Essays on Crust

Continental drift is the theory which proposes that the world was originally made up of a single continent. With the passage of time, this continent was broken up, and it drifted apart to form the seven continents that are present today. It was proposed by Alfred Wegener whose hypothesis stands that the continents are made up of rocks that rest on the heavier weighing rocks on the crust, and this is a movement that is mimicked by icebergs on water. The continents move rigidly. Plate tectonics theory proposes that the Earth’s surface is actually broken up into a ...

Introduction

The process of managing individuals whether in business or sport is an intricate task and demands a compassionate appreciation of the multilateral roles needed (Crust and Lawrence, 2006). The position of manager in sports represents a tempestuous as well as a stressful occupation where persons are publicly held answerable for the performance of the team. Some football managers have been heavily criticized for not spending enough in buying top players to help their teams win trophies. For instance, as Kulper (2013) reports, Arsenal fans complain that the team manager refuses to purchase the costly players who can compete with ...

Introduction

This is a blog post which provides a critical evaluation and marketing recommendation on the Red Baron Pizza. The procedure of evaluating the product will include an application of the marketing mix and other variables relevant to the qualities and features of the frozen pizza. This will use the tools and techniques of marketing and they will be applied in order to identify whether it is a good product to buy or not. Ultimately, the research will culminate in the presentation of a recommendation on whether the product is ideal or not.

Product Description

Red Baron Pizza is a product of ...

At one point, different concepts and theories of the natural science meet at an explanation of phenomena in a manner that most scientists may not imagine. Such is the relationship between geology and physics. Geology, definitively, is the study of the composition and elements of earth. In an advanced understanding, geology defines the different aspects of the universe such as rocks and the processes by which they change. On the other hand, physics is the branch of natural science that details the understanding of matter force, energy and matter with their movement through time and space (Anand, 2002). With ...

Trace elements refer to chemicals that form parts of important enzymes found in the body of a living organism occurring in minute amounts, less than 0.1% by volume (Anonymous, 2015). Trace elements are available in the natural environment and play a critical role in the survival of all living organism. Individual elements attract molecules from the environment and convert them to various products needed by the organism. Examples of trace elements are iron, copper, zinc, manganese, boron, molybdenum, iodine, cobalt among others. However, the following paper analyzes only three of these trace elements namely, copper, iron, and zinc.

Copper

Introduction ...

1) What is the importance of Geodesy for Surveying? Why do you think that Geomatics

Should students know about Geodesy? Discuss

Geology enables the determination of the alignment of land, including the position, territories, portion and shape through the application of theodolites, land data systems or other geodetic survey tools. Also, it is through geology that resulted in the creation of the GPS (Geo Information Satellite) systems which as a result has resulted in the optimal exploration of space and regionally associated information. Besides, geodesy for surveying, aids in the assessing the quality of control information to regulate the necessity for extra survey information for ...

The continental plate in the eastern part of Asia is composed of various volcanoes and tectonic movements. Most of the volcanic rocks in this region are composed of alkali basalts with signs of continental contamination. There are various models that explain the region’s magmatic evolution. The two most common models used to explain the movements refers to the surficial processes and the other one refers to the deeper processes associated with the Pacific ocean plate. These two processes are antithetic and may hay happen subsequently. The volcanism can be traced by tomographic imaging that can be directly associated ...

The heat was intense. The orange light shone on the desert, drying up the remaining puddles of water into vapour, rising into the atmosphere. A lizard crawled slowly, almost dying, parched and with a hide so leather like, one would think it was crisp fried. Slowly, I heard the intense ringing of the siren. Waaang waaaang waaang. It was time to get inside our shelters. The shelters were not made of concrete. Unlike the olden days, concrete was the material of choice. All buildings were once made from stone, from cement mixed with water to form hard solid blocks. ...

NATIONAL PARKS

National Parks Introduction Acadia National Park The Acadia National Park is federal parkland located in New England, United States. This national park is made up of mountains, lakes, woodlands, ocean shoreline and so forth. It also includes a small island located to the southwest of Mount Desert Island, and parts of Baker Island, also nearby. This makes up much of the Isle au Haut. A part of the Schoodic Peninsula situated on the mainland of Maine is also included in this park. The national park is the first to be established in the East of the Mississippi River and ...

