Essays on Gradient

Introduction

The purpose of this experimental task was to investigate the possibility of using circular rods of different materials made from different materials and having different diameters as heat fins. Extend surfaces of heat fins allow for additional heating and cooling capacity in a cheap and passive way. The fins are intended for use in cooling a reactor by use of the surrounding air. Models were developed based on several assumptions for the simplification of the derivation of the steady and unsteady state temperature distribution state in a solid rod heated at one of the edges. The models derived shall ...

Objectives

The main aims of this experiment are to determine if the oscillation of a mass hung vertically from a spring are an example of simple harmonic motion, to measure the gravitational acceleration of the earth and to determine the accuracy of the experimental results. The value of k (the spring constant) for the spring being used will also be measured and the relationships between the spring constant, mass and period of will also be investigated.

Theory

If a mass is attached to the string, it will stretch and reach equilibrium. The relationship between the spring extension and force applied is ...

Executive summary

The aim of the report was to determine the consumption pattern as well as the magnitude and direction of the correlations of various inputs in the production process of aluminum grade. Effective control of inputs cost is a result of efficient analysis. Therefore, the report analyzed the electrical as well as chemical and plumbing to compare their respective amount and standard deviation. The study showed that the process produces more plumbing and chemical grade as compared to electrical aluminum grade. Again, the report probed on the appropriate purchase amount for the alumina against a set value. Statistical analysis confirmed ...

INVESTIGATING THE RESISTIVITY OF A WIRE

Electrical resistance is a physical quantity characterizing the properties of the conductor to interfere with the passage of electric current and voltage, which is equal to the ratio of the voltage at the end of the conductor to the current flowing through it (Brown, Forbes T., 2006, p. 43). The electrical resistivity is a physical value that characterizes the ability of a substance to prevent the passage of electric current. The resistance of an electrical circuit can be calculated, with the help of two equations below (Woan, G., 2010). R=VI

R – Resistance (ohms), V – Voltage (volts), I – Current (amps)

R=pLA p – Resistivity (ohm.m) L – Length (meters)

A – Cross-sectional area (meters2)

A physical ...

Investigating how light intensity will affect the rate of photosynthesis, with the help of DCPIP, in Spinach leaves.

The aim of this experiment is to find out how the rate of change of light intensity affect the photosynthesis in spinach leaves. Successful farming of food crops is very essential for both the nutritional and financial health of a nation. Governments of almost every nation invest land and labour to crop farming, as much as is possible, keeping in mind the other needs of a country. But, however, due to many reasons the maximum crop yield possible is not always achieved. For the production of a healthy crop certain conditions are necessary. The primary among these conditions are ...

[Subduction Initiation]

Abstract

The major purpose of this report is to explore the process of subduction initiation by looking at its implications. The initiation of subduction is among the main plate tectonic process hence it comes out as an important subject of study when exploring the geological structure of the Earth. In order to explore all the elements associated with this, the paper is categorized into topics that cover important aspects. First, it is important to study when and why subduction initiation begins since this will give a picture about its relation with plate tectonic movement. It comes out that ...

Maps can generally be described as representation of the real world through graphics. However, this representation is usually considered an abstraction of the real world phenomenon (Chorley and Peter, 48). This is mainly as a result of the fact that the universe is infinite and it is quite impossible to capture its entire complexities in a single source. Maps can be used to represent various issues for instance: The distribution of human population, temperatures and other aspects of the environment. In the case of representing the distribution of nature in an accurate manner the following maps can be used:

Topographical Maps

...

Cell Description and Shape Attributes

 Essential life molecules, which make up all living organisms, are bound together by a membrane to form a cell’s structural unit (Hand, 2018). The diverse cell shapes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes reveal each cell’s function. Each cell develops a form related to its function. For example, neurons contain extensions (axons and dendrites) that pass quick messages to the entire body (Alberts et al., 2015). Erythrocytes have a flexible shape to facilitate easy movement across capillaries. Pollen grains contain spikes for easy attachment to pollinating agents.

