Essays on Scientific Community

Summaries

Goel, Reema et al. 2015. Highly Reactive Free Radicals in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols. Chemical Research in Toxicology 28:9 (1675-1677). In this reported scientific study, a group of researchers from the Pennsylvania State University investigated whether the aerosol produced by an e-cigarette contains reactive, short-lived free radicals. Initially, the researchers proposed that the e-cigarette vapor may contain high concentrations of free radicals, presumably from the presence of high concentrations of free radicals from conventional cigarette smoke. It must be pointed out that reactive, short-lived free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, are potentially toxic to organisms, ...

1. The dogmas are laws and axioms that define a science and all the studies inside that science must follow. It is difficult for an investigator to challenge or dispute a law of axiom of natural science as biology, chemistry or physics; because the current scientific community follows the current dogmas of the natural sciences. In the best of cases, tens of years after the discovery or laws challenging other scientist and investigators must support the idea after the scientific community accept a change in the current dogmas.

Currently, the central dogmas of the natural sciences are:

a. All the pluricellular organisms are mechanical. The animals are considered ...

Our food is one of the most essential part of being human. As such, we have strived to improve techniques in food processing and preservation and have also sought ways to develop more efficient ways of food production. We have done research on various chemicals and fertilizers that allow crops to grow abundantly on relatively less fertile soil and we have also studied insecticides and pesticides that help farmers get rid of harmful pests that kill and lessen harvests of produce. However, these innovations have also led to adverse environmental effects on the quality of our environment and even ...

Scientists, the world over, have a common belief that over 90% of earth’s species have become extinct over the last three billion years that the planet has supported life . It is estimated that there have been at least five mass extinctions spread over millions of years at a time. The latest known mass extinction was towards the end of the Cretaceous period. It is most likely so well known because, the event which occurred over 65 million years ago, caused the end of the dinosaurs. Although in terms of the scale it was smaller than the previous four, ...

The concerns about climate change among the public members and the scientific community are increasing. The members of the public and the scientific community are in the urge to understand the potential causes and impacts of climate change. The trends in the climate and temperatures around the world indicate that global warming is taking place (Botkin & Keller, 1995, p. 45). Provide one piece of data scientists offer to show that the climate is changing globally and give the expected impacts of climate change in my area.

How scientists learn about past global temperatures and climate

Scientists study the past global climate and temperatures, in some different ways. The ...

Sodas: From Health Drink to Casual Beverage Prior to its current image as one of the most esteemed and consumed beverage across the globe, the history of soda drinks began with the manufacturing of carbonated water by Joseph Priestly, and Torbern Bergman’s invention of a mechanism turning carbonated water into chalk form with the use of sulfuric acid in the 1700s. However, Bellis and Oatman-Stanford noted that the newly manufactured good of Priestly and Bergman was met with little success in the market due to financial constraints and the presence of a weaker glass industry making it different ...

Animal testing is something that has come under the spotlight recently. Many consider it as an unethical approach to the testing of new drugs and products. It has led to the division of society in ways that suggests the need for the end of the practice. The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze and review the practice and draw conclusions on the different stakeholder positions and procedures.

Why Animal Testing is Controversial

Animal testing is viewed as something that has some negative moral connotations. This is because it implies taking a risk on an animal as a means of asserting whether a ...

An Assignment Submitted by

After reviewing the case study, it is possible to claim that there are several inconsistencies with the claims made in the scenario. First of all, the study creates a vivid claim in the title that does not correlate with the study conducted by the researcher. The entire case uses a false attraction for the readers in order to impose its agenda. The title suggests wearing red in order to be noticed in the crowd, but the study evaluates only the de-saturated colors of a narrow range in terms of saliency. Secondly, the study does not provide any hypothesis or ...

- Reasons for scientifically studying psychology

Psychology covers the science of both the behavior of human and nonhuman entities. Because science is a systematized body of knowledge it adds fulfilment to the humanity as it operates in the context of observation thereby leading to a deeper understanding of how a system works.

