughout history homosexuality has been looked at in the controversial light along with lots of people seeing the idea being a shame, while other people visualize it as one accepted standard of living. Without having a question homosexuality faces resistance and is considered a taboo of minorities in our community. Scientific disciplines have an effect on the way the community sees homosexual and how they view themselves. When pondering over homosexuality and whether scientific perspectives enjoy a component in working out whether female or male are usually ...

1. In a classical look the problem of induction was formulated by David Hume who noticed that such conclusions are based on the assumption that the future is similar to the past, or on the assumption that events of one type are necessarily bound (by means of a causal condition) to the events of the other type. (1) For example, if someone is asked why we believe that the sun will rise tomorrow, we would answer that in the Earth turns round within each 24 hours (approximately), and that in the nature, there is a uniformity which guarantees that such events always ...

In biology many experimental procedures utilize the scientific method. The scientific method is a sequence of defined steps that start from the earliest stages of the discovery of scientific phenomena to its explained conclusion. A key element in the use of scientific method in explaining scientific phenomena is to have a systematic way of analyzing problems and reporting results. There are several stages in the scientific method: question/problem presentation, background research of phenomena, hypothesis, experiment, results and conclusion. All these processes allow a scientist to gather measureable and empirical evidence to arrive at a sound conclusion which is backed up by scientific reason ( ...

The term research can be defined broadly as the process that involves any data, facts and information gathering with an aim of advancing knowledge. Scientifically, research is defined as the act of doing a methodical study with an aim of proving a hypothesis of answering a given question. The central role in carrying out research is to look for a definitive answer to a situation. Research process is usually systematic and follows a standardized protocol and a set of steps (Shuttleworth, 2008). Scientific method refers to the process through which scientists endeavor to collectively and over a long time come up with an accurate representation of ...

Continental drift is an idea developed by Alfred Wegner which states that the continents are drifting away across the ocean. He also suggested the plate tectonic theory in the year 1915. The theory states that, all continents were brought together into a mass land million of years ago. The key evidence presented in this case is that, African and South American continents fit each other perfectly if they can be enjoined. In addition, it has been evidenced that similar fossils are found in different continents which implies that, at one point in time they used to be together. The distribution ...

Geographical evidence

- Fossil evidence of Glossopteris flora exists in Pennsylvania and Permian age coal deposits. This is in Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica (Trent, Hazlett and Bierman 68) - Close fit of the continental coastlines on both sides of the continents. Presence of geological features that were originally shared between the continents. Presence of faulting that leads to the formation of faults such as the San Andreas Fault indicates that continental drift has been taking place over a long period (Holmes 629). - Rocks had retained the record of their positions of when they were formed to indicate that ...

The scientific method is based on four basic steps. Firstly there is an observation of a phenomenon. Secondly, a hypothesis is formed which takes the form of an if-then statement. Thirdly, a hypothesis is used to make predictions of what will occur. Finally, those predictions are tested in a series of experiments (What is the “scientific method”?, 1998). The purpose of the scientific method is to create a road map that can be easily replicated by someone if they wanted to test to see if your conclusions were accurate. A hallmark of good science is the reproducibility of results, that is, the results ...

Abstract

In the present paper, attention is paid to the topics of scientific method and science in the everyday life. The first part of the project aims at finding what the connection between everyday life, problem-resolution techniques and scientific method is. It will be proved that scientific method is present in our everyday problem-resolution techniques. This will be shown on detailed explanation of scientific method’s steps in two separate situations. The second part answers the question of what aspects of our everyday routine are due to the development of science. The central idea of this part is that science ...

Introduction

In this essay, a research took place about the following topics, which are meant to be clarified: geographic evidence as support of the theory of continental drift, scientifical acceptance of the movement of continents, the process of the scientific method and theory development, the scientific method help in understanding the natural world, association between the plate tectonics, continental drift and natural landforms. With these topics addressed, in this essay, the understanding of the natural world should become clearer, adding new knowledge on the matter, which should complement the one acquired al throughout the course. - Geographic evidence collected ...

Merriam-Webster’s dictionary defines science as “a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method.” On the other hand Forensics is defined as “suitable to courts of judicature.” As such, Forensic Science is the use of a knowledge system covering general truths, tested through scientific method that is suitable to judicature or to public discussion and debate. Comparing and contrasting “normal” science with forensic science is a quixotic task. The contrast is absurd on its face because forensic science is appropriately a part of the normal sciences – were it not ...

