Essays on Photosynthesis

Part 1: Answers to Preliminary Questions

• Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use sunlight energy to manufacture food using water and carbon dioxide as raw materials.

• An increase in the intensity of sunlight increases the rate of photosynthesis up to a given level.

• Photosynthesis and respiration processes complement each other. It is possible to examine the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration under controlled experimental conditions. This can be conducted by setting up an experiment with two sets of experimental set-ups. In each set-up, there should be two test-tubes: one with a high concentration of carbon dioxide and another with a high concentration of oxygen. One pair of test tubes, consisting of a test-tube with a high concentration of oxygen, ...

A proposal in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Introduction Wheat (Triticum sp.), an extensively adapted crop, is one of the primitive and primary staple food crops in the world. Wheat is cultivated from temperate; dry to irrigated or rain-fed areas, to warm, humid or cold conditions. Such a high adaptability is attributed to its intricate genome (Acevedo et al., 2002). Wheat cultivation covers more land area compared to other commercial crops and endures to be an essential food grain for humans (Curtis, 2002). Estimations reveal that by 2050, the population of the world will reach 9.1 billion (34 percent greater than today); correspondingly, the food requirement and ...

1. How does the basic leaf structure suit its function? A leaf is a plant organ that is very crucial for a plant survival. It has a structure that makes it suitable to perform its functions. A leaf normally has a larger surface area so that they are able to absorb sunlight more easily. Sunlight is required by plants for the food making process. A leaf is normally very thin. This allows the carbon dioxide to travel and diffuse in a short distance. Also, oxygen which is usually a by-product, diffuse out easily. A leaf has a green coloring ...

Cellular respiration equation:

C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+38ATP. Glucose+Oxygen→Carbon dioxide+Water+38ATP.

Photosynthesis equation:

6CO2+6H2O+sunlight, nutrients→C6H12O6+6O2. Carbon dioxide+Water→Glucose+Oxygen. Respiration and photosynthesis are opposite processes. It means that products of cellular respiration are reactants of photosynthesis and vice versa: the products of photosynthesis are reactants for cellular respiration. It is known that plants are autotrophs. Thus, they have to realize cellular respiration because they need energy for their existence. Due to cellular respiration, they receive energy, which is used to make organic compounds (glucose) and oxygen during photosynthesis. From the other side, people are heterotrophs. They ...

Abstract

This examination paper acknowledges the spectacular diversity of reproductive adaptations for survival of various categories of land plants. It describes a typical life cycle of a land plant that reproduces via spores. It also identifies the different parts of Plant organs and their functions such as cell organelles, parts of a land plant, and epidermal cells. A microscope is an important tool for examination of biological specimens, including cell’s internal structures called organelle and is important in magnifying the focused area. Plants are classified into four main groups, namely, ferns, mosses, flowering and confers. This paper finds that ...

Aim: The aim of this project is to determine the influence of sunlight and shade on the characteristic of leaf morphology. Background: The gradient in light received by the leaves, compel them to adapt for optimum growth in a particular environment. This adaptation takes place gradually, with changes in certain morphological features. These morphological changes that take place with time and space in which the plant grows is defined as succession and has a role to play in evolution. Certain environmental factors like shade and sunlight can present as a slightly adverse condition that affect plant growth. In order ...

Compare and contrast the structure and function of the three simple tissue types: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.

Parenchyma cells refer to plant cells in the leaf that are usually alive at maturity. They have cell walls that are thin and flexible. They generally have a central vacuole that is large. They have a polyhedral arrangement. They are involved in carrying out photosynthesis, storage functions, and other metabolic functions. Most of these cells have the potential to undergo differentiation generating other cell types in certain conditions. For instance, when the plant is injured and there is a need for repairing and replacing organs. Their large central vacuoles enable them to store water, regulate intake of ions and ...