- Falsifiability

Falsifiability is that property that a hypothesis, a theory or a law may be proven wrong or false. Thus, most scientists expressed their data in confidence interval such as 99.99% certainty about some correlations because there is still a 0.01% that scientist may be wrong with such correlation.

- Confirmation bias

Confirmation bias is defined as the propensity of a researcher to interpret results ...

The cell phone is undeniably a great technological innovation of the twenty first century. It started off as an expensive gadget used by security agencies, government agencies and members of the high society. Gradually, the cell phone became a very important tool of communication especially in business. For quite sometime, the cell phone remained a symbol of status and not many people talked about the possible hazards posed by its continued use. The few members of the society fortunate enough to own a cell phone continued to use the device oblivious of the dangers they got exposed to. As the cell phone grew ...

KU Version March 2011

At the end of the case study, the scholar will be able to: Identify the steps of the investigation of an outbreak; Describe the characteristics of an outbreak in terms of time, place and person; Use descriptive epidemiological data to generate hypotheses; Use analytical epidemiological data to test hypotheses; Formulate recommendations for the control of an outbreak. Part A cluster of acute hepatitis in Provo, Utah Provo is a large municipality located in the North of Utah, close from the border with Wyoming and Idaho. The population of Provo was 6,185 in ...

Gerontology

Introduction: In the field of gerontology, there is no other issue which is as contentious as the question of how long humans can live. One school maintains that human life can be extended for any number of years. While the opposing school says that there is for sure an age limit beyond which human life cannot be extended.

Body:

Aging is labeled as the accumulation of diverse harmful changes occurring in cells and tissues with advancement of age that are responsible for the increased risk of disease and death. (Harman 2003). Opposed to humans, most animals living in natural ...

Blogging revolutionized scientific discourses in a fast and less formal manner. It serves as a platform to spread scholarly information throughout the web. The objective of science blogging is to share the contents of scholarly information with ease to people who are inside and outside the ambits of the scientific community. Aside from informing the public about science in general, bloggers are also are able to express their views and improve their writing skills in a more creative way (Shema, Bar-Ilan and Thelwall, 2012). Science blogs are able to increase the transparency of scientific process through reviews and discussions of science culture ...

Healing the Future

INTRODUCTION In a diverse nation like the United States there are many ideologies, philosophies, cultural “norms,” and belief systems, it is not really surprising that people are not always going to agree. There are many legal, political, and social issues that raise ethical questions that the public cannot agree upon how best to approach and address the debated issues. One of the most heatedly debated issues that exist today is the concerns surrounding stem cell research. Stem cell research has the potential to change the field of medicine and how people are healed. However, all of that potential is ...

(Author)

Philosophy

The Renaissance period found a good deal of interest in the physical world (Weckowicz 53). In 1510, Leonardo da Vinci developed several theories on the nature of the universe. In 1528, Jean Fernal, the French physician, calculated the size of the Earth. Nicolas Copernicus, a highly qualified Pole, observed motions of heavenly bodies, though he was not a practical astronomer. He found that heliocentric theory was more practical; Earth is actually rotating in an orbit around the sun. He retained many concepts of older theories such as spherical and finite universe, and perfectly circular shape of heavenly bodies. His heliocentric theory ...

Charles Darwin published his masterpiece detailing his theory of evolution by natural selection, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life in 1859. Despite the overwhelming consensus of the scientific community, there are still loud and politically active Creationists that insist that the earth is less than 10,000 years old because the Bible says so. However, the Bible never actually states how old the universe or the earth is. Belief that there is a Creator and in the theory of evolution are compatible for followers of ...

The application of the “Precautionary Principle” for the deployment of climate bioengineering initiative requires that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change through the Subsidiary Body for Climate Geoengineering (SBCE) to conduct regular and continuous monitoring initiatives of the perceived adverse and positive effects of the reengineering program. It will also require continuous collaboration and active participation among its different stakeholders.5 The precautionary principle states that if our organization performs an initiative that could pose potential harm to the public in sync with the absence of consensus in the scientific community, the burden of proof that the ...