The scientific method is a systematic way to explore and explain a series of events that may contribute to the body of knowledge. It is also applied to challenge or support existing theories that have accumulated from a number of research studies over time. The scientific method involves the following steps: observations, formulation of hypothesis, testing of the hypothesis, analysis of derived data from a series of test and drawing inferences or generalizations. Thus, the scientific method is a standardized method that is employed when acquiring knowledge.

Social science research has been defined in some literature as "any scientific study of human action ...

During the early years of the 14th century, most of the western civilizations are active in spreading their Christian faith. They have travel half way across the globe in order to fulfill their religious duties as well as expand their political territories. Religion has been powerful during this time and anyone who opposes their beliefs is commonly punished (Henry 3). However, there are also some who are taking the odds against religion and looking up into the sky for answers about the cosmos and other realities of life. These people are the creators and initiators of the modern science ...

Introduction

Biology and information technology holds many things in common. The two aspects deal with astounding complexity, organism representing biology and networks, computers representing technology. Experts have developed many innovations in the world today that focuses on solving different problems affecting the society. The following paper helps in naming and explaining how a specific scientific method helps solve the problem. The definitions of scientific and pseudoscientific bring many confusion and debates. Pseudoscience refers to the abuse of a certain claim that an individual does not like for any given reason. There exists a concrete difference between science and pseudoscience.

Strengths and limitations of scientific knowledge and the scientific method

One of the ...

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a set of steps beginning with an observation and collection of information about something. From this information a tentative explanation or hypothesis is generated to explain what is observed. A prediction is then made and the hypothesis is tested by constructing an experiment with a control and variable group. The data is then collected and analyzed. From the data, a conclusion will be drawn (Have Fun Teaching, n.d.) Although this song only covers the basics of the scientific method, it is very helpful in learning the steps of the scientific method. People often remember lyrics of songs easier ...

The Scientific Method is a way that Natural Scientists determine, test and prove their hypothesis. It is an organized way to prove or disprove a theory ("Scientific method," 2014). In the context of evolution, the question to ask is: is evolution true? The next step is to do some preliminary research in order to put the question in the form of a hypothesis. To do this, the background research aims to determine if there is any empirical evidence that may support the question. The other area to explore is to question what else may have contributed to the end result, if ...

Scientific Method is a process which researchers utilize in exploring observing and carrying out the necessary experiments in a bid to ascertain the reliability of collected information relating to a specific phenomenon. Accordingly, the methodology usually entails four major steps. These steps include observation, hypothesis, predicting and experimenting. Observation is basically the studying and describing a particular trend while the second step involves the formulation of a theory that seeks to explain the experience.

Observation may, in most cases, take into consideration previous studies. Consequently, the prediction phase relate to using the hypothesis formulated to make a prediction with reference to the observable facts. The ...

The modern scientific method dates all the way back to the days of Isaac Newton who, ironically, only went to university because his parents thought he was too poor of a farmer to make anything of himself – so they sent him to read theology (Weisstein, 2011). The climate of research and inquiry produced one of the most transformational minds in all of the history of science. In addition to his laws of motion, he also developed the basis of a scientific method that still guides research and experimentation done in the present day.

Newton’s scientific method boiled down to four ...

1) The scientific method is an organized approach used to explain why things happen or to predict what will happen. The scientific method aims to answer questions and problems objectively and accurately by conducting experiments. The first step in the scientific method is the definition of the problem. One has to have a specific problem which one wants to resolve. After defining the problem, questions must be asked. The purpose of asking questions is to limit the scope of the experiment. The questions will serve as a guide so that the experiment does not lose its focus. The question should be ...

Part 1: Scientific Method

The goal of using the scientific method is to determine cause and effect (Science Buddies, 2011). Keeping the five steps of the scientific method in mind for solving real world problems can save time and stop panic.

Scenario 1: You arrive home late at night. You walk up to the front door, unlock it, and reach in to turn on the light switch located just inside the front door. The light does not come on! Now what?

The first thing to do comes naturally; ask a question, “Why won’t this work?”

The second step is to gather background ...

The Scientific Method. As a biology student, I have had that phrase and what it means drilled into me for years. Observe, develop an idea, predict an outcome, experiment, assess, and refine the idea. Then repeat the experiment. If it reveals some interesting new aspect of science, document what you have done in the hopes that other people will experiment. In that the results and eventually your revelations can be proven. Western Medicine, as one aspect of science, follows the same basic pattern. Drugs are developed over years of experimenting in laboratories across the country. Eventually, this leads to the ...