Passive Mechanism of Movement

Molecules move into and out of cells, and where energy is absent, the movement is ...

An analysis of the studies showed that all of them related different aspects of the research of inequality and gender issues. Zajacova (2006) researched the issue of impact of schooling on mortality, Riegle-Crumb and Humphries (2012) developed a study related bias of math teachers towards male and female students, the study of Martin (1998) concerned gender issues in preschools, Mihelich and Storrs (2003) suggested cultural and religious changes related gender outlook, Diprete and Buchmann (2006) considered value of education from male and female perspectives, Bobbitt-Zeher (2007) concerned the issues related success in education and its impact on future earnings from ...

There exist numerous mechanisms in which cultural diversity and working experience affect interpersonal communication between two individuals in a business setup. It is a logical fact that individuals in a business setup will exhibit numerous diversities with respect to culture. Evaluating the perceived impact of cultural differences on communication between, say two employees will necessitate an analysis of the major aspects of culture that affect communication (Sept, 1991, p. 17). It is important in this aspect to understand that both culture and communication are social aspects. Therefore, it is perceived that there will be a mix up in between the two aspects. Fundamentally, ...

Filters

Filters might not work in Internet explorer because it is not possible to mix images and gradient on one image. There are versions of internet explorer which do not support multiple backgrounds in a native manner. It is required that the mixture be done individually. Filters should be used on individual elements and not mixing the features and the properties together. One alternative to achieving this would be to have the image use the gradient and let the image have a <element>. This would have the image shadow as a background to the image. Another solution would be to change the ...

Selection from an 8 year-period of pulmonary valve replacement and cross sectional follow up of a commercially available biological valve, assessed with established and a new method

What This Thesis Is About

Pulmonary valve replacement is a procedure necessary in many congenital heart defects and in-valve degeneration cases. Surgical results are excellent, but the longevity of artificial valves is very limited. Our goal was to give a retrospective overview of methods and results from the year 2000 until 2008 at Rikshospital, as well as the prospective five year follow-up of a biological valve made from bovine pericardium. Follow up included clinical examination with ECG, echocardiography, spirometry, treadmill testing, echocardiography ...

Almost every one of us in this room have probably experienced having toothaches caused by tooth caries and cavities. If you have, then you would know the excruciating pain and the interference that a toothache can significantly impact one’s day to day activity. In fact, according to the National Children's Oral Health Foundation a large proportion of American youths have dental problems (National Children's Oral Health Foundation, 2014). In fact, half the population of children in their pre-adolescent age has tooth caries. This can be an alarming statistics despite the fact that tooth carries are not exactly ...

- Reasons for scientifically studying psychology

Psychology covers the science of both the behavior of human and nonhuman entities. Because science is a systematized body of knowledge it adds fulfilment to the humanity as it operates in the context of observation thereby leading to a deeper understanding of how a system works.

- Falsifiability

Falsifiability is that property that a hypothesis, a theory or a law may be proven wrong or false. Thus, most scientists expressed their data in confidence interval such as 99.99% certainty about some correlations because there is still a 0.01% that scientist may be wrong with such correlation.

- Confirmation bias

Confirmation bias is defined as the propensity of a researcher to interpret results ...

- Describe two features that make all enzymes catalysts.

Enzymes are catalysts that increase the rate of reaction between substances and remain unchanged in the reaction. Enzymes are vital to several bodily functions and make possible such processes like metabolism and catabolism. Two features that make enzymes catalysts is their ability to lower the activation energy and their inherent tendency to combine with coenzymes and cofactors. Activation energy is the minimum energy required to activate the molecules of reactants in order to initiate a chemical reaction. Some substrates have high activation energies that would need very high temperatures to activate ...

What is a Rain Screen?

