Essays on Cloning

(Name of Student)

“One person’s abnormality is another person’s life.”-Alice Dreger

The extent to which one person’s abnormality is another person’s life is relative to the scope of anatomical normality or abnormality. Genetic abnormalities that relate to gender, otherwise known as anatomical sexual variation, are part of human intersexuality. Intersex is defined as the anatomical variation from the standard male or female gender, and is a pathological variable that require medical treatment. This means that an intersex child has the sexual anatomy of both genders.
Intersex genitals may therefore be a sign of an underlying medical condition, but they are not a medical problem. The Continue reading...

A hypervisor is a computer application that allows computers to run more than one operating system. Thus takes place through a process known as virtualization. The software “tricks” the operating system into thinking that it is the only one accessing a given hardware resource. The location of the hypervisor is in between the physical hardware and the OS and presents a virtual hardware environment to all other OS running in the machine. Hypervisors also manages the flow of information between the virtualized hardware, physical hardware and software. A hypervisor has found acceptance in both enterprise and consumer settings.
Usually, Continue reading...

consequences and how to defend against it
Our world changes on a rapid speed and new dangers come with it. As humanity starts to use a computer on a regular basis for almost every aspect of life like pleasure, communication shopping and exploring new dangers appeared. Nowadays we have plenty of things our ancestors have no clue, like internet, cellphones, computer viruses and spoofing.
Spoofing is the name for an attack when one party pretends to be someone else. The most common spoofing attacks are MAC-spoofing, ARP-spoofing, IP-spoofing, DNS-spoofing and e-mail spoofing. Let’s take a look at each Continue reading...

It is true that God is the creator of human beings. He gives life to the human beings by making them be conceived and be born. The normal process is known to involve biological processes as a result of the fertilization of the ovum by a sperm. However, it is not obvious that every person will be fertile. To solve the problem of sterility among people who would wish to have children, human cloning has become an option (Pros and Cons of Human Cloning – HRF, 2013).It is a form of external fertilization.
One of the merits of human Continue reading...

Section I: Matching (Maximum 20 points)

This section consists of ten (10) matching questions worth two (2) points each. Match the moral theories in the shaded box below with the ten numbered descriptions set forth below the shaded box. Choose the moral theory that corresponds best to each numbered question and write the letter that corresponds to the appropriate moral theory in the space provided below.
[Hint: Some questions may have more than one moral theory that is applicable to it. In such a case, simply choose one applicable theory and write its corresponding letter on the space provided. Only one correct response is required Continue reading...

English:

Never let you go is a book by Kazoo Ishiguro. It is based on a narration by one of the characters in her life presently as well as that of her past. It dwells upon the aspect of organ harvesting from clones developed and raised in England. The narrator is Kathy, who cares for the donors. She is aged thirty-one years at the time and has been a carer for twelve years. However, after a few months she will become a donor herself. She is exquisite at her job, and this keeps her working for a longer time, unlike Continue reading...

Description

Cloning is the production of genetically identical plants or animals either a whole or in parts. Therapeutic cloning otherwise known as research cloning or somatic cell nuclear transfer, involves replacement of an embryo DNA with the DNA from a cell removed from an individual, in other words, a somatic cell is fused with an enucleated ovum. The resultant embryo would be allowed to grow for two weeks to form a blastocyst. Then, the stem cells from its inner cell mass would be extracted to grow into a piece of human tissue or a complete human organ ready for transplant. Continue reading...

In 1997, the public have been shocked about the announcement of the successful mammal cloning. Dolly, the sheep, is the first to be cloned by Ian Wilmut and his co-workers by the process of transferring nuclear genome (Brock 1). There are issues that arise from the public about the morality and ethics of the research method and objective. They are afraid of what should the next thing that could happen after this technological advancement. On the other side, the scientific world have been fascinated and rejoiced about the announcement of Wilmut. There are many scientists that are excited of Continue reading...