Discuss scientific communication from an ethical perspective and how the scientific community attempts to monitor the information that is communicated.

Scientific studies contribute to the growth of information in different fields. In the scientific community, the publication of a research study serves as the culmination of months, even years of hard work. Becoming a published author is a requirement for any scholar to remain credible in his field. His reputation expands not only be publishing more studies but also from being cited by other authors conducting related studies of their own. Scholarly journals have specific criteria that authors need to satisfy before their works are accepted for publication. Even before reaching this stage, scientists and scholars go through a rigorous process to ...

(Author)

Genetically Modified Organisms Introduction Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are those organisms in which genetic material is changed with the help of genetic engineering and other advanced techniques in laboratory. In GMOs, genomes are precisely changed at the molecular level with the help of techniques such as recombinant genetic technologies. In these organisms, genes from unrelated organisms are added to produce required characteristics, which are not easy to produce through traditional ways of selective breeding. Scientists have successfully modified many organisms including bacteria, yeasts, insects, plants, and mammals. Plants are among those GMOs that have faced much ...

Introduction

Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness characterised by the inability to distinguish between what is real and what is not. People suffering from schizophrenia have a distorted insight about the real world and they may hear or see things that other people around them cannot see. Due to the divide between their imaginary world and the real world, the people suffering from schizophrenia have a hard time carrying out daily tasks. As a result, of their limited ability to perform conventional tasks, people suffering from schizophrenia pull out from the society and act out of unease and panic. This leads to problems when ...

INTRODUCTION

Stem Cell research is a controversial topic that has and continues to spawn heated debate. While the potential of stem cells research is endless it comes with a number of ethical considerations. Stem cells are like blank cells that can transform into whatever cells they are surrounded by; if placed in the liver they can become liver cells, the same in the heart or the a kidney. However, the research remains controversial because the richest source of stem cells needed to further the research are most often found in the tissue of aborted fetuses. This brings up many ethical questions that have ...

Remeber that you can browse through our huge essays database in search for inspiration!

Introduction

In the scientific world, many radical scientific principles go through a tumultuous progression before the scientific community accepts them. This was the case with the continental drift theory, a landmark theory in geology. When it was proposed, the scientific community received the continental drift theory with ridicule. However, with time, the theory underwent a series of reinforcement from accumulating evidence in support of the theory. In the end, it emerged as the greatest geological principle of all time. The continental drift theory was the brainchild of Alfred Wegener. Alfred Wegener was a German meteorologist born in 1980. He acquired a PhD in astronomy from ...

(Author’s Full Name)

The field of science and technology is ever-changing and continuously evolving. New discoveries and inventions are being devised by the minute. Old discoveries are revised, edited, deleted and updated. Scientists are working all across the world to improve the lives of people by experimenting with different drugs, medicines and technologies, as well as, using organic materials. Their particular focus over the past 50 years has been on stem cell technology. The concept of stem cells dates back to the early 1900s. However, detailed experimentation and examination of stem cells started in the United States ...

- The News and Issues in Climate Change - The News and Issues in Climate Change Recently, the United Nation's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published a report on its findings regarding climate change. Their Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) is an attempt to organize the current assessment that the scientific community has as to the overall condition of the environment. This not only includes problems that are predicted to occur in the future, but also recommendations of ways that these problems might be able to be alleviated. While these prescriptions are meant to be helpful, they effect ...

Risk identification is the process of identifying risks that could affect the project and documenting their characteristics. Risk identification is performed by the project team members and experts in risk management; it can be participated by customers, project participants and experts in certain areas. It is an iterative process, because as the project progresses through its life cycle can be detected new risks. The frequency composition of the iteration, and each execution cycle in each case may be different. The identification process should involve members of the project team so that they develop a sense of ownership and responsibility for ...