The rain screen is an exterior defensive coating that sits away from a structure’s outside wall's weather contrary barrier, creating an air crater directly behind the covering that helps to protect the buildings important weather contrary barrier, by providing a moisture management instrument allowing air intrusive through to vaporize any lingering moisture between the structure’s walls.

It is an attempt to understand the architectural and design structure concerning the background check and application of vital principles used in back ventilation and pressure equalized rain screen principles. These systems provide drainable compartmentalization to limit water penetrating during heavy rains ...

Abstract

Cell membranes act as hindrances to most, not all, molecules. Advancement of a cell layer that could permit a few materials to pass while obliging the movement of different molecules was a significant venture in the evolution of the unit. Unit membranes are differentially (or semi-) penetrable obstructions dividing the internal cell environment from the external cell (or) nature's domain.

Water potential is the inclination of water to move from a zone of higher focus to one of easier fixation. Energy exists in two structures: potential and kinetic. Water molecules move consistent with contrasts in potential energy between where they are and ...

Analysis of Plant Pigments with Liquid Chromatography and Spectrometric Detection

The experiment is aimed at coming up with a solution of knowing on how to separate color pigments in a mixture of some solvent. An appropriate solvent is put into use and then some conclusion is drawn from the observations made. The following could be the

- The extract becomes darker progressively due to the fact that the spinach solution becomes more concentrated with the subsequent extractions of the acetone solution. It is observed that the extracts starts at around 10ml of the organic solvent, but as the experiment proceeds, the volume becomes 2.0ml which was almost as the same volume ...

Etiology

Severe renal malfunction and acute kidney ailment, results to kidneys losing their capability to filter and get rid of extra fluid and waste from the human body. Hemodialysis is a technique that uses artificial membrane known as a dialyzer to: get rid of body wastes, such as urea and creatinine from the blood; bring-back the appropriate balance of electrolytes in the human blood; and get rid of unnecessary fluid of the human body. (Hobbs, 1979). Hemodyalysis is among the three therapies that involve renal replacement, the other two are peritoneal and renal transplant dialysis. An alternative technique for extracorporeal filtering of ...

Question One

Variable costs are the costs that are directly proportional to the level of output. These costs are low in case of low output and increase with the increase in the quantity of commodity produced (Mankiw G. 2011). For this fishing business, the variable cost elements include the labor costs, the cost of fuel as well as bait, ice and equipment costs. This is because at low output these costs are low and increase gradually with the increase in the quantity produced.

Question Two

The labor cost per unit curve drops until a minimum of $0.17 with 5000 units produced after which the ...

Question #1

Three main layers of the interior of the Sun are convection zone, radiation zone and the core.The central part of the Sun with a radius of about 150-175 thousand km (ie, 20-25% of the radius of the Sun), in which are thermonuclear reactions, called a solar core. The density of material in the core is about 150 000 kg / m ³ (150 times higher than the density of water and ~ 6.6 times higher than the density of the densest metal on the Earth - osmium), and the temperature in the center of the core is over 14 million K. A ...

Report on Case 1: Diagnosis of Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

Enzymes act as biological catalysts, they speed up biological reactions and are also capable of regulation. Enzymatic reactions can be anabolic – where a new substance is built from smaller ones; or catabolic – where a substance is broken down to yield simpler molecules. In the example of fructose, enzymes catabolize this simple sugar to substances that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway, allowing fructose, a 6-carbon sugar, to be used by cells to obtain energy in a way similar to glucose (also a 6-varbon sugar). Aldolase B is one of the enzymes involved in the catabolism of fructose, and its deficiency results in ...

Soil Erosion

Soil erosion is the degradation of the soil, which is a natural occurring process occurring on the land cover. This process is caused by several agents including: water, wind, human beings activities animals. The degree of soil erosion is determined by the intensity of the force of the causative agent and the nature of the soil cover. The end result is loss of the top rich soil in nutrients, low quality of crops, damaged networks of water drainage and reduced quality of the surface water. This paper will discuss only the major agents of soil erosion which are water, wind ...