Cloning refers to the process of replicating living cells, organs or cells in either human or animals to enable them have a prolonged life. Xenotransplantation is transplanting xenotransplants (cells, or organs or tissues) from one species to another (Joo, 2014). In a situation where my loved one requires an organ like kidney, liver, or heart, then I will choice to accept the replica of the same organ. Since a cloned organ work the same way as the original then, the medical professionals will do the work of xenotransplantation so that the patient regain an ordinary life.
With the emergence Continue reading...

Healing the Future

INTRODUCTION
In a diverse nation like the United States there are many ideologies, philosophies, cultural “norms,” and belief systems, it is not really surprising that people are not always going to agree. There are many legal, political, and social issues that raise ethical questions that the public cannot agree upon how best to approach and address the debated issues. One of the most heatedly debated issues that exist today is the concerns surrounding stem cell research. Stem cell research has the potential to change the field of medicine and how people are healed. However, all of that potential is Continue reading...

Introduction

The discovery of restriction enzymes (REs), bacterial transformation, and agarose gel electrophoresis caused the sudden increase of popularity of molecular biology in the 1970s. Restriction enzymes allow the manipulation of specific sites of an organism’s genes and are commonly used in many laboratories worldwide. Restriction enzymes cut DNA in many different ways and can produce sticky ends and blunt ends (Weaver, 2012). The most abundant type of restriction enzymes is Type II, which require magnesium cations as cofactor (Pingoud et al., 2005). Aside from their popularity is recombinant DNA technology as a “cut and paste” tool, estriction enzymes Continue reading...

(Study Programme)

Abstract

Virtual machines technology is the latest technology for resource allocation in any company’s computing environment. One major benefit of virtual machine environments is the capabilities to support different operating systems on a physical computing system’s hardware and gracefully accommodate system upgrades and migrations depending on the company needs. With optimum allocation of computing resources in a computing environment, there is the need for companies to implement virtual machine technology in their computing systems. This paper explores the benefits and challenges of virtual machine technology implementation in an enterprise including the services offered by such implementation. Continue reading...

(Author)

Use of Restriction Enzymes in Pharmaceuticals
Restriction enzyme, which is also referred to as restriction endonuclease, is a class of enzyme that is helpful in cutting DNA at restriction sites. Restriction sites are particular recognition nucleotide sequences on double stranded DNA having the length of 4-5 base pairs. Restriction enzymes are also known deoxyribonucleases (DNases). Presently, there are four different types of restriction enzymes:
- Type I enzymes that are “classical” in nature, e.g. EcoKI, EcoBI, and EcoR124;
- Type II enzymes that are “orthodox” in nature, e.g. EcoRI, HindIII, EcoRV;
- Type III enzymes having more than Continue reading...

Bacillus thuringiensis is a gram-positive, spore-forming soil bacterium. It can be used as a biological pesticide, since it produces specific parasporal crystalline inclusions that have proven to be toxic for some widespread insect pests. That is why currently the main aim of the researches concerning these bacteria is creation and examination of new more effective strains to be used for control of the insect pest populations and development of insect resistant plants. The restriction enzymes are widely used for genome analysis of the different strains.
Valicente and da Silva have used restriction enzymes in their study to investigate the Continue reading...

Organization:

The term biotechnology refers to any process that involves biology and technology. Though the term was coined as far back as 1919 by Karl Ereky (Verma et al., 2011), biotechnology was established as a field of applied science only in the late twentieth century with the advent of recombinant DNA technology. Recombinant DNA technology is the generation and application of recombinant DNA molecules or rDNA. In a nutshell, recombinant DNA technology involved the cutting of a fragment of DNA and its insertion into a specific circular DNA molecule called a vector. The DNA is cut by enzymes called restriction Continue reading...