The continental landscape features are reflected with analogous features on the ocean basins. Plains, Plateaus, volcanic cones, rolling hills, mountains, and valleys are found underwater in the oceans just like on land. However, research reveals that the largest mountains found beneath ocean waters are higher as compared to those on the continent. Also, the plains found under water are more extensive and flatter than those on the dry land.

The Shape of the Land

The ocean basins can be referred to that surface of the Earth that extends towards the sea from the margins of the continent. Ocean basins are usually submerged in the ...

(Teacher Name)

An earthquake is any seismic event that causes seismic waves. These can be caused by human activity or natural causes. For example, fracking often causes earthquakes which are human caused. Earthquakes often shake or displace the ground or surface of the earth near the epicenter and if the displaced earth is under the ocean, it will usually cause a tsunami. Most earthquakes are caused by geological faults but they can also be caused by landslides, mine blasting, and volcanic activity. Earthquakes are measured by overserving seismometers that are set up across the globe in strategic places for ...

Question 1

Radioactivity is the process by which unstable isotopes of elements disintegrate in the nucleus to release energy in form of gamma rays, beta radiation and alpha radiation. The disintegration occurs as a result of the stability within the cell nucleus. Some isotopes of elements have non-balancing number of the protons as compared to the neutrons, as a result of the lack of balance between the negative and the positive charges in the nucleus; the nucleus becomes unstable and disintegrates. Radioactive radiation was first discovered by Henri Becquerel in 1896 as he was working on X-ray. By then the X-ray ...

Sodium

Sodium is an element found in Group I of periodic table according to WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements (n.p), commonly known as the Alkali metals. It is a metal with silver-white color appearance. It is usually found in many different minerals like cryolite, zeolite and amphibole. The most common mineral where it is found is sodium chloride. Sodium is the sixth abundant element in found in earth’s crust. It has an atomic symbol of Na and an atomic number of 11. The atomic mass is 22.98977 and atomic radius is 186pm. Sodium is a very reactive metal. ...

“Harlem” is Langston Hughes’s most famous poem, in which the author addresses such important issues as racial prejudices and limitations of blacks in the American society. The author presents vivid analogies of a postponed dream which are not violent in their nature but potent to make readers taste, feel, and smell these hopeless dreams, the dreams of African Americans about freedom, dignity, equality, success, and opportunities. The poem consists of eleven short lines presented in the form of questions which are extremely powerful but leave a sense of silence after them. The title of the poem echoes the ...

There are different foods prepared and served at various times depending on the locations. Families have different choices of the foods served on different occasions, let’s say in celebratory moods. It can be difficult for one to decide the food to offer people in several circumstances due to different tastes of people. What some people may term as best food can turn not to be the best food for others. Chess pie has been a good food for many families and it is mainly served during celebrations. It has happened in our family in many occasions whenever there ...

Question 1

Convection is organized by the circular motion of water flow or air through thermal changes in the density and gravitational attraction, which originate from the source of heat and decrease in the colder outer layers.

Craton is a lithosphere platform with the foundation of Precambrian age.

Earthquake magnitude is a scale characterizing the energy released during an earthquake in the form of seismic waves. Focus is an area of occurrence of underground hits in the earth's crust or upper mantle, resulting in an earthquake. Epicenter – is the central point of the surface of the earthquake focus. Isostasy is hydrostatic equilibrium state of the earth's crust, when the Earth's less dense ...

It is worth noting that the Basin and Range Province that is located in the southwest of the US tends to be stretching. It is estimated that the gradual mantle upwelling as well as plate movements are prone to result in the faulting of much greater magnitude, thereby eventually contributing to rifting of the North American Plate. When it comes to the causes of Basin and Range topography, crustal extensions should be emphasized. Crustal movements tend to pull apart the Earth's crust and lithosphere, thus rifts make rocks drop down on one side and then rise on the other. ...

[Subduction Initiation]

Abstract

The major purpose of this report is to explore the process of subduction initiation by looking at its implications. The initiation of subduction is among the main plate tectonic process hence it comes out as an important subject of study when exploring the geological structure of the Earth. In order to explore all the elements associated with this, the paper is categorized into topics that cover important aspects. First, it is important to study when and why subduction initiation begins since this will give a picture about its relation with plate tectonic movement. It comes out that ...