Elitism from perspective of pluralism and behavioralism

Elitism theory assumes that the country is run by a ruling class that has the social and economic weight, the knowledge and experience, and the power to make decisions and set policy and this is preferred because the public is not capable of making decisions about policy. Pluralism faults elitism theory for ignoring the impact of interest groups and institutional influence on power. Dahl recognized the dilemma of a society run by elitist from a pluralism point of view; elitists remove the incentive for people with the least power to undertake political activity. Pluralism states that citizens do have an indirect impact ...

The scientific method involves making an observation, making an explanation of the observation, testing the explanation in order to see whether it is valid and either accepting or rejecting the explanation. Once an explanation is rejected, a better explanation is developed and then tested. The exact steps that are followed in a scientific method depend on the number of times the method is broken down. However, there are five major steps that are followed in a scientific method. These steps are making observations, proposing a hypothesis, designing an experiment and performing it to test the hypothesis, analyzing the data in order to determine ...

Scientific Method

The scientific method of acquiring information is a process that involves experimentation in order to investigate observations and answer certain questions that are of interest to the researcher. Scientific method is normally used by scientists to identify causal relationships in the natural world. The difference between the Scientific method and other methods of acquiring information is that the scientific method involves well defined steps. The first step is asking a question then conducting a background research. The researcher can then construct a null and alternate hypothesis. The hypothesis constructed is tested by performing an experiment. The researcher analyses data obtained from the experiment ...

Cognitive psychology is a somewhat new field of psychology, however, it is a fast growing one and is definitely, among the most interesting and fascinating branches. (Cherry, 2015) It studies human brain in terms of learning and perceiving information, as well, provides researches that are aimed at enhancing peoples abilities to learn. As of now, human brain and the way it works have not been fully studied, the nature behind some processes remains a mystery. Therefore, it is not surprising that more people tend to fall for the science of psychology in order to discover new knowledge about our brain and ...

Question 1: What is the difference between a positive and negative feedback loop? Describe and discuss one example of each feedback loop not discussed in the text or the course lecture. Answer: Positive feedback loop increases the size of the state variable, whereas a negative feedback loop decreases its size (Cunningham & Cunningham, 2011). Further, positive feedback loop, if unchecked, may lead to instability of the system, while a negative feedback loop helps the system to maintain a constant state (Cunningham & Cunningham, 2011). An example of positive feedback loop is the role of water vapor in global warming. Global warming leads to a ...

Research in the scientific sense means conducting a methodical study to answer a certain question or to support a hypothesis. The central goal of this process is discovery of a definite answer to the given issue/problem. The process of scientific research should always be systematic, following certain steps along a protocol, which varies in different fields of knowledge. To conduct properly research, it is necessary to successfully organize the process, plan it consistently and identify the questions that have to be answered. Research does not stop at the stage of discovery of some data or making some observations, as it also requires certain opinion ...

Psychology

Identifying human personality helps understand the nature and behavior of human beings so as to help predict how they deal with stress and problems. Arguably, scientific method is among the best methods of studying human personality since it uses statistical data and methods to identify personality. The main reason for supporting scientific evaluation is because it improves accuracy and dependability of the results (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2011). According to John et al. (2010), scientific method provides a basis and evidence of how the type of personality was arrived at. John et al. (2010) also stipulate that the efficiency of the ...

Summary

An academic area of examination may be deduced to exist when a logical body of knowledge is built to define topic of inquiry. Acknowledged levels come to be used to certify and train specialists; full-time job opportunities become obtainable in university research and teaching; learned societies are established to promote study and dialogue; and publishing sites become available to aid disseminate new ideologies and analysis. In a nutshell, an institutionalized system of scholars comes into being, a distinct study community with its own limitations, rewards. The International political economy (IPE) is less than 50 years old since its inception. According to ...

This is a five page APA citation style position paper with two references cited. The subject of improving data collection and data analysis methods in sociological research will be explored. The implications of the implementation of improved data collection and data analysis methods will be discussed.

Introduction

Sociological researchers and other social empiricists are usually disturbed by the negation of many of the empiricists whom practice the physical sciences to recognize the scientific aspect of the study of sociological theory. At times, this has been considered to be a form of class distinction or a strategy directed at diminishing the number of available ...