Introduction

The pollution in the highly urbanized areas allows the phenomenon called ‘greenhouse effect’ wherein the heat from the Sun is trapped on the land causing tremendous amounts of heat and leads to numerous issues such as the rise of temperature, drought, the melting of icebergs, and high evaporation of water. Unfortunately, the cities contribute to this effect, the use products containing CFC’s and the pollution of too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to the destruction of the ozone layers. With the destruction of the atmospheric barrier, the excessive radiation from the sun cannot be prevented. In ...

Algae are a diverse group of organisms that are mainly autotrophs. Autotrophs are organisms that mainly produce complex organic compounds by using simple inorganic molecules and light or in other instances by chemical reactions. Algae can be broadly classified into two main groups which are unicellular or multicellular. Seaweeds form the largest and most complex marine type of algae (Olanrewaju, Wan Nik, & Kader, 2013). It should, however, be noted that algae can further be classified in many different ways. Below is an illustration of some of these classification representations. Green algae are classified into the Plantae kingdom and are, ...

Introduction

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are vital reactions in living organisms since without the two; there would be no life on earth. Cellular respiration involves a set of metabolic reactions that take place in cells of living organisms thereby converting nutrients like sugar into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Osterhoudt & Barhydt, 2010). On the other hand, photosynthesis involves the conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compounds by the photoautotroph in the presence of sunlight. Most animals attain their energy requirements through cellular respiration while on the other hand; photosynthesis is performed by most plants that can make their food. These two reactions ...

BIO 103

Introduction: Plant cells photosynthesize to produce glucose. By doing this, light energy, coming from the sun, is transformed in chemical energy, glucose. Oxygen is also produced from carbon dioxide and water. The process occurs by light dependent reactions (in thylakoids) and dark dependent reactions (in the stroma). In the light, plants produce energy molecules, such as ATP and NADPH; in the dark, they use those molecules to fix the CO2. The excess of glucose during photosynthesis can convert into starch.

Purpose:

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the differences between leaves from plants exposed to the sun and ...

Chapter #16:

Question 1. Insect-eating birds will decrease in number since their source of food has been reduced. The birds may also migrate to warmer areas during this period.

Question 2.

The habitat is the specific place where the organism lives e.g. a fish’s habitat is water. On the other hand, niche is the position and the role played by the organism in an ecosystem. It includes how the organism obtain food and shelter, the mode of survival, and the mode of reproduction (Sutton & Anderson, 2009, p. 46). For instance, a lion’s niche in the ecosystem is that of a predator.Question ...

Introduction

There are environmental chemical processes which require light to react. These processes are called photochemical reactions. Photochemical reaction is commonly initiated due to the absorption of solar energy or light. When molecules absorb energy in the form of light, the atoms are converted in a transient excited state (Larson & Weber, 1994). This transition state or excited has completely different physical and chemical properties with the initial state of the molecule. The excited states also have more tendencies to react since they are considered stronger acids and stronger reductants that the initial state of the molecule. The excited state of ...

Introduction

GCSE Bitesize is the best site for describing Photosynthesis process in detail. It gives more scientific details on various plant processes including photosynthesis. It starts with an introduction as follows: Green plants do absorb light energy via chlorophyll which is contained in the leaves. This energy is utilized in reacting water with carbon (IV) oxide to produce glucose. In turn, the resulted glucose is then used in respiration in which oxygen is released as a by-product. The site gives a definition of photosynthesis as a chemical change that takes place within the leaves of plants which are green only ( ...

Chapter 9

Question 1

Binary mission in prokaryotes Mitosis and Meiosis in eukaryotes Question 2 The development of embryos as well as the growth and development of bodies. Important in asexual reproduction. Question 3 The term cell cycle refers to an ordered set of events leading to cell growth and division into two daughter cells.

Question 4

Interphase is a phase of the cell cycle characterized by the absence of cell division. During this phase, the cell obtain nutrients, the organelles duplicates, protein synthesis takes place, and cells duplicate its genetic material (its chromatids). The genetic material is located in the nuclei of ...