Project Title: Effect of Ventricular Pacing on the Aortic Valve Pressure Gradient During TAVI Procedure

Principal Investigator:

Invitation to Participate

You are invited to participate in the research study on the effect of ventricular pacing on the aortic valve pressure gradient during a TAVI procedure. You are considered to be a good candidate to participate in this study because of your condition of severe aortic stenosis and you are undergoing a TAVI procedure, which are the important considerations of this research study.

Purpose of the Letter

This letter of information is provided to give you all the details that can help you make an informed decision concerning your participation in this research study. You are encouraged to read the information contained herein to give ...

Enzymes as Catalysts

All known enzymes are catalysts. Enzymes have a number of properties that make them catalysts. To begin with, enzymes accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up them or altered by the reaction (Luciano, 1983).similarly; enzymes accelerate rates of chemical reactions without changing the equilibrium between the products and reactants of the reaction.

Metabolism of Fructose in the Liver

Once fructose is absorbed, it is rapidly taken up by the liver by glucose transporter, GLUT2(Bozzetti,2006).The fructose in the liver is rapidly metabolized by the enzyme fructokinase into fructose -1-phosphate.Aldolase B enzyme acts on the substrate fructose -1-phosphate.The enzyme metabolizes fructose-1-phosphate ...

Objectives

The aim of this experiment is to study the effective thermal conductivity of a heat pipe. This is achieved by measuring the difference in temperature across the heat pipe and another conductor made of the same material and size. The temperature measurement for both the pipe and conductor is done under identical thermal conditions.

Apparatus

- Copper-water heat pipe – The specimen whose thermal conductivity is to be found. It is represented in Figure 1. - Solid Copper Wire – The reference material of same size. - Thermocouple (quantity – 3) – Temperature measuring instrument (analogue). - Multi-channel digital thermometer – Temperature measuring ...

Methods of Heat Transfer

Conduction The first method through which heat is transferred from one object to another is conduction. Conduction occurs in liquids and solids through transfer of kinetic energy present in one particle to the immediate particle(s) in its surrounding. By considering the bonds existing between atoms and molecules in solids as elastic links, the vibration of one particle due to increase energy level caused by heat, the next in its line vibrate too. This process is replicated in adjacent particles thereby allowing transfer of thermal energy from a body with a higher temperature as compared to the one with low ...

Introduction

Initially there were beliefs that, MMPs are jointly able to degenerate all constituents making up the extracellular matrix (ECM) together with basement membrane that confines their operations to tissue reconstruction as well as the preservation. Nonetheless, the contemporary studies also signify that MMP-1 is responsible for controlling the production or else the activation of the chemokines. At this point, it is critical to understand that MMP-1 is among other MMPs. Similarly, the knowledge holds it that MMP- 1 cleaves a peptide bond beforehand a residue comprising of a hydrophobic adjacent chain, for instance Met and Leu. The other sideways chains cleaved ...

Group

Abstract Material selection is an important stage in engineering design. Engineers use various materials with different mechanical properties in building of structures. These mechanical properties include; tensile strength, yield strength, proof stress, Young's modulus, shears modulus of rigidity and ductility amongst others. Material selection increases the performance as well as durability of the engineering component. The expected life, cost, nature of loading and working environment are some of the factors that assist engineers to select materials for particular application. Therefore, engineers and designers must be able to determine the properties of these materials before they use them. Engineers ...

Abstract

Studies in mechanics have evolved to be the most fundamental tool in the innovation of new materials and advanced technology. Specifically, studies in Continuum Mechanics, has been very influential in producing materials that exhibit various desirable characteristics at the expense of size and weight. Nanotubes are a perfect example of how this study has impacted the evolution in material technology. It has been used as the basis for the explanation of these complex materials as well as provisions for their behavioral effects during machining. The wide use of nanotubes in fragile fields like technical textile supplements, truly depict the stretchy ...