Definition of scientific method

Bauer (1994) defines scientific method a systematic, controlled observation or experiment whose results leads to hypothesis, which can be valid or invalid through further work. In addition, the hypothesis results to the formulation of theories that may be reliable due to the critical approach that was used in the method. Information obtained from the scientific method can lead to classifying previously established data as false and open new avenues where further research is done.

Importance of Scientific Research

Through scientific research, new knowledge in various fields can be acquired. In addition, this knowledge can be used to establish standards of practice in the various ...

Introduction

Fire science analysis involves conducting fire investigations, which require a good understanding of fire behavior (Chandler, 127-187). Fire science requires a detailed investigations conducted by people trained in college topics such as physics and chemistry. Heat and molecular movements are among the basic scientific concepts involved in the science of fire in the course of investigation. Application of fire science is in the evaluation process of the fire scene using reproducible and established scientific philosophies. The scientific process in the fire science allows the investigators to determine the cause of fire and the area of origin using systematic framework. The ...

Introduction

The scientific method of research uses investigation of phenomena and using newly acquired knowledge or prior knowledge to analyze it. It involves a series of steps all of which should be directed towards achieving verifiable results. When looking for an elementary school for the child, the child’s abilities should be put into consideration, his learning styles, the social environment best for him and practical matters such as the extracurricular activities he should join.

How to find the best Elementary School using the Scientific Method

Observation: Listing down the schools that seem consider desirable would be the first priority. Observing the students from that school would follow. That would be in ...

- Describe the basic issues in metaphysics and epistemology between Idealists and Materialists

Metaphysically and epistemologically, the philosophical view that human beings have both mind and body is termed as dualism. However, there is much philosophical disagreement (dichotomy) about the exact association between mind (spirit) and body (matter).

Idealists hold the view that the mind is distinct from physical objects while the materialists maintain the exact opposite. For the former, the self and personality are attributable to one’s immortal soul while for the latter, they assert that the mind (soul) is in some ways a product of the body. Furthermore, generally, idealists hold the view that the act of knowing takes place ...

Psychology

<Student Name> <Name and Section # of course> <Instructor Name> Psychology

The human brain is like the command center for the human body and the nervous system. Its job is to process the input signals from various parts of the body, interpreting the signals and then giving an output to the outer body parts. Not only that, the brain is a center of thinking, memory, logical decisions, emotions, and feelings. What is difficult to understand is the exact manner in which this organ works to run the body and help a human perform complex functions. To ...

Methods in Behavioral Research

PART I: What is the purpose of each of the sections in a typical research article? Scott and Hofmeyer (2009) state that research articles are a very vital part of acquiring knowledge in the academic world. This means that intellectuals need to learn the intricacies of research journals. Learning the format of an average article will enable readers learn to derive the important information from the articles. If this happens, researchers will have maximum benefits from the research sources. The first section of every research article is the title. It should illuminate on the topic discussed as well ...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The science of ergonomics is related to the characteristics of the work that is performed, the implements that are used, the bodily posture that is maintained and the workplace setting. . The objective of ergonomics is to ensure that individuals are comfortable, and less likely to incur work related injuries. Ergonomics in the workplace involves adapting the details of the task to the worker instead of making the worker adapt to the work. The most frequently encountered injuries that take place in the workplace are musculoskeletal dysfunctions. The risk factors that cause the scientific review of ergonomics in the workplace ...

Executive Summary

Accident investigation is aimed to determine the root causes of the accident, to estimate its cost effects, and also to comply to government safety regulations. Safety practitioners have to use a scientific method for this. There are five simple steps in accident investigation: (1) collecting information, (2) reviewing information, (3) determining the causes, (4) recommending actions, and (5) evaluating the effectiveness of the actions. It starts with collection of evidence to analyze the problem better. Data is reviewed for authenticity and for differences. Determining the causes is best performed using the root cause analysis (RCA). Root cause analysis integrates using ...

Introduction

Philosophy is all about questioning and setting the rules to find out the truth and its different approaches. It defines the abstract concepts and emphasizes on logic with rules of argumentation. Philosophy has researched science with good detail and influenced scientific inventions by thorough reasoning and intellectual thought (Popper, 2014). The subject of philosophy went deep down and developed various approaches, scientific method, and practices of science, adopting the strategy of discovering the facts, mechanisms, and laws to study the natural world. Science is a collection of knowledge, which is based upon predictions and testable explanation. As a result, science and ...