Rock types

Mibei (2014) classified rocks into three major types based on their formation process: the sedimentaries; the igneous; and the metamorphics. Sedimentary rocks, which comprised the majority (up to 66 percent) of Earth’s crust, formed through depositions of materials (e.g. minerals and organic particles) at the surface of or within water bodies on Earth. These rocks include limestones, sandstones, conglomerates, shales, and gypsum. Most of these rocks can be found in ocean floors and basins, which account to 70 percent of the Earth’s total land area. Igneous rocks form from magma, which solidified and cooled, including the partial ...

Iceland

According to World happiness report (2012-2014) Iceland is a place, where the happiest people live, like in Switzerland and Denmark (Helliwell, Layard, and Sachs 26). Why? Maybe, it is connected with unique geographical resources of the country, because Iceland is a country of geological contradictions When people live in harmony with nature, they no doubt can be healthy and happy. Let us speak about people of Iceland. In 2011 the population of it was 318 452 persons (Heimur 12) with density of 3 inhabitants per square kilometer on the total area of 103000 km2 (Columbia University 7). The density ...

Abstract

Bread crumbs are small particles of bread, which are usually used for breading or crumbing foods to give the food favourable flavour and texture. Different processing approaches of bread crumbing, as well as a variety of breadcrumbs / derived products exist in the global market, and are commonly used globally. The research objective of this project is to investigate the processing, applications and markets of breadcrumbs, in order to identify and evaluate opportunities for its processing and potential products it could be applied to. The findings suggest that advanced extrusion processing techniques are desirable for commercial bread crumb processing. Two ...

A volcano is a crack or opening in the Earth’s crust, which erupts, magma, lava and many hot gases present the Earth internal structure. A volcano is actually formed when the magma erupts from the Earth, and it forms a mountain on its surface, which becomes the crevice through which lava erupts every time. The Earth’s crust is about a few hundred kilometers thick below the Earth’s surface. It is made up of tectonic plates that are found to float upon magma, which is liquefied, ...

Minerals are classified by their chemical composition as Silicates, Phosphorites, carbonates, and halides are all major mineral groups.

Silicates contain silicon (Si) and oxygen (O), the two most abundant elements in the earth and comprise the majority of Earth's crust. They have a chemical formula SiO2. Common silicate minerals include olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, mica and quartz.

Phosphorites are sedimentary rocks of biochemical origin and are rich in phosphate with chemical formula PO4. They are mostly used as chemical fertilizers. They are also used as food preservatives, anti-corrosion agent and also in the field of metallurgy. Limestone and mudstone are common phosphate bearing rocks.Carbonates are the minerals mostly found in the Earth’s near surface crust. They have ...

In 1968, the research vessel Glomar Challenger ventured on a year-long scientific expedition, between South America and Africa and drilled core samples at specific locations assigned to it. When tested, these samples provided the conclusion that proved the seafloor spreading hypothesis to be true. The JOIDES Resolution is a deep-sea drilling ship of the 1990s. This ship is capable of carrying more than 9,000 m of drill pipe. It is also known for its precise positioning and deeper drilling than the Glomar Challenger.

According to the maps and diagrams on the website, where are the major concentrations of the world's earthquakes? Where do most of the earthquakes in Europe occur?

The most important concentration of earthquakes occurs in the region so called Ring of Fire, which encircles ...

Chapter Five

The Snow line which is situated in the disc next to the star like Sun called Hydrae tells astronomies and people on the formation of comets and planets, the origin of the solar system and the factors which determined the composition of comets and planets (Mackey, 2013).

Question Sixteen

Chapter 6 Question six Plate tectonic refers to the sideways movement of big portions of the earth’s crustal plates propelled by convectional currents when heat energy is transferred from the core to the crust, spreading the seafloor along the middle of oceanic ridges. The hot magma cools and forms a ...

Explain how the outward flow of energy from the Earth’s interior drives the process of plate Tectonics

All the earth processes are a result of energy flow and mass circulation in and outside of the earth system. Plate tectonics is an earth process that involves the movement of the lithosphere caused by internal processes inside the earth’s mantle (Kent C 154). This is as a result of convection currents within the earth’s crust caused by the heat in the crust. This heat in the crust is due to the initial heat during the earth’s formation and through the radioactive process. The earth’s core is made of radioactive elements such as uranium which decay and ...

