Essays on Chemical Reaction

Vitamin C Clock Reaction: Kinetics

Vitamin C Clock Reaction: Kinetics

Abstract

Collision theory refers to a theory that was proposed by Max Trautz and William Lewis independently. The theory qualitatively offers an explanation on the way chemical reactions take place and the reason behind differences in reaction rates in different reactions. The rate equation for a given chemical reaction refers to the equation that provides a link between the pressure or concentrations of the reactants and the parameters that are constant partial reaction orders and the rate coefficients. This experiment aimed to determine the rate of reaction of reaction between iodide and hydrogen peroxide and Continue reading...

Abstract

Enzymes are the large biological molecules that play the role of metabolic processes responsible for maintaining the human life. They have the ability of high selectivity, as natural catalysts. They accelerate both the specifity and rate of metabolic processes, from food digestion and DNA synthesis. Most scientific enzymes are proteins in nature, even though some RNA molecules which are catalytic have been studied. The structures of enzymes normally adopt a three dimensional structure, and in order to assists in catalysis, it may employ the organic and inorganic forms. This experiment is meant to describe the properties and characteristics of Continue reading...

Part A

How Enzymes Act As Protein Catalysts in Biochemical Processes
Catalysis refers to the speeding up of a chemical reaction by a catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction but does not undergo a permanent chemical change in the process. Enzymes are catalysts whose building blocks are amino acids: they are proteins. Enzymes also exhibit a defined three-dimensional structure. In addition, they have a cleft on their surface called active site. The active site is the region where substrate interactions take place. Enzymes play important roles in fructose metabolism. The first step of fructose metabolism in Continue reading...

Introduction

Q1 . The fundamental requirement for a living cell to sustain itself are a carbon source, an energy source, an electron donor, an electron acceptor and elemental nutrients(N,P, S, Mg,) etc. Explain how each of these fundamental requirements are needed by the living cell to function. Explain how the cell can maintain its own internal biological processes without being in equilibrium with the external environment.
The living cells can function within a constricted range of such conditions such as nutrient availability, pH, ion, temperature, etc. The cell must coordinate different chemical reactions and consolidate many different molecules into Continue reading...

Stars begin their lives from molecular clouds or nebula of gases and dust. These gases and dusts exert forces to each other that make them want to move farther away from each other while at the same time there is gravity that attracts them together into a small space within the nebula. The chemistry which starts the star’s life begins when gravity starts winning in the war between the two aforementioned opposing forces. As gravity pulls the dust and clouds together it begins to accumulate mass and a swirling motion typical to a spinning disc. At its center Continue reading...

Abstract

The fugacity is a term that has Latin origins, referring to pace and speed. Early work somewhere in the 20th century, on fugacity, demonstrated that chemical equilibrium is established by the free energies of reacting material. Since then, various approaches and concepts on fugacity have been provided. The gas fugacity of noble gasses has been studied, and models have been proposed for calculating the solubility of noble gasses. The development of various models has considered pressure effects, differential equilibrium between components and temperature changes.
The paper discusses the evolution of various multimedia fugacity models and the fugacity of pure Continue reading...

A chemical reaction occurred between Calcium carbide (CaC2) water (H20). The reaction occurs because a cloudy (turbid) can be observed when the pieces of carbide are added to the flask containing water. Bubbling can also be observed as the reaction releases acetylene gas. The whitish or cloudy substance formed during the reaction is calcium hydroxide.
A reaction between the reactants, calcium carbide (CaC2) and water. Reactants are the substances which when combined exchange chemical their ions and form other substances. The reaction involves the active ions of the dicarbide (C22-) and the Calcium (Ca2+) with the hydrogen (H+) and Continue reading...

Mechanical Engineering is a branch in the field of science that encompasses a large field of designing and manufacturing small individual parts and devices, as well as large systems. The branch is at the heart of moving products from ideas to the marketplace. The branch of engineering involves creating products that will withstand different forces and the thermal environment to ensure they function properly. It entails the design, manufacturing, analysis and maintenance of mechanical systems using principles of materials science and physics. Mechanical engineering is not only concerned about functionality of products but also about aesthetics too. In its Continue reading...

Introduction 3

Definition and background 3
Structure and properties of Artemisinin 4
Structure 4
Properties of Artemisinin 5
Synthesis of artemisinin 5
Activation of artemisinin 7
Mechanism of Artemisinin action in the body 8
Side effect 10
Conclusion 10

References 13

- Table of Figures
Figure 1: Structure of Artemisinin2 4
Figure 2: A synthetic strategy of chemical synthesis from cyclohexenone. 7,9,10 6
Figure 3: Reductive scission model: Homolytic mechanisms of bioactivation of the endoperoxide bridge of artemisinin and derivatives 8
Figure 4: Proposed mechanism for artemisinin mediated lipid peroxidation of membranes 3 9
Figure 5: Acting mechanism between heme& Artemisinin.3, Continue reading...

Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to characterize aldehydes and ketones using Tollen’s test and Iodoform test. It also aims to identify an unknown substance as well as determine whether glucose is an aldehyde or a ketone using the same tests. In order to achive these purposes, four test tubes where prepared for each type of test. For Tollen’s test, each of the tubes contained 1 drop of the analyte to which 1mL of the Tollen’s reagent was added. For the Idoform test, 4 drops of each substance was used, to which 2 mL of sodium Continue reading...

Chapter review

Chapter review
Matter is anything that has mass and occupy space. The smallest particle of matter is referred to as an atom. An atom is the basic substance of the matter. An atom consists of; tiny subatomic substance. These substances are; proton, electron, and neutron. The protons are positively charged; electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons have no charge. The atom is divided into two parts, the center that consists of the neutrons and proton and the outer part which consist of the electrons.
An atom has different properties; a physical property can be seen and observed without changing Continue reading...

Interactions with hazardous materials

Chemical reactions or interactions are key to the production of various useful chemical products including polymers, fuels, paints, adhesives etc. When the reactants, catalysts, mechanism of reaction, reactor operation, temperature, pressure and other parameters are known, as well as kept under control, the products or outcome are as expected. On the other hand when chemical interactions are unexpected and lead to unknown products, consequences could be disastrous leading to severe loss. Such hazardous material interactions are more common in chemical manufacture, processing, refining and storage facilities.
Reactive hazards are a serious concern since the magnitude of loss could be Continue reading...

- Pressure= 1000 x (0.5)5.6/5.6
Pressure=500 mb
Pressure=1000 x (0.5)8.85/5.6
Pressure=334.40 mb
Pressure=1000 x (0.5)11.2/5.6
Pressure=250 mb
Pressure= 1000 x (0.5)50/5.6
Pressure=2.05 mb
- The temperature of the upper stratosphere is greater than that of the lower stratosphere due to the presence of the ozone layer. It is here where ozone absorbs ultraviolet light, which triggers chemical reactions. These chemical reactions produce heat, a process which is not found in the lower stratosphere.
- Conduction is the transfer of heat through solid objects such as metal and wood when the molecules come in contact. Conversely, Continue reading...

THE SCOPES TRIAL

The scopes trial is also famously known as the scopes monkey trial and was a trial which involved the state of Tennessee against John Thomas Scopes. The charge against scopes was teaching evolution. Apparently back in 1925 it was illegal to teach anything about evolution in schools that were funded by the state. Back then people believed in the divinity of the bible. Anything in the bible was considered truth that was incontestable by any human being irrespective of the evidence at hand. Teaching evolution was tantamount to blasphemy against morally accepted truths by the people. The Buttler act Continue reading...

The Structure and Chemistry of a Dry Cell

A dry cell is usually referred to as a zinc-carbon cell because its components. Its electrochemical system constitutes a manganese dioxide cathode and a zinc anode. Additionally, the electrolyte is made up of zinc chloride which is solved in water and combined with ammonium chloride. For the most or commonly used batteries such as the round cells, a rod of carbon is used which is placed centrally down. The carbon rod serves as a collector of current for the positive terminal located at the top of the cell even though it is chemically inert. Current inside the dry zinc Continue reading...

Abstract

Enzymes are biological catalysts and work by speeding up the rate of chemical reactions. The factors that affect enzyme activity include enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, and the substrate concentration. This experiment aimed to determine the effect of lemon juice, which is acidic on the activity of catechol oxidase enzyme. According to the results, high acidity inactivates the catechol oxidase enzyme. The optimum pH level for catechol oxidase enzyme can, therefore, be said to be pH 6.

Introduction

Enzymes are biological catalysts and work by speeding up the rate of chemical reactions. The enzymes achieve this by reducing the amount of Continue reading...

In the healthcare perspective, according to Gennaro et al. (2000), biochemical reactions are the chemical reactions involved in biochemical and cellular processes and particular actions of substances that affect these processes. Understanding biochemical reactions lead to the “understanding of the molecular bases of diseases”. The knowledge of receptor sites and metabolism (among other things) direct healthcare measures in efficient therapy management. Knowing normal cellular communication and metabolic pattern chemical reactions determine conditions that are abnormal in disease states. To Giese (2013), the scope of pharmaceutical reactions involve those of pharmaceutical biomolecules and biomolecule analogues and the chemical reactions involving Continue reading...

Physical property of a substance is that property which can only be observed but cannot be changed. They include color, volume and weight. On the other hand, a chemical property is that property of a substance which can only be observed through changing the chemical composition of the substance.