Research Question: Does a diet such as low fat and low cholesterol really help lower LDL? Hypothesis: It may or may not. Early research sometimes suggested not eating eggs would help lower cholesterol. This resulted in limits for how many eggs one should eat, if any. Determine if a low fat and low cholesterol diet really works with the study outlined below . Compare two groups of patients: one group eliminating foods which may alter LDL levels and one which continues on with their usual diet before diagnosis of the high LDL levels. Foods to be considered are eggs, 2% ...

Phosphorus and Nitrogen Limitation on Plants Growth

Introduction Plant growth and development rely on multiple environmental factors that include light intensity, temperature, water availability and vital minerals and nutrients. During the insufficiency of exogenous resources, plants maintain this imbalance through allocating the new biomass to that organ which specifically needs that insufficient nutrient (Hermans et al., 2006). Nutrients like nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) play significant roles in a plant life. They influence various metabolic factors of plant life through cooperating with each other such as in biomass distribution as well as regulating chlorophyll A and B levels. The objective of this experiment is to understand ...

Question 1

For succinate oxidation to fumarate there is yield of 2H+ and 2 electrons; however, the process of the reaction skips one step thereby leading to 2 ATP. The resulting FADH2 electrons skips the first stage of oxidative phosphorylation by moving into the electron transport chain located in CoQ. This can be illustrated as NADH -> CoQH2. Consequently, there is 2 ATP forming stages found in the electron chain from CoQ to O2 used in this course (Schwender et al, 50). Indifferent to the first scenario, oxidation of malate to produce oxaloacetate results to NADH, with production of 2H+ and ...

How is Plant Growth Affected by Sunlight?

Introduction Background information Sunlight is essential to plants. Plants in dark room tend to grow towards sunlight. When they lack sunlight, photosynthesis does not take place causing them to wither and die. Photosynthesis takes place in the leaves of a plant. In plant leaves, there are organelles called chloroplast. They form site for photosynthesis process. They are very many in a leaf.

Within chloroplast, there is chlorophyll, that are usually green in color, hence the green coloration in plants.

Plants require air, water and sunlight for photosynthesis to occur. Air goes inside the leaf via stomata, water is absorbed from the ground through the roots and sunlight is absorbed by the chloroplasts in the leaves. Chemical ...

Plants require water, air, soil, nutrients, sunlight and proper temperature for optimum growth. To grow a plant, first wet the soil, dig to an appropriate depth, and place the seeds in the soil, which acts as the growing medium. Ensure that the soil is fertile so that it can provide nutrients such as minerals and vitamins required for plant growth. If required, add fertilizers and organic matter to supplement the nutrients in the soil. Ensure that the temperature is warm and sufficient air is available to promote seed germination. Also, check if the plant requires warm or cool weather ...

The development of solar energy is based on a use of solar radiation for generation energy. Solar energy is the kinetic energy of the radiation (mainly light) formed by reactions in the solar interior. As its stocks are almost inexhaustible (astronomers counted that the Sun will “burn” some more millions of years), solar energy belongs to a renewable source of energy. In natural ecosystems, only a small part of the solar energy is absorbed by chlorophyll that contains in the leaves of plants and is used for photosynthesis, namely for the formation of organic matter from carbon dioxide and ...

Crude oil is obtained from layers of sedimentary rock that are formed by materials which are eroded and carried away from the land surface by flowing water bodies. The water flows and drains into oceans, depositing sedimentary rocks in the ocean beds. Pools of crude oil, are present underground, trapped between layers of sedimentary rocks. Crude oil and natural gas are organic hydrocarbons. Petroleum in particular, is a complex mix of organic compound and contains traces of porphyrin. The structure of porphyrin is similar to that of chlorophyll and hemoglobin of plant and animal origin respectively. While natural porphyrin ...