1) Explain how the outward flow of energy from the Earth’s interior drives the process of plate tectonics?

The outermost layer of earth, or lithosphere, is broken up into tectonic plates. The boundaries of the plates and their movement leads to the formation of earthquakes, volcanic activity, creation of mountains, and the formation of oceanic trenches. Tectonic plates are formed from either oceanic crust or continental crust, with many containing both. The movement of the plates varies from 0-100mm in a given year. The movement of these plates comes from the outward energy of flow that comes from earth’s central core. Radioactivity produced from elements within earth’s core, such as uranium, decay and release energy. The ...

1) Explain how the outward flow of energy from the Earth’s interior drives the process of plate tectonics?

The earth’s composition consists of a crust, mantle and core. The earth’s core consists of elements like uranium which are radioactive. Due to the phenomenon of radioactivity, these elements decay and trigger a reaction. Because of this a large amount of energy is produced in the core and inner core of the earth. Because of this energy, the core of the earth is very hot and in a molten state. This heat is transferred from the core to the crust by the process convection currents formed in the molten core, creating a cycle of rising and falling of the molten material. This ...

2) There are justifications on the presence of the moon. Perhaps, collision-ejection theory of the moon gives an explains on the issues. The theory asserts that the moon exists due to the formation of debris ejected from the earth, especially when objects crushed. Collision-ejection theory claims that the newly formed earth collided with mars at an angle, which splashed the layers of the earth surface into the orbit around it. This implies that the Earth crust and mantle formed the moon though condensation. There are various facts on the moon that the theory is consistent with. Some of the ...

1.Jupiter was the first. Giant lies just beyond the frost line. As the frost line accumulated great amounts of water via evaporation from infalling icy material, it created a zone of lower pressure that increased the speed of orbiting dust particles and halted their motion toward the Sun. As a result , the frost line acted as a barrier whice lead material to accumulate. This excess material coalesced into a huge embryo of around 10 Earth masses, which then began to grow rapidly by swallowing hydrogen from the surrounding disc, reaching 150 Earth masses in only another 1000 years and finally topping out at ...

An earthquake is a sudden movement of the earth’s crust caused by seismic waves within the earth. Earthquakes also known as temblors can be tremendously destructive to artificial as well as naturally occurring features. With all the destructive energy that earthquake possess it is difficult to imagine that a few thousands of them occur every year, not with a destructive magnitude but in the form of tremors. Areas that are on the “Ring of Fire” are mostly hit by earthquakes because of the volcanic activity present in these areas. It recorded that eighty percent of the world earthquakes occur ...

Edgar Allan Poe’s short story “The Man That Was Used Up” is an astounding dramatic farce involving the search for truth of an unnamed narrator to discern the true secret of a distinguished war hero, General John A.B.C. Smith. Along the way, Poe illustrates a Civil War-era society that brims with a very specific type of cultural revisionism and American exceptionalism that belies the true ugliness of the nation’s atrocities underneath. Looking at this story in the context of the Jacksonian era, in which Indian removal was a very prevalent cultural practice and the upper class lionized military might borne of a ...

There is a time when advertisers need more than descriptive research to understand consumers current behaviors and attitudes. They sometimes require an understanding of cause and effect, which is obtained through experimental research in which an advertiser alters something in the consumer’s environment, or product in order to see what would happen. The goal of an experiment is usually to determine the effect of changes in one area on one or more other areas. An experiment is used to vary the amount of advertising placed in particular markets to determine how advertising weight affects target audience, advertising awareness and ...

The earth as we see it is composed of different components that make up the earth we know day. These components vary from the physical elements that are seen by the human eye to strange and unexplained forces that are in the visible elements of the earth. This has triggered the scientists to devise ways in which they will understand fully what happens on earth and why it is in the shape it is today. The scientists through governments have sent into space different space satellites that are able to help them get the desired knowledge of the different ...