(Author)

Introduction of restriction enzymes
Restriction enzymes are highly diverse set of enzymes in bacteria that are used to identify specific 4- to 8-bp sequences referred to as restriction sites and cleave DNA strands internally at this site. These enzymes protect the bacteria from foreign DNA molecules such as those of phages. Restriction enzymes identify specific nucleotide sequences to differentiate between the “domestic” and “foreign” DNA. It attaches to the “recognition site” and breaks both strands of the DNA (Kufe et al.). Restriction enzymes may include EcoRV, EcoRI, and HindIII. EcoRV belongs to the type II restriction/modification system from Continue reading...

Abstract

Competition in the market is determined by various factors based on the dynamics in the market. Various marketing studies have been developed to analyze market conditions in line with the development of strategies to ensure competitiveness of business. This paper draws from the school of thought of the VRIO model and the PESTEL analysis model to develop an overview and evaluation of the prevailing conditions in the Lego business. Lego, a toy manufacturing company, has recently undergone market-based challenges that have resulted in tough decisions on the part of the management in ensuring sustainability of the competitiveness of the Continue reading...

1. In your own words explain why this paper is important or significant
The article is very informative and significant since it introduces another breakthrough in DNA sequencing and analysis. It highlights the polymerase chain reaction which is the new way of identifying mutant genes in both homozygous and heterozygous organisms. The technique uses primers to amplify segments of the DNA by many folds such that it clearly identifies the mutant genes faster than all the other methods. The paper points out important milestones that genomics and gene sequencing has undergone over the years. Geneticists usually use the cloning Continue reading...

Introduction

The topic relates to the ethical issues of genetic screening as the society is increasingly getting into technical advancements and the project of human genome is approaching the century in an increasing manner. One of the major areas of advancement is research associated with the Human genome mapping project and it is major research collaboration in the overall sequence of entire human genome (Weiss, 2011). The human mapping genome has given rise to various advancements and discoveries within the genetic makeup of humans and with these advancements; various ethical and moral concerns are associated in a wide manner. The Continue reading...

October 24, 14

Summary of the article
Biochemistry - the science that studies carbon compounds with other organic elements and the laws of their transformation. This science studies the chemicals, their structure and distribution in the body. There are three subdivisions of biochemistry:
- Chemistry of life
- Study of activities on the molecular level
- Studying chemical processes within the living organisms.
Biochemistry is generally applied in 3 spheres: Medicine(with the help of biochemistry new cures are being constantly created), Food industry(is used for nutrition) and Agriculture( it is applied for increment of crop cultivation and creating more efficient Continue reading...

Part 1 Video Critique

The video chosen for the critique is a video showing the discovery of wooly mammoth carcass in Siberia by scientists (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GQKWQ1t9r0). The wooly mammoth was a big, shaggy and tusked elephant like animal that lived in the ice age period. The animal belongs to the mammoth species which is the common name for the elephant genus Mammuthus which is now extinct. A catastrophic weather event, climate change, disease and human activities may have wiped out these huge shaggy beasts. They lived in Asia, Europe, Africa and North America during the ice age period. The last mammoths may have lived Continue reading...

God has created all creatures. It is amazing to discover that each creature is unique in its own sense and does not resemble the other creature completely. The various creatures on earth, including plants and animals differ greatly from each other on the basis of their outer morphology and inner anatomy. Humans are considered the most intelligent creatures on earth and they utilize animals extensively for research and development of inventions that may benefit the mankind in the future.
It is estimated that nearly 26 million animals are used everyday for scientific and commercial testing in the USA . The Continue reading...

Following the American Psychological Association’s Guidelines

Abstract
Stem cell cloning is one of the biggest advancements the scientific and medical community has ever seen. Despite this amazing discovery, many individuals are finding ethical issues with the act of creating embryos for stem cell harvesting. Some may find this hard to believe because stem cells have the potential to help so many people that are suffering. Ethical issues include religious problems such as the unnatural formation of life, and its disposal, as well as the potential to clone humans. While many believe that cloning humans would eventually prove an ethical disaster, it is clear that human Continue reading...