Investigating how light intensity will affect the rate of photosynthesis, with the help of DCPIP, in Spinach leaves.

The aim of this experiment is to find out how the rate of change of light intensity affect the photosynthesis in spinach leaves. Successful farming of food crops is very essential for both the nutritional and financial health of a nation. Governments of almost every nation invest land and labour to crop farming, as much as is possible, keeping in mind the other needs of a country. But, however, due to many reasons the maximum crop yield possible is not always achieved. For the production of a healthy crop certain conditions are necessary. The primary among these conditions are ...

What might comets and/or meteors have had that might have "seeded" life in the oceans?

It has been scientifically proven that life in the oceans might have been seeded by comets or meteors since they bodily masses were in existence before the formation of earth and they carried many things within their form. In addition, comets exhibit a very high speed, which has the potential of causing destruction, on like in this case, the ability to make life on the planet. The seeding of life in the oceans as related to the comets makes a perfect sense considering a theory where the comets hit the earth’s surface (Erickson, and Timothy 32). Indeed, an ...

The student name

The grass is the primary producer (“The Grasslands,” n.d). For example hare barley, scientifically called Eremopyrum triticeum. Through the process of photosynthesis, the grass makes food. Note that this requires the proper abiotic factors such as soil for anchoring and obtaining nutrients, suitable topography that support the growth of the grass. The grass uses carbon dioxide and produces oxygen. Also, the climate is a critical abiotic factor including suitable rainfall, temperature, and the wind among others. At the same time, there are biotic factors such as animals and insects that help in the pollination of the grass. They also ...

There is no doubt that photosynthesis is believed to be the only storage of the solar energy processes on earth, and as well as the source of food and energy resources (Blankenship 434). This understanding concerning the origin and evolution of photosynthesis is critical in explaining all the complex paths followed by photosynthetic process.

The origin of life and photosynthesis

The origin of life is traceable to the origin and evolution of the process of photosynthesis. It is believed that the early atmospheric originally composed of neutral gases, mainly carbon dioxide and nitrogen (Hartman 516). However, critics questioned the probability of the occurrence of the ...

Q1) Distinguish between each of the following:

- Ecologist and environmentalist (give a Canadian example of each): An ecologist is a person who studies the complex relationships between living organisms and their surroundings. These surroundings can be living like human beings, plants, animals, etc. or non-living like the climate. They are concerned about maintaining the integrity of ecosystems as a whole. Ecology is a very vast field and covers areas like food chains, biomes, etc. Pierre Dansereau is a well-known Canadian ecologist. Environmentalists, on the other hand, are concerned with protecting the environment from harmful human actions. David Suzuki is a famous Canadian environmentalist.

- Primary Succession and Secondary Succession: Succession ...

Introduction

Elodea canadensis is a perennial hydrophyte, which is native to the majority of North America and was first recorded in about 1836 from the British Isles (Hackney, 1992). Young plants at first begin with a seedling stem and roots grow in mud at the underneath of water. More adventitious roots arise at intervals along the stem. The leaves are translucent, bright green, oblong, 1-4 mm broad and 6-17 mm long, borne in whorls of three round the stem (Rose, 2006). It lives completely submerged.

Blepharisma is a unicellular ciliate protists genus found in salt and fresh water (Miyake, Harumoto, Salvi, & Rivola, ...

Introduction

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are very important processes. This paper highlights these two processes by giving an in-depth explanation of how these processes occur, where they occur, their importance, and the equations. The paper starts with the photosynthesis process as it answers the guiding questions, and ends with the cellular respiration process. Photosynthesis is the process of conversion of light energy into chemical energy and then storing it in sugar bonds. It occurs in plants and algae of the kingdom Protista. Photosynthesis is a process whereby the green plants utilize energy from the sun to convert water, carbon ...