- recognize and explain how the scientific method is used to solve problems - make observations and discriminate between scientific and pseudoscientific explanations - weigh evidence and make decisions based on strengths and limitations of scientific knowledge and the scientific method - use knowledge of biological principles and the scientific method to ask relevant questions, develop hypotheses, design and conduct experiments, interpret results, and draw conclusions Expectations: Please write in complete sentences with proper spelling and grammar. If a reference is used, cite it and provide a proper citation (http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/). Following this practice will help you ...

In this paper I summarize, analyze, and critique "Can science prove that God does not exist.", by Theodore Schick Jr, on pages 484 to 487, a contemporary issue in Chapter 5 of the textbook. I discuss it with references to the chapter in MLA format. A short summary of the argument is provided, and then analysis is conducted on two underlying assumptions. Analysis of the assumptions is the type of analysis that is necessary to understand philosophy in these different contemporary issues. Often the actual logic used is sound; however, the underlying assumptions for the logic are typically not supportable. ...

Sometimes, the world can be a very dangerous place. Since the prehistoric times, people all over the world have been confronted by rather overwhelming events. Nevertheless, humans have balanced this through coping successfully with catastrophes that they encounter. As a result, a crucial role has been played by the evolution process with regards to the selection, preservation, and fine-tuning of a number of adaptive mechanisms that are psychological, thus promoting human species survival. Post-Traumatic stress disorder or PTSD is a condition whereby a human being develops anxiety disorder after experiencing, seeing or living through events that threaten or cause serious harm or even death ...

In chemistry, a hypothesis is a means to help explain phenomena. It is an idea that might explain why something happens. In contrast a theory in chemistry refers to testing this hypothesis by trying to determine what is true about a phenomena. A hypothesis is used to test why something happens. This is used to help develop the theory. The theory is based upon the truths discovered by testing the hypothesis. A law includes the entire collection of observations. Laws explain things but does not describe them differentiating them from a theory (Lastrucci, 1963) . The scientific process is a natural progression between these different ...

The contribution of Alfred Wegener

William C. McCullough LAIS 370 History of Science Colorado School of Mines Abstract This paper discusses the role of Alfred Wegener in the discovery of the Plates tectonics theory. It is believed that the modern day plate tectonics theory is an advancement of continental drift theory which was discovered by Wegener. The study will seek to explore his efforts and contribution to modern science and how he has helped to shape the world.

Overview

Plate tectonics also known as continental drift theory describes that the earth was at one time many years back a super continent whereby ...

Creative minds and critical thinking

Critical thinking is a characteristic that has enabled major accomplishments and innovations in the world. Many of the world-renowned thinkers can be accredited for the breakthrough their thinking capabilities have brought. This has led to changes in social and political structures of some nations especially where political tyranny prevailed. Thinkers like Nelson Mandela have helped their nations deal with injustices such as apartheid. Other thinkers have brought about great technological breakthroughs that have revolutionized the value of information in the society. Bill Gates’ invention has largely influenced and continues to dominate the technological world. This is seen through continues ...

Technical Applied Science: Using the Scientific Method

Problem Statement

In general commercial and non-commercial flights are the two main categories of aviation. Pilot age became a particularly controversial issue in 1959 when the Age-60 Rule was made by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The Age Rule has been lifted to 65 years so pilot’s can continue to fly through their early 60s. All factors causing air accidents are seriously investigated. If age is not a factor then time could be better spent resolving the problems that are factors in air accidents. This proposal seeks to evaluate the literature in order to determine whether or not the age ...

- Reasons for scientifically studying psychology

Psychology covers the science of both the behavior of human and nonhuman entities. Because science is a systematized body of knowledge it adds fulfilment to the humanity as it operates in the context of observation thereby leading to a deeper understanding of how a system works.

- Falsifiability

Falsifiability is that property that a hypothesis, a theory or a law may be proven wrong or false. Thus, most scientists expressed their data in confidence interval such as 99.99% certainty about some correlations because there is still a 0.01% that scientist may be wrong with such correlation.

- Confirmation bias

Confirmation bias is defined as the propensity of a researcher to interpret results ...

Forensic psychology may be defined as the application of psychology to the system of criminal justice. Forensic psychologists search deeply and laboriously into the vast perspectives of psychology and apply them to the system of criminal justice. These issues weave together the topics of law and psychology; they are also essential to the forensic psychology discipline. The knowledge of forensic psychology is used in different forms. These forms include treatment of mentally ill offenders, analysis of the behavior and intent of the offender, and their practice within the civil arena (Study House, 171).