Introduction

The purpose of the experiment was to study Ohm’s law and to investigate the relationship between current and voltage in metal wire, lamp filament and diode.

Theory

Electric current (I) is defined as the rate at which charges flow through a conductor. Current flows when a conductor is connected to a power supply in a complete circuit. The battery provides the energy needed to move the charges through a conductor. The energy supplied by battery per unit charge is called voltage. Voltage is a measure of electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit. The potential difference between two terminals of a power supply is referred ...

Introduction

Mitochondrion plays vital roles in the performance of tissue. It is important, therefore, that their isolation and study are advanced to correct anomalies that arise out of the mitochondria failure. Instances of a mitochondria failure in neuronal tissue have been reported to cause anomalies such as epilepsy and ageing. Since mitochondria is responsible for the production of ATP in the cells, failure or inefficiency of these organelles causes a dysfunction in their component tissue leading to some ailment in the host organism. Many methods exist for the extraction and observation of mitochondria, some of these methods include, differential centrifugation and the ...

Membrane transport refers to the mechanisms by which ions and other small molecules move across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane allows the passage of certain molecules down their concentration gradient. This passage depends on the charge, size and polarity of the molecule. Non-polar molecules and small polar molecules diffuse easily across the cell membrane by the process of simple diffusion. However, it becomes difficult for charged polar molecules to enter the cell even though the concentration of the ion is more outside the cell when compared to the cytosol. At ...

Assignment 4: Mid-Term Exam

Question 1 - Permafrost Permafrost is a thick sub-layer of ground comprising of soil, rocks, ice, or organic materials, which remains frozen for at least two sequential years. It forms the sub-surface soil layer of Polar Regions such as the arctic region. - Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Hardwood Forest Ecotone An ecotone describes an area of transition that occurs between biomes. An example of such an area occurs in northern Ontario between the Great Lakes- St. Lawrence and the boreal forests (Liu). The Boreal forest changed into the St. Lawrence wood nearly 7,400 years ago (Liu) ...

Abstract

The word technology may be in the talk of time for most individuals, however, little do they know what impacts all this development. The existence of visual systems, audio systems and other complex equipment all give credit to the early discoveries. Discovery of atoms, ions and later electrons simplified everything. It is from theses that energy was developed. One of the most promising techniques used by scientists is the charge to mass ratio of electrons. It helped in observing the nature of materials. This lab report aims at analyzing the Sir J. Thompson`s experiment of evaluating charge to ...

Introduction: Genetic mutations are associated with changes in the genomic sequence that are the main cause of diversity among organisms. The changes in genetic sequence can occur at any instance and are known to have different consequences. Mutations are often associated with a change that affects the nucleic acids in most organisms. Nucleic acids are considered as the building blocks of DNA. On the other hand, DNA are associated with the storage of information that is transferred to the offspring during reproduction. Mutations are associated with diversity and considered as an essential part in evolution. Genetic mutation is considered to ...

- DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROJECT - Aims and objectives The health risk assessment of MRI is incomplete yet and a number of gaps in our knowledge about the ill-effects of MRI have been identified. The effects of exposure to static fields above 8 T are not known. Only a little is known about the increased sensitivity of some people to CNS stimulation by the electric fields in switched gradient fields. There are concerns about the increased heat loads on infants and pregnant women. Hence, well-targeted research is required to complete the health risk assessment (Health Protection Agency, 2008). ...

Survey of Mick Brumby’s property / positive findings

In conjunction with the United States Department of Agriculture, through its local offices, a soil survey of Mick Brumby’s property was carried out. The soil survey was carried out with respect to the soil profile. The parameters considered were mineralogical make up, thickness of soil particles, arrangement and the physical and chemical properties. This analysis was important in order to determine the water retention capacity of the soil. From the survey, your land is predominantly made of loam soil. The piece of land is situated on a slope, hence some concern with regards to mass wasting. There is bedrock deeper ...