Essay Examination

Living things have distinct characteristics that differentiate them from non-living things. They respond to variations in environmental conditions for instance decrease or increase in temperature. A living thing is able to detect the changes in the environment and react in a manner that can help it maintain the normal external and internal conditions. For example, most living animals move away from high temperatures. Plants too, respond to the saline environment by excluding sodium and chloride ions. Living things also respire. As a result they take in oxygen and gives out carbon dioxides. Moreover, living things acquire nutrients and energy from the ...

C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways

Plants have the ability to grown and survive in a number of different environments. They can adapt from hot and dry to frigid temperatures. In order to adapt to various environmental conditions plants have to adapt and develop mechanisms to survive different conditions. One mechanism of adaptation involves the mode of fixing carbon dioxide. Carbon fixation is the process of incorporating inorganic Carbon to an organic form. Photosynthesis is the process of carbon fixation used by the plants. C3 plants usually are found in cold, temperate climate and are most widely distributed worldwide. They use environmental carbon-dioxide (CO2) and incorporate ...

This article gives an elaboration of a science-minded junior called Daniel Nocera and his vision in the world of sustainable energy. The article shows that Nocera grew up in America when the oil prices were skyrocketing and the crash of the stock markets. The article elaborates the artificial leaf invented by Nocera with the use of the chemistry of photosynthesis. This innovation is useful and aims at solving the current energy problem which was facing the U.S. The purpose of this article is to show clearly the way in which the way Nocera used the chemistry of knowledge in ...

Abstract

Ozone layer depletion is a phenomenon in which ozone layer in the stratosphere thins out making it possible for the direct penetration of UV rays into the Earth's surface. This can lead to an array of harmful effects on human health, plants, and animals and can even trigger climate change. Chlorofluorocarbons are recognized as the primary cause accounting for 80% of ozone depletion. Though a lot of steps have been taken around the world to reduce ozone depletion, it may take about few decades more to completely heal the ozone layer due to the long standing stability of CFCs in the ...

Virtual Lab Report

Virtual Lab 1: Virtual Microscopy A. Gauge the size of various biological components and organisms. The Virtual Microscope (copy and paste this address into a new browser window: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/ ) can be used to make these observations. Estimate the size (length and width in microns) of An E.Coli cell is around 0.5µm in width and around 2µm in length. A mitochondrion is around 0.5µm in width and approximately 10µm in length. A Red blood cell is around 5.5µm in width and 7.5µm in length. A virus is approximately 0.25µm in width and ...

Stars begin their lives from molecular clouds or nebula of gases and dust. These gases and dusts exert forces to each other that make them want to move farther away from each other while at the same time there is gravity that attracts them together into a small space within the nebula. The chemistry which starts the star’s life begins when gravity starts winning in the war between the two aforementioned opposing forces. As gravity pulls the dust and clouds together it begins to accumulate mass and a swirling motion typical to a spinning disc. At its center are dusts (NH3, ...

Carbon (C) is a chemical element of atomic number 6 and belongs to group 14 on the periodic table. Carbon is a nonmetallic element and it’s the sixth in abundance in the universe. Coal is the most readily available source of carbon. Carbon in its raw form is of little value and has to be processed into commercially applicable forms. Commercial carbon appears in three allotropes: graphite, amorphous, and diamond. This is a research paper on carbon, its applications and negatives effects on the environment (Jefferson Lab).

CARBON ALLOTROPES

Amorphous carbon is the resulting black material when a carbonaceous fuel or compound is burnt ...

Did you ever wonder why wearing white in a hot summer day is more comfortable than wearing black? Or why some of the dark colors are viewed as hot colors and the light colors are cool? The answer lies in the adsorption of light of the materials depending on its color. A thermal energy source like the sun will converts its thermal energy into electromagnetic waves which will be transported to its receiver. These electromagnetic waves will be absorbed by the receiver and it will convert back into thermal energy or heat. The difference in the absorption properties of different ...