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, first published in 1818, has come to have a profound effect on literature, on science and on popular culture. Shelley’s story of an over-ambitious scientist who dreams of discovering the secret of creating life and does so, but with disastrous and fatal consequences is, we might say, well-known, but little-read. Zwinkler (24) writes with wry amusement about an informal survey he conducted among his own sophomores: most of them knew the novel from hearsay and thought that ‘Frankenstein’ was the name of the monster! The students’ visual image of the monster was based on Continue reading...

There was a breakthrough in the field of genetics in the year 1996, when the first cloned mammal named Doily came into existence. Clones are nothing but organisms with same genetic makeup, and identical twins are natural clones. There were several previous attempts made to make clones in laboratory using techniques such as “artificial embryo twinning.” But, Dolly was the first mammal to be cloned by “Somatic cell nuclear transfer” (SCMT) technique. In embryo twinning, a fertilized egg, which is in the differentiated multi-cell stage, is separated, and individual cell is allowed to grow into a whole organism. In Continue reading...

Introduction

The technique of cloning has added new dimensions to modern science empowering biologists to devise solutions for problems which were difficult to be resolved earlier. Cloning refers to the process of creating an exact replica of a gene, cell, tissue or an organism . The copy, thus created by the process consisting of the replica of genetic material of the original is referred as a “clone”.

Types of Cloning

Cloning can be natural as well as artificial. Natural cloning process can be seen in single celled organisms such as bacteria which reproduce by asexual means and produce an exact replica of the parent Continue reading...

With the development of modern technologies, the humanity faced a new challenge: how to make life better without destroying the core values of the society? Some inventions and innovations bring undisputable benefits for the world community, however, some require careful investigation and worldwide debates. Human cloning, or reproductive cloning, is one of such arguable topics. Although no human being has been cloned so far, the scientific potential is approaching this goal by quick steps. The humanity will have to make a difficult choice: either to approve, or reject human cloning as such. The essay will argue that human cloning Continue reading...

The use of forensic science was under estimated about the benefits it could provide to professions including the police and other law enforcement agencies. DNA analysis is one such methodology that is increasingly used by the police force as an investigative method. In instances where the police have been unable to identify witnesses or there was lack of evidence at the crime scene, DNA has proved to be helpful in uncovering useful details. Adding on, at times other investigative techniques have failed, but the DNA has helped in the progress of the case. One of the greatest uses of Continue reading...

Over the past few years, mobile phone technology has evolved to fulfill the general role of the computation platforms. The mobile devices have gained advanced capabilities similar to the personal computers. However, the advancement of the mobile technology has made them more vulnerable to the attackers. With the advancement of technology, there is a possible increase of the security attacks and threats. Various mobile devices have open operating systems that are susceptible to executable formats that enhance major virus attack. Therefore, mobile devices call for security measures so that they can be able to achieve their objectives such as Continue reading...

Cloning could be the answer to the pain and suffering of many people around the globe. Human cloning is the asexual reproduction or replication of a human being at any stage of development. It can also be defined as the formation of an identical genetic copy of a human being. Cloning itself is not new as it dates back to the 1970s, where frogs and toads were experimented on. It is principally divided into two types, that is, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive cloning is whereby there is a creation of a child, whereas therapeutic cloning is the Continue reading...

It is not the clones themselves that cause faults, inconsistent changes to the clones are what leads to the unexpected program behavior. The inconsistent bug fix of particular concern regarding cloned code. When a bug is found in cloned code it must be fixed in all clone instances or the system will probably continue to misbehave and exhibit incorrect behavior. . Clone detection approaches and tools can mitigate these problems. CCFinder, is one such tool. It functions as a multi-linguistic, token-based, code clone detection system and is designed for large scale source code. It permits the transformation of the input Continue reading...

Introduction

I remain fascinated with the idea of when the first recorded law of capital punishment exists in history and why some Western countries still impose this legal answer to the evil people do unto one another in the 21st century. This academic investigation provides an excellent opportunity for pursuing and answering my inquiry of the first recorded historical documentation of capital punishment as a legal finding for a person found guilty of a crime and exploring the arguments why, in particular the United States – a great Western democracy continues imposing this form of punishment in some of the 50 Continue reading...