The rock I will be examining in this report is granite. Granite – is the most commonly spread rock in the continental crust formed by the slow cooling and solidification of magmatic melting rocks in depth. Granite can also be formed during metamorphism – under the influence of high temperature and pressure, as well as under the influence of a variety of liquids and gases (fluids), rising from the depths. Granites play a huge role in the structure of the Earth`s crust and the whole continents, since this solid rock is one of the main materials forming the outer part of the ...

Tsunamis

Introduction A tsunami (“a wave in port” in Japanese) are the marine gravity waves that are extremely large in length and height, and are the result of the up or down shift of ocean bottom areas with strong underwater and coastal earthquakes, occasionally, though, are the result of volcanic eruptions and other tectonic processes. Tsunamis are among those few natural disasters that are capable of causing huge numbers. First chapter of this research is dedicated to the causes of tsunami, wave formation mechanism, and waves’ various characteristics. The topic of the conducted research is highly relevant to our area if ...

MEM 695

Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to introduce the different types of energy resources utilized worldwide. This paper discusses the history of the different resources used, starting with the utilization of conventional fossil fuel based technologies, the emergence of nuclear power and finally, the commercialization of renewable energy resources. The main objective of this research paper is to provide an insight on how these energy sources are accessed, utilized, distributed and developed. The paper also seeks to impact of the utilization of these various energy resources on the environment, especially the effect of continued utilization of ...

1. How do continents grow and how are they modified Continents arise due to movement of plates causing boundaries within the earth surface. Plates move through the oceanic crust along narrow zones between each other leading to the development of plate-tectonic forces. As a result, this forces leads to development of boundaries between the plates. This plates becomes the continents. Generally, continents arise because of continental drift that forces a single land mass on the earth surface to split and drift hence forming a continent. Their modification arises due to various plate boundaries that develop within the earth surface. These boundaries ...

My favorite food – Pizza

Who hasn’t enjoyed eating food? If you are dining at home or eating out at your favorite restaurant with family and friends it is always a treat. I love to eat pepperoni pizza, it is my favorite. Just thinking about a large pepperoni pizza gives me an irresistible hunger that becomes painful in the stomach if I do not get my favorite food. On entering the restaurant the delicious, warm smell of dough and a million spices tickles the nostrils and sends finger-like sensors to the brain. Sitting and waiting is torture and the anticipation of biting into tender, juicy, meaty ...

Background

More than six months ago, on June 27, a volcanic eruption occurred in Hawaii, its lava continuing to bubble till September. It crawled its way from the erupted volcano till the edges of the nearest village, causing people to evacuate from their homes. The leading edge of the lava flow was about 110 meters wide with an average speed of 5 meters per hour. The volcanic eruption occurred at the mountain Kilauea. Volcano experts quote Kilauea as “the most continuously active volcano on Earth; lava streaming into the ocean at a steady rate of around 5 [metres per second] for years ...

Volcanoes - geological formations on the surface of the earth's crust or another planet's crust where magma reaches the surface, forming lava, volcanic gases, rocks, volcanic bombs and pyroclastic flows. Volcanoes are divided according to the degree of volcanic activity on the active, dormant and extinct. An active volcano is considered to be a volcano erupted in historical time period or during the holocene. The concept of "active" is quite inaccurate, since the volcano, which has active fumaroles, some scientists refer to the active, and some refer this volcanoes to be extinct. Sleepers are considered to be inactive volcanoes, ...

A Review

- Introduction In summary, the article by James Wood and Alex Guth entitled “East Africa's Great Rift Valley: A Complex Rift System” provides information about the East Africa Rift Systems. The geology of the rift system was described. Also, the formation of the said rift system was discussed by providing a model supporting the geology of the rift system. Overall, the article strikes as a journal with a theme that concerns the geology of the East Africa Rift System. However, it must be important to emphasize the strong and weak points of the article. Needless to say, this paper shall function as a ...

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Vitrophyre Rhyolite in Valles Caldera

Vitrophyre Rhyolite is a type of igneous rock found in the Sante Fe and Valles Caldera areas of New Mexico (see map). Rhyolites are the extrusive equivalents of the plutonic rocks and hence the Rhyolite outcrops closely resemble granite formations. They are composed of high content of Silica and low in iron and magnesium. The Rhyolite melts are intensely polymerized and their lavas are very viscous. The Rhyolites are also known to occur in volcanic plugs and ...