Explain Dollard and Miller’s concept of an approach-avoidance conflict. Give a hypothetical example. After the first exciting romantic stage in a love relationship, reality and previously unperceived differences emerge. In dealing with these uncontrollable and unchangeable traits and habits of their partners, sharp disagreements occur. The conflicts, if unsolved, break up most relationships. However, more mature and well-advised couples go through this strenuous stage without separating. Since women are considered to be more considerate and emotional, they are the likely victims of struggling with such conflicts. When a woman has two men at the same stage in the relationship, the ...

The main objective of this experiment was to measure the temperature difference across a heat pipe and a solid conductor of the same material and size and under the same thermal conditions. Secondly, to use the data obtained herein to determine an effective thermal conductivity of the heat pipe.

Methodology

Apparatus - Copper-water heat pipe - Hot plate - Thermocouple (3) - Ring stand with clamps (2) - Solid copper wire - Glass beaker (2) - Multichannel digital thermometer - Vernier caliper

The copper water heat pipe apparatus is illutrated as shown below:

Figure 1: A Basic heat pipe

Description of the apparatus

heat pipes are passive heat transfer ...

Presentation and Analysis of the social phenomenon of Teenage Abortion – Analysis of both its reasons and effects as witnessed based on research findings - Emphasis on the impacts of teenage abortion on teenagers in terms of its psychological and emotional effects – Reflections drawn upon the research findings and presented effects

Introduction

The aim of this essay is to present you with a social phenomenon of intense psychological and sociological impact. This phenomenon is teenage abortion. Teenagers consist of a special group in terms of their needs, their easily reversible psychological situation, and their passion for experimentation, their identity crisis and their tendency ...

Investigating How Temperature Affects The Breathing Rate Of Goldfish

IntroductionAim The aim of this experiment is to find out whether varying temperature of the surrounding environment of a goldfish would affect its breathing rate. Research question Does the breathing rate of goldfish change with changes of the surrounding temperature? If it does, how does it? Would increasing the temperature of water containing a goldfish lead to high breathing rates or vice versa? A beaker containing aquarium water will be used as the environment in which a goldfish will be placed. The temperature of the water in the beaker will be altered successively by serially adding crushed ice to obtain ...

Introduction

This report contains the results of regression analysis for four variables captured in the Springdale community shopping survey. The analysis established that there was significant linear relationship between attitude towards Springdale and ease of return/exchange of goods. However, there was no significant linear relationship between the attitude towards Springdale and a lot of bargain price. On the other hand, it was found that there was significant linear relationship between attitude towards West Mall and a lot of bargain sales. On the contrary, there was no significant linear relationship between attitude towards West Mall and ease of return/exchange of goods. - ...

- Pressure= 1000 x (0.5)5.6/5.6 Pressure=500 mb Pressure=1000 x (0.5)8.85/5.6 Pressure=334.40 mb Pressure=1000 x (0.5)11.2/5.6 Pressure=250 mb Pressure= 1000 x (0.5)50/5.6 Pressure=2.05 mb - The temperature of the upper stratosphere is greater than that of the lower stratosphere due to the presence of the ozone layer. It is here where ozone absorbs ultraviolet light, which triggers chemical reactions. These chemical reactions produce heat, a process which is not found in the lower stratosphere. - Conduction is the transfer of heat through solid objects such as metal and ...

Oscillatory Motion

Introduction The purpose of the experiment was to evaluate the spring constant of a spring connected to mass and to determine the effect of varying mass on the period of oscillation. It was hypothesized that the increase in mass would lead to increase in the period of the oscillating spring.

Theory

Hooke’s Law According to Hooke’s law, the restoring force (F) of a stretched spring is proportional to its extension (x) (Mansfield and Colm, 39). F ∞ x F = - k x

Where F is the restoring force, x is the extension and k is a constant of proportionality called spring constant.