Difference between physical and chemical reactions

A physical reaction does not evolve a new matter. A chemical reaction on the other hand produces a new substance.

How different an element is from a compound

An element is a pure chemical material composed of the same type of atom. A compound on the other hand is entailed of atoms of unlike elements that are chemically Continue reading...

Introduction

The cardiovascular system consists of arteries, capillaries veins blood vessels and the heart. The heart delivers nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and caries waste products for elimination from the tissues (Hester & Lusha, 2012). The regulation of the cardiovascular system occurs through a complex interaction of both neural and non-neural mechanisms that aim at guaranteeing a constant internal environment (homeostasis) in organisms (Malliani 2000). The regulation of the cardiovascular system occurs through hemodynamics, through auto regulation, hormonal regulation and neural control (Khurana, 2008).
The most important of the regulatory mechanisms are closed loop reflexes like baro- reflexes, chemo reflexes Continue reading...

Introduction

Biochemistry is the study of composition, structure and the chemical reactions taking place in living organisms. Dental biochemistry is the study of the composition, structure and chemical reactions taking place in teeth (Chary & Sharma 2004). The teeth form the sensitive part of the human being. The teeth enhance the looks of a human being and it is also for eating. When the dental formula of a human being is correct, the confidence to talk improves unlike when the dental formula is not proper. When care is not taken, the teeth will contact diseases. There are various causes of the Continue reading...

Abstract

Amylase from Bacillus Subtilis and Aspergillus oryzae were studied as representative candidates for bacterial and fungal enzymes, respectively. The activities of these two enzymes were studies comparatively over a period of 10 minutes and at temperatures of 0, 40, 60 and 95°C. The experiment was conducted to find the most effective temperatures for bacterial amylase and fungal amylase to catalyze starch hydrolysis. The data suggest that fungal enzyme was relatively more active, particularly in the first 6 minutes, than the bacterial counterpart at 0°C.
On the other hand, the fungal enzyme activity deteriorated more rapidly than that Continue reading...

This article describes a study in which intrinsic motivation in students in regards to reading comprehension is studied. The study tested the idea that through presenting the students with situational interest, they would be able to create intrinsic motivation in the students, and therefore this would increase the students reading comprehension. For example, a student would do a simple lab experiment about chemical reactions and interest would be generated on this topic. The student would then read about the same types of chemical reactions. This student would then be able to form connections between the situation and the reading, Continue reading...

Muscular dystrophy is an inherited disease where the different genes that control muscular function are defective (Emery, 2008). It has been found that many forms of dystrophy are caused by a deficiency in dystrophin, which is a muscle protein (Emery, 2008).
This disease is not infectious and cannot be acquired from any activity. It is characterized by muscle weakness and wasting where the specific muscles affected vary for different types of dystrophy (Emery, 2008).

Among the various types of muscular dystrophy, the Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most prevalent, with an occurrence of twenty to thirty cases for every one thousand live male births (Brown, Miller & Eason, 2006). Another common type is the Becker muscular dystrophy, which is less severe than the Duchenne and occurs in three out of every one hundred thousand boys (Brown et al., 2006).

Continue reading...

Enzymes are sometimes referred to as biochemistry workhorses because they are utilized by many scientists to speed up a number of chemical reactions. Enzymes are proteins that speed up, or in other words catalyze, specific biological and chemical reactions by increasing the rates of reaction by more than a million factors. An example of these enzymes is Pectinase, which is the enzyme that catalyzes pectin breakdown. Pectin is a part of the cell wall of fruits like tomatoes, mangoes, oranges and apples. Pectins are large colloidal molecules and they are responsible for holding or determining the amount Continue reading...

Summary: Examination of a biotechnology patent
Theoretically, thermal cycling refers to a process of temperature regulation scheme that is used to strengthen variety of materials or lengthen their durability. Thermal cycling apparatus and method refers to the equipment and technique used to carry out thermo cycling processes. Improved thermal cycling apparatus and relates to the modern advanced inventions of equipments and methods of carrying thermoregulation processes and minimizing related movement of fluids from two zones with two different temperatures to control chemical reactions.
Background of the invention
Temperature is one of the main factors that have been found to Continue reading...

Abstract

Lemons have a lot of electrolytes, in form of citric acid. This acid assists in breaking down the atomic configuration of the copper and zinc plates that is placed in the lemon during such an experiment. Once the copper and zinc has been broken down, electrons are liberated. The copper and zinc then become electrodes. Electrodes permit the electrons to flow liberally through them. These free electrons habitually flow from negative electrode to positive one. In this experiment the copper is the positive electrode and the zinc is the negative. The movement of these electrons are computed in Continue reading...