Assignment 4: Mid-Term Exam

Question 1 - Permafrost Permafrost is a thick sub-layer of ground comprising of soil, rocks, ice, or organic materials, which remains frozen for at least two sequential years. It forms the sub-surface soil layer of Polar Regions such as the arctic region. - Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Hardwood Forest Ecotone An ecotone describes an area of transition that occurs between biomes. An example of such an area occurs in northern Ontario between the Great Lakes- St. Lawrence and the boreal forests (Liu). The Boreal forest changed into the St. Lawrence wood nearly 7,400 years ago (Liu) ...

Living things are composed of cells. It is the basic unit of life. There are two types of cells: eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Eukaryotes are generally multicellular that usually differentiate to form tissues while prokaryotes are unicellular. Inside, both type of cells are different from each other. To compare the two, we can make the analogy that eukaryotic cells are similar to a CEO’s office while prokaryotic cells are like cubicles in an office. In a CEO’s office you may find a variety of equipment while in a cubicle at the corner of an office you’d only find basic stuff. Due ...

Photosynthesis refers to the process where plant utilize sunlight energy to transform carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugar (Lehninger, Nelson, & Cox, 2008). The photosynthesis process can be illustrated using an equation as follows: CO2 + H20→ +C6H12O6+O2

Initial Hypothesis

- If the leaves in a chamber containing sodium bicarbonate are placed in light bank then, the leaves will float. - If the leaves in a chamber containing distilled water are placed in light bank then the leaves would not float

Final hypothesis

- If the leaves in a chamber containing sodium bicarbonate are placed in light bank then, the leaves will float. ...

Section Number.

- Glycolysis refers to the process that takes place in the cytosol and through which a molecule of glucose is broken down into a compound called pyruvate ( Reece 167) - Everthing is doubled since there is still more substrates required for respiration and therefore more energy is still produced as the substrate is not exhausted.( Reece 167) - In the process of glycolysis 2 NADH, 2 ATP and 2 H+ are fomed. While in TCA 6NADH, 3 H+, 1 FADH2 and 2 ATP are formed. (Reece 176). - The NADH is produced in the mitochondrion during the citric ...

Introduction

The carbon atom is one of the most fascinating atoms in the world. This is because of the processes and transformations it can go through time from organism to organism. The journey that the carbon atom goes through from the atmosphere into the plant, then the animal and then out again into the atmosphere over and over through a myriad of processes is called the carbon cycle, and if one of the most important cycles in life as we know it. The carbon atom partaking in the life cycles by being part of the building blocks of both living and ...

Effect of Light Intensity on the Rate of Photosynthesis

Purpose The purpose of this experiment was to determine how light intensity affects rate of photosynthesis using seaweed. Introduction In the process of photosynthesis there is combination of water and CO2 from the environment to form oxygen and sugar, mainly glucose (Emeritus, 2010). These products are then used by the plant through the process of respiration producing water and carbon dioxide (Seeley, Stephens, & Tate, 2004).

Hypothesis

It was hypothesized that the rate of photosynthesis as measured by the number of bubbles produced increased as light intensity increased.

Methods

Results The amount of bubbles that appeared during the ...

Introduction

Transpiration is the process involving the movement of water from the roots through the xylem to the atmosphere via the stomata. About 95% of the water absorbed by plants is transpired to the atmosphere. The plant uses the remaining 5% for its metabolic functions such as photosynthesis and respiration (Ahmadi and Baker, 259). The movement of water in the vascular plant is as a result of the coordination among the three plant organs: the root, the stem, and the leaf. Roots have root hairs located toward its growing tip. The root hairs form extensions of the epidermal cells referred ...

Properties of Life

When it comes to dealing with cells as a structural and functional unit of all kinds of life on earth, it is important to understand the biological concept of what constitutes life. Most biologists, including cell biologists will agree that life is defined according to seven principles. First, that living things are composed of cells. A cell is a unit that makes up all kinds of life, whether it is a bacterial life or plant life or human life. The second principle is that there are different levels of organization in life – cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and so ...