Prediction has it that there will ...

Richard Dawkins is one of the foremost evolutionary biologists in popular culture, and is an ardent champion in the proliferation of science-based atheism and criticism of religion. In his book The Magic of Reality, Dawkins explores the logic and reasoning behind the lack of existence of a God, and denounces the use of religion as an outdated practice that is no longer needed in today’s scientific age. In order to do so, Dawkins reframes the concepts of magic, miracles and reality in more scientific frameworks, rather than the metaphysical concepts of religion. In The Magic of Reality, Dawkins’ sense ...

The understanding of truth is an intriguing concept that has been the subject of many explanations and theories over the years. Many attempt to define its meaning and how to distinguish truth from other concepts. Truth can thus be considered a shifting, provisional, subjective and temporary concept. Its meaning varies depending on context and a variety of other factors. The attempt at understanding the concept fully remains elusive and incomplete. This analysis focuses on an effort to analyze truth; this occurs through the exploration of various types of truth. An understanding of the concept will help in knowing the role of ...

Traditional narrative often paints Latin America as a defenseless victim of international lust for power. Latin America has habitually been thought of as a poor region full of merry people being always exploited by countless empires or armies of greedy people willing to sack their seemingly endless resources. The fact that this region full of hard working people and vast resources, is still one of the least developed areas in the world, might lead anyone to believe they are under a permanent spell cast by the great world powers, especially the United States, that condemn them to eternal poverty. Many would claim ...

Research Article Structure

The key sections typically used in research articles include (1) the introduction/background, (2) literature review, (3) methods, (4) results, (5) discussion, and (6) the conclusion. The introduction and literature review are sometimes not distinguished as separate sections. The choice of sections will also depend on the research topic and aims, and each section can introduce more subsection, but all research articles need to discuss the study aims and their hypotheses in the first section of the article. For example, a study on exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by Hembree et al. (2003) presents previous research on exposure therapy ...

Question 1

Comparative politics refers to a scientific method of study in the field of political science. Comparative politics is a science because it involves comparison of two or many countries with an attempt to draw a conclusion drawing on those relationships. The method used in comparative politics resembles other methods, which scientists used in the field of physical sciences since it also tries to ascertain empirical associations between variables. Political science differs from physical science in one aspect, in that, in physical sciences, is the methods of testing available to each field. In the field of physical sciences, scientists can conduct controlled experiments ...

Introduction

The theory of knowledge obligation is an essential key to the educational philosophy. From a philosophic point of view, neutral question is the question that is obvious interpreted from a questioner who has not vested any interest on the answer. In other words, the questioner will accept the answer that is given out or emerges from anyone. Neutral question is a leading question in the argumentative essay that is well distinguished in the legal world of philosophy. In this case, witnesses are asked questions that are designed and produce a certain answer that will settles the questioner’s prove and will. However, collecting ...

Georg Lukacs and Sandra Harding on Standpoint Epistemology

Introduction In general, standpoint epistemology (SE) aims to represent the world from a particular socially situated perspective or standpoint (Lammey, 2013). For both Lukacs and Harding, the standpoint taken is that of the marginalized: the proletariat and the women, respectively. It is believed that the lives of the marginalized can actually lay a claim to epistemic privilege and the production of knowledge precisely because of their unique sets of experiences in comparison with dominant classes or sex which fails to ‘critically and systematically interrogate their advanced social situation and the effect of such advantages on their beliefs’ (Harding, 1993) leaving ...

I. Introduction In this research paper, the relationship between science and religion is examined in terms of the potential for a harmonious coexistence. This is an old debate and currently it is a vitally significant one. The view of science and religion as warring enemies has historic roots. The Catholic Inquisition was known to persecute and execute people considered heretics because of their belief in science and scientific things. The Church found science as an explanation offensive. Galileo Galilei is one of the most well known of the victims of the Inquisition. He was imprisoned and forced to do penance ...

Since the time of the Ancient Greeks, western philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle -- among countless others -- have wrestled with moral questions in order to establish a more complete picture of ethical theory. Two different disciplines have focused on questions about the moral characteristics, traits, and virtues of people: philosophy and psychology (Doris & Stich, 2006). For all its merits, philosophy does not focus on the scientific method to determine the context of an ethical theory, but the blossoming field of moral psychology utilizes an empirical approach in order to determine how morality fits into a framework built on the ...