[University]

Introduction

The story of creation is one of the most compelling and intriguing issues that has yet to be concluded. Public opinion is divided in resolving the age-long conflict of the young-earth old-earth dilemma. Even in the field of secular science, a consensus could not be reached. The age of the earth has remained a paradox that, until today, both biblical scholars and scientist are struggling to explain. Predating even the earliest human civilization, man can only speculate what may have happened billions or thousands of years ago. In order to explain man’s very own existence, creation theories have emerged. ...

A Critique of “Sexual Dysfunction in Male Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans: Association with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Other Combat-Related Mental Health Disorders: A Population-Based Cohort Study” (Breyer et al) The emphasis on sex and the body that is embedded in our culture often leads to the degradation of this act into a merely organic event, disregarding its psychological aspects. Males are especially called to be sexually potent to an almost surreal level; nevertheless, this can be especially difficult to control while having a mental disease. “Sexual Dysfunction in Male Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans: Association with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ...

What we accept as knowledge today is not always accepted as true tomorrow. Knowledge is more than a collection of facts on a particular topic. That is just information. Knowledge includes the assumption of a greater understanding as to how the facts work together. This means establishing connections between the facts, establishing meaning, providing evidence, considering the implications and arriving at a level of knowledge with a reasonable degree of certainty. This allows the assemblage of a body of knowledge that can be viewed from different perspectives and provides insight into a topic and how it fits into the greater world around it. This makes knowledge ...

Section I

The main reason for Muslims being violent is the victimization of Muslims in the world of sectarian violence against Muslims. Recently, in the course of the violent genocide in the western part of the country from the hands of the extremists were killed, tortured and left homeless thousands of defenseless Muslims. According to reports, criminals have not given up on any action, including burning children (Anwar 39). This comes at a time when not only the government has not taken serious measures to put an end to the crimes, but the international human rights organizations and their silence unties the ...

Global warming has been an issue that has been laughed at, ridiculed, feared, and heatedly debated for over two decades now. While industries and governments wrote off initial claims of rising global temperatures and climate change as ranting of a few science geeks. However, with temperatures steadily increasing the world over, it was predicted that, at a sustained rate of environmental degradation, the Earth would get steadily hotter. However, after an initial decade of rising, the temperatures around the world have actually come to what is known as a ‘standstill’. This was not expected and has led to greater confusion over the ...

The Scientific Revolution has been subjected to philosophical evaluation for quite a long time. Among the most prominent people that have subjected the scientific revolution to a thorough thought process is Thomas Kuhn. According to Thomas Kuhn, scientific history has been characterized by changes in the scientific outlook (Dilworth 70). This can be best explained by the fact that the scientific community usually accepts a dominant paradigm, until anomalies arise. As time passes, scientists question the paradigm itself from which new ideas and theories emerge, further changing the outlook. In support of Kuhn’s views, this paper seeks to explain that the ...

In an age of scientific advancement, it is easy to take for granted a number of widely-held facts and theories that have been largely substantiated by scientific inquiry. One of these fundamental theories is the theory of evolution-- much of science and medicine is built upon the foundation of evolutionary theory. Without an understanding of evolutionary theory, modern medicine would not have advanced to the point that it has; humanity's ability to produce vaccines and do work on genetic diseases and stem cells would be severely curtailed, if not impaired entirely. Indeed, without Darwin's introduction of evolutionary theory, humanity's understanding ...

During the early 1980s, it was reported that a mysterious disease was spreading through the country and physically brutalizing the infected before they inevitably succumb to the disease. Scientists all over the country were baffled as to exactly what type of disease this is and what factors were accelerating its spread. Perhaps in one of the earliest breakthroughs as far as diagnosis and treatment of HIV is concerned scientists discovered that people primarily succumbing to this mysterious disease had extremely low counts of t cells in their bodies. The film and the band played on features a Danish woman possibly in ...