The negative sign indicate that the direction of restoring force is opposite that of extension. ...

Fig 1: NDRC Techniques

Introduction

Non-Disruptive Road Crossings are manuals which outline unifying and standardizing measures of Road Engineering Practices. The significant objective of the project is to enhance the management, planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation of all roads and related infrastructures to ensure a safe and uniform operational and structural capacity throughout the road network in Dubai. The complexity in road construction and to some point other engineering projects leaves very little to be argued about on their significance with respect to the influence they have on the environment. It is a fact that projects like roads, bridges, and dams ...

Fig 1: NDRC Techniques

Introduction

Non-Disruptive Road Crossings are manuals which outline unifying and standardizing measures of Road Engineering Practices. The significant objective of the project is to enhance the management, planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation of all roads and related infrastructures to ensure a safe and uniform operational and structural capacity throughout the road network in Dubai. The complexity in road construction and to some point other engineering projects leaves very little to be argued about on their significance with respect to the influence they have on the environment. It is a fact that projects like roads, bridges, and dams ...

One of the main problems of classical mechanics is that of turbulent fluid flow. The reason for this is that there is the presence of thin no-slip boundary which requires a lot of meshpoints in order for the solution to be arrived. There is a research which has been arrived and researched upon which shows that with the use of slip boundary condition to be the model for friction to be achieved for the small skin, there is the possibility for predictive simulation for mean quantities. An example of such mean quantities is the drag and lift turbulent flow with millions ...

Abstract

The Segovia aqueduct is one of the most exceptional displays of roman hydraulic engineering to date. Constructed using masonry stones and with no mortar, the aqueduct has survived centuries and had been in use until mid-20th century when it stopped being used. Engineers today are applying some of the knowledge they learn from to develop stable structures. However, to develop such a structure in modern day a lot of work, engineering computations, machinery and skill are required.

Introduction The Roman culture at the time involved owning slaves. The slaves included Greeks who were captured as the Romans invaded Greek lands. ...

Hydraulic fracturing or fracking is a technique that involves typical mixing of water with chemicals and sand, under high pressure. The mixture is injected into wellbore to create small fractures where fluids such as petroleum, gas, brine water and uranium-bearing solution might migrate to the well. The hydraulic pressure is removed from such well and small proppant grains are used in holding the fractures open when the rock achieves equilibrium. This technique is common in wells for tight gas, shale gas, coal seam gas and tight oil. Such well stimulation is carried out once in the well’s life time ...

Question 1: Echinoderms

Phylum Echinodemata gets the name from the Greek which means spiny skin. Therefore, members of this phylum have spiny skin although others do not have the spiny skin. Echinoderms have radial symmetry meaning they have appendages mostly occurring in a group of five with few in exception. One rare characteristic that occurs in the echinoderms is the water vascular system. This refers to a hydraulic system, usually with sea urchins and the sea stars and used for locomotion, waste transportation, food and respiration. This system comprises of canals that connect tube feet. The movement can be caused by the contraction of ...

Introduction

The null hypothesis for the experiment was that oxygen production is the same in both plants while the alternative hypothesis was that oxygen production and thus the rate of photosynthesis is higher in Ceratophyllum than in Cabomba due to its efficiency in carbon dioxide utilization (Kitaya, Murakami, & Takeuchi, 2003).

Materials and Methods

Experimental Design The research question to be answered in the experiment was whether there is rate difference, in oxygen production, in oxygen production between Ceratophyllum and Cabomba. It was predicted that each of the plants would have different oxygen production rates. The dependent variable was the rate in oxygen ...

The Rate of Photosynthesis in Two Submerged Organisms (Cabomba and Ceratophyllum)

Introduction In this experiment, the set alternative hypothesis was that the rate of oxygen production in Cabomba was significantly different from the rate of oxygen production in Ceratophyllum. This was informed by the report from a previous study by Van and colleagues (1976) that indicated that Cabomba had a lower rate of photosynthesis compared to Ceratophyllum and Hydrilla that had similar photosynthetic rate.