VEGETATION ANALYSIS LAB REPORT

INTRODUCTION Growth in plant may be referred to as a progressive development in plant and can be expressed in terms of dry weight, length, diameter, and height. The growth of the plant results in the development of different structures, which all the conditions are optimum results in a proportionally matured plant. Agents that affect plant growth may be classified as environmental or genetic. Environmental factors affecting plant growth include the content of the moisture in the soil, temperature, radiations from the sun, soil reaction, mineral nutrients that are available, biotic factors and atmospheric composition among others. Each of these factors ...

Corse

Photosynthesis refers to the process by which plants and other organisms as photosynthetic bacterias convert light from the sun into chemical energy that they use for survival. The energy released is vital for the functioning of the plants and the support of life on earth. For photosynthesis to take place, there are four basic factors that must be fulfilled. These include carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, and chlorophyll. Therefore, the process of photosynthesis helps remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. One of the byproducts of the process of photosynthesis is oxygen, a vital gas for the survival of animals on earth. ...

Executive Summary

This process of making 17 reams release 100 pounds of Carbon dioxide in the environment. Forests and trees are mainly responsible for maintaining a stable environment of the world. Going paperless will help reduce the total waste that disturbs the natural environment. Trees are naturally responsible for absorbing carbon dioxide through the process of photosynthesis. The amount of paper recycled is proportional to the amount of tree saved. The increased usage of recycled paper will help decrease the demand for virgin paper. Decrease in the demand of virgin paper will automatically help reduce the air and water pollution. The paper ...

It is a well-known fact that everything in our life is closely connected with each other. All living creatures must take energy in order to survive and maintain their basic biological function. All of them do that in a different way. We eat, drink and breathe in order to live and stay healthy. It was proved by experts that the average adult inhales and exhales almost 7 or 8 liters of air per minute. The total amount of air that we use in a day comes out at 11,000 liters. Consequently, we use 550 liters of pure oxygen per day and ...

[Title Here, up to 12 Words, on One to Two Lines] [Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees] [Institutional Affiliation(s)] The evolutionary history of life on Earth goes back to the processes by which living and fossil organisms have formed since life on the planet first originated. Earth and the life inside its surface are estimated to be formed billion of years ago. The similarities between the current living forms signal the existence of a common origin from which all known species have branched off through the process of evolution. In the ...

Abstract

European Gypsy moths cause severe damage to trees and shrubbery by reducing the ability of the plants to carry out photosynthesis. The moths damage the plants causing the plants to die and/or to become vulnerable to infections. Plants are defoliated forcing the plants to grow new leaves disrupting the natural growing process of the plants. The environmental damage the moths cause results in loss of wooded areas, drought and high economic costs. The carbon cycle is disrupted due to the loss of trees. Gypsy moths are regarded as the worst insect pests in the United States. The infestation started ...

Dissolved oxygen is believed to be the volume of oxygen in water. Dissolved Oxygen is believed to be part of the microscopic bubbles of oxygen which are normally mingled water and then appears to occur among water molecules. This component is a vital index of the water body's power to back aquatic life. Aquatic animals and other species like fish "breathe" by absorbing the available dissolved oxygen by means of their gills. The gaseous oxygen comes in the water by absorption straight from the air or by aquatic plant and algae photosynthesis. The dissolved oxygen is believed to be ...

Sun plays crucial role in the life of the Earth. The entire organic world of our planet is obliged to the Sun for its existence. It is not only the source of light and heat, but also the original source of many other types of energy (oil, coal, water, wind). Since people appeared on the Earth, they began using the sun's energy. According to archaeological data, it is known that housing preference was given to quiet places, closed from the cold winds and open to the sun's rays. Perhaps the earliest known solar system can be considered the ...