For the past few decades, people – from the citizens to the scientific community – would often comment that the world continues to change. Weather patterns become erratic, daily temperatures often alternate from hot to cold, and the scarcity of resources becomes more prominent in various areas in the globe. However, scientists are divided as to why the world changes as some believe it’s a natural occurrence while others believe it is due to climate change. The public had been divided on who or what to blame regarding the current situation of the planet, however, many are currently leaning towards the ...

Our modern thoughts on science were brought about by what is known ad the scientific revolution. It transformed the fields of all the sciences including, mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine, and chemistry. Many believe this period in time began during the renaissance in Europe and continued on through the 18th century. Two main figures in the scientific revolution were Sir Issac Newton, who was an English physicist and mathematician, and Galileo Galilei an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher. Galileo Galilei was born in 1564 and was an Italian mathematician and physicist. His work included the construction of a ...

The contribution of Alfred Wegener

William C. McCullough LAIS 370 History of Science Colorado School of Mines Abstract This paper discusses the role of Alfred Wegener in the discovery of the Plates tectonics theory. It is believed that the modern day plate tectonics theory is an advancement of continental drift theory which was discovered by Wegener. The study will seek to explore his efforts and contribution to modern science and how he has helped to shape the world.

Overview

Plate tectonics also known as continental drift theory describes that the earth was at one time many years back a super continent whereby ...

Critique Paper

Critique paper Authors: Julie A. Reynolds, Christopher Thaiss, Wendy Katkin, and Robert J. Thompson, Jr

Article: Writing-to-Learn in Undergraduate Science Education: A Community-Based, Conceptually Driven Approach

Publisher: The American Society for Cell Biology Volume and Issue: 2012 Spring; 11(1): 17–25. doi: 10.1187/cbe.11-08-0064

An Overview

Improvement in student engagement and learning has been directly linked to writing. However, writing-to-learn (WTL) practices have not been applied in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). In particular, research universities have not taken steps with regard to this process. The absence of a scientific community that is essential for carrying out and applying the required pedagogical research is one ...

On the fifth of July 1996 the first cloned sheep was born, they called her ‘Dolly’ and she sparked off one of the hottest debates of the twentieth century, the debate over the nature of and consequences of cloning a human being, thus starting the idea of bio-ethics. Science furthering the lifespan of the human race has been at the core of scientific research since the dawn of time, organ donor-ship, organ transplants, advances in medical technology, like in vitro fertilisation, what seemed like science fiction to people of the past are now commonplace, everyday affair for those living ...

Summary:

In Chapter 6 of his book, Tim Keller addresses the presumption that some people hold that the belief in God has become antiquated and needless as a result of evolutionary science. According to Keller, traditional religion has been disproved by science because of belief in miracles. A majority of the scientific community believes that the modern, rational world cannot accommodate miracles. However, Keller points out that scientific discovery can also not prove that natural phenomenon cannot occur as a result of a supernatural cause, it is merely a philosophical presupposition. Moreover, the scientific community refutes the existence of a God who performs miracles and ...

Introduction

In this essay, a research took place about the following topics, which are meant to be clarified: geographic evidence as support of the theory of continental drift, scientifical acceptance of the movement of continents, the process of the scientific method and theory development, the scientific method help in understanding the natural world, association between the plate tectonics, continental drift and natural landforms. With these topics addressed, in this essay, the understanding of the natural world should become clearer, adding new knowledge on the matter, which should complement the one acquired al throughout the course. - Geographic evidence collected ...

Introduction

Policy makers and the general public have been at pains to answer the questions they are confronted with about the intricacies of lesbians and gay men. Questions are abound ranging from whether they are mentally ill to whether the much publicized conversion therapies result to a change in orientation. Questions have also been asked about their stereotyped propensity to molest children. Such scathing thoughts and remarks are fed by stereotypic cultural undertones that many a times depict gay men and lesbians as criminals, immoral, sick and every description that falls short of what our society considers ‘normal’. The implicated individuals have ...