Materials and Methods

Experimental Design The experimental independent variables were 6 grams for Ceratophyllum and Cabomba organisms while oxygen produced was the dependent variable. Water collected from the pond was used as the control in the experiment. The question ...

According to Warrick (1993), global warming is the main contributor to the rise in global sea level since the Industrial Revolution. Human activities such as burning coal and oil and cutting down tropical forests increase atmospheric concentrations of heat-trapping gases. The three main factors leading to the rise in sea levels include: thermal expansion, ice loss from Greenland and West Antarctica and melting of glaciers and polar ice caps. Land ice, that is, glaciers, ice caps, and ice sheets, stores nearly two-thirds of the world’s freshwater and is shrinking in response to higher temperatures. Glaciers partially melt ...

Question 1

It is observable that as the level of dissolved oxygen increases in the water, the population of fish increases. However, at a certain concentration of oxygen, 14ppm, the number of fish decreases. This could be due to the elimination of some species due to competition from aquatic plants and other animals. A continued increase in oxygen concentration sees the fish population rise; this could be attributed to the increased reproduction of the fish species due to availability of adequate food and oxygen.

Question 2

The amount of Dissolved oxygen in the water needed for survival varies from species to species. Some species ...

Chapter 1: Java Report: Making Sense of the latest buzz in health-related news

Studies on the effects of coffee have provided different findings on the risks and benefits related to caffeine. This concept has introduced the idea of ascertaining whether the correct scientific process was carried out in a study. Establishing certain facts requires a certain approach in science. Initially, personal experience is the basis of conducting an investigation. Consider a study to investigate the effect of caffeine on memory. Research studies done on the subject of interest (coffee studies) can be obtained from peer-reviewed scientific journals. This is because of the unbiased critique that the study presents. Once this research is carried out, ...

Osmosis is the random diffusion of solvent water molecule from an area of low solute concentration to areas where the solute concentration is high through a semi permeable membrane so as to equalize the concentration of the solute on both sides (Kylstra, Longmuir, and Grace 289). It is a biological process essential to both flora and fauna that results into various physiological effects, for this experiment water and a mixture of syrup and water will be used to demonstrate the process. A laboratory report hence illustrates what the students involved, understood while carrying out the practical experiments. The purpose of the ...

Q1 Insolation can be described as the amount of energy of solar radiation received on a certain surface area and recorded in a given time. It is also known as solar irradiation and expressed as daily irradiation when recorded during a day and hourly irradiation when recorded during an hour. Throughout the year, the seasons undergo changes based on the quantity of sunlight hitting the Earth as it circles around the Sun. Seasons occur as a result of Earth tilting on its axis, moving in a loop around the Sun every year. Summer occurs when the hemisphere is angled towards the Sun ...

BBB functions and physiology: The central nervous system (CNS) necessitates a highly controlled environment for its proper functioning. Blood brain barrier is the system which maintains the homeostasis of the CNS. It works by separating and shielding the brain from the constant changes in the nutrient and chemical composition of systemic blood. It protects the brain tissue from harmful chemicals that might be present in the blood. The key functions of the BBB are transport of nutrients from the blood to brain and metabolites in opposite direction to systemic circulation. Only a small number of molecules are allowed access through the ...

A1. Explain how enzymes act as catalysts in biochemical processes (e.g., fructose metabolism, glycolysis); A2. Explain how a deficiency in aldolase B can be responsible for hereditary fructose intolerance; A4. Discuss the specific substrate acted on by aldolase B during the breakdown of fructose; A5. Explain the role of aldolase B in the breakdown of fructose by discussing the products of the reaction. Enzymes are proteins that work as catalysts in reactions. A catalyst is something that is neither created nor destroyed during a reaction. Instead, an enzyme is shaped such that when the substrate reacts with the enzyme the ...