Earthquakes are vibrations of the Earth that are caused by the rupture and sudden movement of rocks along faults or breaks within the earth's crust. The elastic-rebound theory is a model used to explain the origin of earthquakes. It illustrates the buildup of elastic strain from stresses within the earth's crust and the abrupt release of energy along faults as the rocks return or rebound to their initial state (Ristau 249; Hamblin and Christiansen 510). The point within the Earth where the earthquake's energy is generated by the initial slippage or movement is called the focus. The epicenter is the ...

The Sequoia and Kings Canyon in the United States is famous for having the highest and the jagged relief in the entire Sierra region. The rugged topographical nature of these parks is attributed to the formation of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in eastern California. According to Liu and Shen, the formation of this mountain range has been the subject of profound controversy (299). Huber suggested that the uplifting of the range, now approximated at slightly over 2800m above the adjacent lowlands, occurred in the past 20 million years (Liu & Shen 299). A number of subsequent seismic studies conducted ...

2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami

Introduction

The Tohoku earthquake that occurred in the Pacific Ocean on 11th March, 2011 at a shallow depth of 32 kilometers is by far the largest earthquake ever recorded in the Japanese history and the fifth largest in the world. The earthquake was of 9.0 magnitude with its epicenter located 130 kilometers off Sendai, Honshu, the largest city in the Tohoku region. This earthquake set off devastating tsunami waves travelling like a jet plane at the speed of 700 kilometers an hour (Sorkhabi, 2011). The waves that reached the altitude of 40.5 meters travelled up to 10 ...

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Introduction

In the scientific world, many radical scientific principles go through a tumultuous progression before the scientific community accepts them. This was the case with the continental drift theory, a landmark theory in geology. When it was proposed, the scientific community received the continental drift theory with ridicule. However, with time, the theory underwent a series of reinforcement from accumulating evidence in support of the theory. In the end, it emerged as the greatest geological principle of all time. The continental drift theory was the brainchild of Alfred Wegener. Alfred Wegener was a German meteorologist born in 1980. He acquired a PhD in astronomy from ...

Summary of the geotechnical and structural problems of the I-495 Bridge

The I-495 Bridge in Wilmington, Delaware experienced geotechnical and structural problems leading to its closure. According to structural engineers, the closure of the bridge was following an external force that caused the four pillars of the bridge to tilt. The 11-mile long bypass through the bridge remains closed for an unknown time. The tilting pillars were because of a shifting force on the earth surface, but the engineers had not yet identified the source. Engineers and workers are using shovels, and high-powered sensors to discover the main cause of the shifts on the ground (Nann, and Jeff 1). After ...

When humanity decides to use natural resources to improve the quality of life, the usual philosophical principle used to justify such act is the anthropocentrism, which is a human-centered perspective. By human centered we mean that it cares less to the welfare of the environment and gives considerable degree of consideration to human benefits. The result of the application of this principle without giving head to environmental ethics is the abuse of nature and the eventual downfall of the entire human civilization. While, one may be prone to believe that it will be nature, alone, that will be adversely ...

Introduction

Plate tectonics is important because it explains the reasons for the deformation of Earth’s surface. Plate Tectonics theory assumes that the Earth’s surface was broken into several small plates and the plates have collided with each other to form the continents. The theory explains that the oceans and continents also move in addition to the tectonic plates. It also explains the global distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes. The plate tectonics explains the major features of the earth, such as the continents and oceans, the earthquakes and volcanoes and the mountains and valleys. The theory explained that the ...

Lander Project: Life on Jupiter’s Europa Moon

Water is life, and scientific research has long proven this fact. Water is the most important substance that living things need in order to survive. So far, scientists have been excited to find the possibility of life on some of the planetary moons. They have used the fact that evidence of the existence of life-supporting elements such as water and oxygen to other parts of the solar system has been presented through previous research to end up with this possibility. There could be alien life on Jupiter as shown by promising discoveries so far. The problem is that ...