Atmospheric pollution: The Atmospheric Issues and Global Warming

It is often noted that air pollution is the oldest form of pollution that had existed alongside water pollution since the early civilizations. Nonetheless, it is also one of the most controversial forms of pollution considering the arguments that had been discussed regarding the nature of its effects to the atmosphere and subsequently, global warming. Air pollution or atmospheric pollution does not only affect biodiversity in the extent of its content, but it also fosters the slowly deteriorating quality of the earth’s ozone layer and atmosphere. As noted by historians, the problem itself had already attached its influence ...

Abstract:

For every medicine, for every poison, for every food or anything that would entail human use or consumption; there would always be a test subject that would make sure it is safe for use, consume or dispose. While there are human trial tests in laboratories nowadays to test new strains of medicine, food or scientific improvement; scientists would often test their theories in animals if they would produce positive results that would be advantageous for humans. Nowadays, the issue on continuing animal testing in laboratories for whatever use has been questioned by animal rights groups and concerned citizens to the ...

The basic question in understanding what we know is the “How do we know?” A supplementary question to this is “How do we know that what we know is real and true?” Various philosophies stem out of these basic question. While epistemology is the general study of the knowing and the process of knowing, specific theories can be applied to these perennial questions. (Gibson, 1988) These include realism, idealism, empiricism, rationalism, constructivism, among others. While these are lengthy and heated topics, this paper will concentrate on two major theories of knowledge, namely, empiricism and constructivism, as points of understanding ...

Colony collapse disorder refers to a phenomenon which entails a sharp, unusual decline in the number of bees in a colony. This phenomenon has raised great concerns in the USA in the recent past given that honey bees are a significant part of the US economy. Honey bees are involved in pollination therefore contributing to about one third of the US diet. Several causes have been identified as triggers of the phenomenon; most of which are under investigation. Among the causes identified are: genetically modified foods, pathogens, pesticides and antibiotics. Pesticides in particular are deemed to be a leading cause since pesticides such as ...

Since the dawn of the 20th century, various breeds and mutations of viruses have caused panic to ensue in several countries around the globe. Some of the most popular names that became synonymous to new breeds of illnesses and disease were Anthrax, Mad Cow, and the recent A H1N1. Scientists noted that even the common cold and flu have already transformed due to climate changes, and the advancement of chemicals. Out of all the new breeds of illnesses and viruses that have struck the globe, the Influenza A H1N1 Virus strain had caused much turmoil in both developed and ...

Ethics in Relation to Scientific Communication

Scientific communication is the sharing of scientific information amid scientists and the members of a community through different media. Scientists have an ethical obligation towards good communication between them and the general public. Normally many people view ethics as rules that are used to distinguish between right and wrong. However, ethics can be defined as the standards for conduct that differentiate tolerable and intolerable conduct. Professional scientific papers are not usually available to the general public and scientists are obliged to engage the community through other mediums such as public discussions, articles on the internet and other press and interviews ...

EVOLUTION

Darwin’s evolutionary theory states that all living things originated from one ancestor, where then adaptation occurred through natural selection to the living things that are there today. According to Darwin, some minor genetic mutations were advantageous to the existence and survival of a species for instance if a species developed wings and learnt how to fly, that trait would be passed on to the offspring whose offspring would inherit the same trait and so on (Gould, 2002, p. 119). This theory suggests that all life is related, descending from one ancestor and undergoing genetic modifications for self preservation and survival. ...

Genetic Witness

Jay Aronson, in his book, ‘Genetic Witness: Science, Law, and Controversy in the Making of DNA Profiling’, writes about the history of DNA profiling as scientists, notaries, and law enforcement clashed between approval of, and challenges to the technology in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Jay Aronson is an Associate Professor of History at Carnegie Mellon University, located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His research and writing center on the political as well as legal history of genetic identification. Aronson’s prior works on DNA profiling all come into view as a build up to the concerns he presents in ‘Genetic ...