Science has advanced so much that scientists are now bring extinct animals back to life- they call it de-extinction . De-extinction is done by two methods- cloning and selective breeding. Cloning is a process in which the DNA of an organism that is desired to be cloned is taken out and infused in the cell of another existing organism belonging to the same class. When fertilization takes place in the existing organism, it is able to produce an off-spring that looks exactly like the organism which was desired to be cloned. Selective breeding is the method in which DNA from Continue reading...

Introduction

Computer forensics describes that part of forensic science that is involved in providing legal evidence obtained from computers and other digital storage devices. It helps in the thorough examination of digital devices in order to determine, preserve, recover and present actual information. The main procedures applied in this field require principles of recovering data in digital media where investigation is carried out to curb crimes that emerge or are conducted in computers. Over the years the use of computers has extensively enhanced the development of computer crimes hackers have engaged in activities that deprive companies and individuals off their Continue reading...

Cloning has been a subject of great speculation for decades now, with the major breakthrough coming in 1997 after scientist successfully cloned the first mammal, the Dolly sheep. It refers to the process used in the creation of an exact genetic copy of a cell, organism or tissue of an organism. The material, which is genetically a copy of the original cell or tissue, is called a clone. The types of cloning are divided into three; 1) gene cloning in which copies of genes of cell or its DNA are made; 2) reproductive cloning in which a copy of Continue reading...

Cloning, a technological advancement in the field of genetics is not readily accepted by society, especially when this pertains to human cloning. In 1997, the cloning of Dolly the Sheep made headlines and triggered fears that human cloning will soon follow. There at least two misconceptions that this paper will focus on. The first one is that the moment a clone is created, it would appear as the same age as the original. The second one is that clones are exact carbon copies of each other.
A clone appearing as the same age is not possible because cloning is Continue reading...

Persuasion is an important goal of public discourse and it can be achieved in many ways. However, since ancient times, politicians, salesmen, and public figures, often resort to invalid argument or fallacies to persuade people to accept that what they express is true. This can be made intentionally or not, but the arguments made this way are wrong nonetheless. This work analyzes three arguments taken from different internet sources, to spot fallacies committed identifying the premises used and the conclusions they arrive to. This way, one can find out what the argument is trying to prove and why its Continue reading...

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Introduction
Cloning (biology) is a natural occurrence or reception through multiple genetically identical organisms by asexual (including vegetative) reproduction. The term "cloning" in the same sense and is often used in relation to the cells of multicellular organisms. Cloning is also known as getting a number of identical copies of genetic molecules (molecular cloning). Finally, cloning is also commonly referred biotechnological techniques are used to obtain clones artificial organisms, cells or molecules. A group of genetically identical organisms or cells is a clone.
Cloning is widespread in nature in different organisms. Continue reading...

Introduction

According to Morrison and Furlong (2014, pp.112), human cloning is one among the most controversial topics in the circles of contemporary reproductive sciences. The concept of cloning has sparked a fierce ideological war between the reproductive and the social sciences because it raises questions of ethics. It makes sense, then that people take keen interest in questioning the ethics on cloning research. Whether or not science is obliged to provide the public with the research findings on matters surrounding cloning has been a matter of debate within circles of social science and contemporary politics. The ethical standpoint of publicizing Continue reading...

Introduction

Annotated bibliography
Over the years there has been unending debate of whether the state should use federal funding to support the field of stem cell research or whether stem cell research should be allowed at all. According to Goodwin, This debate which has been looming on for centuries brings our thinking to the ethical question of biotechnological research and the moral use of human organs – the basic fundamental cells of life such as the stem cell. Those supporting the research and even those corporations funding it have proposed their support throwing weight on the fact that unused frozen embryos Continue reading...