Introduction

Domino’s Pizza is a fast food chain restaurant with its headquarters in the United States of America, founded by Tom Monaghan in 1960. It is the 2nd largest pizza chain store in the United States after Pizza hut a great competitor in the US. However Domino’s Pizza’s expansion worldwide surpasses that of Pizza Hut with its presence in over 70 countries in the world. Dominos New Zealand is among the over 70 international branches that operates Dominos services in the country. The paper presents an analysis of the fast food industry in New Zealand. Subsequently, the service analysis ...

The question of where life originated is almost as old as life itself. While humanity has likely always been self-aware, at least as long as it has existed, the source of the first life on Earth is still a mystery. In ancient times, cultures came up with cosmogonic myths that sought to explain the source of life. One example is the Judeo-Christian cosmogonic myth, in which God is an immortal being who was the only Life, hovering above some waters, before creating what would become the planet Earth and then filling it with life. There are other myths that envision a ...

Introduction

The name diamond owes its origin to Greece. The term is a corruption of the Greek term Adamas, which means the invincible or the unbreakable. In mineralogy, diamond refers to an allotrope of carbons, which is capable of transiting from one state to another. The carbon atoms within the mineral are arranged in a cubic-centered crystal known as the diamond lattice. The diamond mineral has the formula C and exists in Isometric-Hexoctahedral (cubic) crystal system. It is also essential to note that diamond exists in the space group C63/mmc. Diamond exists in different varieties, as distinguished by their colors. Typically, ...

Water and Its Unique Properties

Water is has a unique physical and chemical properties which are essential to life and to the earth processes such as climate change. Water molecules generally consist of one oxygen atoms and two hydrogen atoms. However the atoms do not share equal electrons thereby making water slightly charged—exhibits polarity. Water molecules interact with other water molecule through a weak hydrogen bond. Hydrogen bonds allow water to interact also with other polar substances. Water is known as the universal solvent. Thus, it has the capacity to dissolve various polar substances like ammonia and nonpolar substances such as methane (Freudenrich, 2011). ...

The theory of plate tectonics describes the wide­scale movements of the lithosphere of

the earth. The model is based on the ideas of continental drift, which first gained acceptance in the early 1900s. The geoscientific community granted the theory even more validity after the notion of seafloor spreading appeared in the late 1950s. Basically, the lithosphere is not whole but instead is separated into either seven or eight major plates, depending on the definition that you use. Every meeting point between plates has its own relative movement, either transform, convergent or divergent. Volcanic activity, mountain creation and earthquakes all occur along these edges, and the plates ...

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Steel as a building material in many ways replaced the outdated iron. Until the 70s of the 19th century, the dominant structural material has been cast, but in its stead came shortly steel. By the beginning of the 20th century, production of iron and steel is almost equal. In this part of the cast iron is processed into steel. The value of iron as the final product has fallen sharply and the value have increased significantly. Since the 70s of the 19th century to the present day steel is a ...

Depth of the Earth is mysterious and far less accessible world than the space surrounding our planet. There is no device yet that could penetrate the depths of the planet. The deepest mine in the world has a depth of 4 km whilst the deepest borehole in the Kola Peninsula - 12 km. It's only 1/500 part of the radius of the Earth! However, people have learned to "drop in" to the depths of the Earth. The main method of studying them is seismic (from the Greek. "Seysmos" - an earthquake). From earthquakes or artificial explosions in the bowels of ...

There is a high demand for gas in the United States. Due to this high demand, many gas and oil companies have developed a new process of drilling natural gas. This process is known as Hydraulic Fracturing. Hydraulic Fracturing refers to the process of drilling horizontally by injecting a mixture of water, sand and chemicals- in high rate of concentration or pressure- into rocks as a means of creating new fissures for extracting gas and oil. This process of drilling is applied in difficult-to-reach areas. The technique was developed to stimulate oil production from wells, especially in declining oil reservoirs. However, improvement in ...

The Earth can also be referred to as the blue planet and contains water that covers approximately three quarters of its surface. Water contained on the earth's surface can be categorized according to the state and place it can be found (Gleick, 817). It can further be categorized as fresh or salt water. Salt water covers the largest amount of Earth's water and can also be referred to as salient water. The distribution of Earth's salty water can be allocated as follows herein. Oceans cover approximately 96.5%, Permanent snow 1.74%, ground water 1.7%, soil moisture 0.001%, swamps 0.0008%, river ...