Introduction

Our knowledge of ocean life is limited to big fishes and salty water. However, with new discoveries it is now evident that ocean life is mainly kept in balance by microorganisms. Billions of micro, nano and singular celled organisms called planktons are the primary producers of the marine fish web. Any living being in order to survive needs energy in the form of food and on earth the sole supplier of energy is the Sun. Be it ocean food chain or terrestrial food chain it always start with the sun. In case of terrestrial chains plants and weeds are ...

Introduction

The null hypothesis for the experiment was that oxygen production is the same in both plants while the alternative hypothesis was that oxygen production and thus the rate of photosynthesis is higher in Ceratophyllum than in Cabomba due to its efficiency in carbon dioxide utilization (Kitaya, Murakami, & Takeuchi, 2003).

Materials and Methods

Experimental Design The research question to be answered in the experiment was whether there is rate difference, in oxygen production, in oxygen production between Ceratophyllum and Cabomba. It was predicted that each of the plants would have different oxygen production rates. The dependent variable was the rate in oxygen ...

The Rate of Photosynthesis in Two Submerged Organisms (Cabomba and Ceratophyllum)

Introduction In this experiment, the set alternative hypothesis was that the rate of oxygen production in Cabomba was significantly different from the rate of oxygen production in Ceratophyllum. This was informed by the report from a previous study by Van and colleagues (1976) that indicated that Cabomba had a lower rate of photosynthesis compared to Ceratophyllum and Hydrilla that had similar photosynthetic rate.

Materials and Methods

Experimental Design The experimental independent variables were 6 grams for Ceratophyllum and Cabomba organisms while oxygen produced was the dependent variable. Water collected from the pond was used as the control in the experiment. The question ...

Summary

This essay is on short description of the following terms atoms, molecular structure, ionic bonding, periodic table, pH, acids, oxidation, antioxidants in food, alkali cleaning agents, salts used in food, plant cells, photosynthesis, micro-organisms in the environment, bacterial morphology, comparative sizes of micro-organisms, factors affecting the growth of bacteria, bacterial spores, biological role of enzymes, catalase, and enzymic browning.

Introduction

This essay will write short notes on various topics in chemistry as well as in microbiology. Some of the terms in chemistry include atom, molecular structure, periodic table, pH, oxidation, ionic bonding among others. Some of the terms in microbiology ...

List the three nutrient cycles present in an ecosystem.

Nutrient cycles are also called as biogeochemical cycles as they help convert the elemental form of essential minerals into biochemical form for utilization by living organisms. The three important nutrient cycles of the ecosystem are the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle and the phosphorous cycle. Nitrogen has a vast atmospheric abundance but is not present in a useable form for many organisms. Nitrogen fixers convert nitrogen into ammonium and nitrates to be taken up by plants and passed onto animals. Phosphorous is the integral part of the building blocks of nucleic acids, ATP and lipids that make up the ...

Plant Cell Wall and Bacterial Cell Wall

The structure of a plant cell wall has both primary and secondary cell walls composed of cellulose, lignin, hemicelluloses and pectin. On the other hand, the bacterial cell wall structure is composed of peptidoglycan. There are also some differences and similarities in their roles. The bacterial cell wall helps in maintaining the shape of the cell, provides protection, and also acts as an anchor for flagella. The plant cell wall also helps in maintaining the shape of the cell just like the bacterial cell wall. In addition, it provides support, stores carbohydrates, regulates material flow in and out of the ...

Question 1

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants manufacture their own food using carbon IV oxide and water in the presence of sunlight. On the other hand, respiration refers to the process by which by which glucose is oxidised is the presence of enzymes to release energy. The process by which human beings obtain energy from the sun is linked to both respiration and photosynthesis. Green plants manufacture their own food by use of carbon IV oxide and water in the presence of sunlight. Human beings obtain the energy through feeding in food from the green plants. The plants ...