Essays on Cloning

It is true that God is the creator of human beings. He gives life to the human beings by making them be conceived and be born. The normal process is known to involve biological processes as a result of the fertilization of the ovum by a sperm. However, it is not obvious that every person will be fertile. To solve the problem of sterility among people who would wish to have children, human cloning has become an option (Pros and Cons of Human Cloning – HRF, 2013).It is a form of external fertilization.
One of the merits of human

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English:

Never let you go is a book by Kazoo Ishiguro. It is based on a narration by one of the characters in her life presently as well as that of her past. It dwells upon the aspect of organ harvesting from clones developed and raised in England. The narrator is Kathy, who cares for the donors. She is aged thirty-one years at the time and has been a carer for twelve years. However, after a few months she will become a donor herself. She is exquisite at her job, and this keeps her working for a longer time, unlike

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Description

Cloning is the production of genetically identical plants or animals either a whole or in parts. Therapeutic cloning otherwise known as research cloning or somatic cell nuclear transfer, involves replacement of an embryo DNA with the DNA from a cell removed from an individual, in other words, a somatic cell is fused with an enucleated ovum. The resultant embryo would be allowed to grow for two weeks to form a blastocyst. Then, the stem cells from its inner cell mass would be extracted to grow into a piece of human tissue or a complete human organ ready for transplant.

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In 1997, the public have been shocked about the announcement of the successful mammal cloning. Dolly, the sheep, is the first to be cloned by Ian Wilmut and his co-workers by the process of transferring nuclear genome (Brock 1). There are issues that arise from the public about the morality and ethics of the research method and objective. They are afraid of what should the next thing that could happen after this technological advancement. On the other side, the scientific world have been fascinated and rejoiced about the announcement of Wilmut. There are many scientists that are excited of

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Cloning refers to the process of replicating living cells, organs or cells in either human or animals to enable them have a prolonged life. Xenotransplantation is transplanting xenotransplants (cells, or organs or tissues) from one species to another (Joo, 2014). In a situation where my loved one requires an organ like kidney, liver, or heart, then I will choice to accept the replica of the same organ. Since a cloned organ work the same way as the original then, the medical professionals will do the work of xenotransplantation so that the patient regain an ordinary life.
With the emergence

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(Author)

Introduction of restriction enzymes
Restriction enzymes are highly diverse set of enzymes in bacteria that are used to identify specific 4- to 8-bp sequences referred to as restriction sites and cleave DNA strands internally at this site. These enzymes protect the bacteria from foreign DNA molecules such as those of phages. Restriction enzymes identify specific nucleotide sequences to differentiate between the “domestic” and “foreign” DNA. It attaches to the “recognition site” and breaks both strands of the DNA (Kufe et al.). Restriction enzymes may include EcoRV, EcoRI, and HindIII. EcoRV belongs to the type II restriction/modification system from

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1. In your own words explain why this paper is important or significant
The article is very informative and significant since it introduces another breakthrough in DNA sequencing and analysis. It highlights the polymerase chain reaction which is the new way of identifying mutant genes in both homozygous and heterozygous organisms. The technique uses primers to amplify segments of the DNA by many folds such that it clearly identifies the mutant genes faster than all the other methods. The paper points out important milestones that genomics and gene sequencing has undergone over the years. Geneticists usually use the cloning

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Following the American Psychological Association’s Guidelines

Abstract
Stem cell cloning is one of the biggest advancements the scientific and medical community has ever seen. Despite this amazing discovery, many individuals are finding ethical issues with the act of creating embryos for stem cell harvesting. Some may find this hard to believe because stem cells have the potential to help so many people that are suffering. Ethical issues include religious problems such as the unnatural formation of life, and its disposal, as well as the potential to clone humans. While many believe that cloning humans would eventually prove an ethical disaster, it is clear that human

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There was a breakthrough in the field of genetics in the year 1996, when the first cloned mammal named Doily came into existence. Clones are nothing but organisms with same genetic makeup, and identical twins are natural clones. There were several previous attempts made to make clones in laboratory using techniques such as “artificial embryo twinning.” But, Dolly was the first mammal to be cloned by “Somatic cell nuclear transfer” (SCMT) technique. In embryo twinning, a fertilized egg, which is in the differentiated multi-cell stage, is separated, and individual cell is allowed to grow into a whole organism. In

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Introduction

The technique of cloning has added new dimensions to modern science empowering biologists to devise solutions for problems which were difficult to be resolved earlier. Cloning refers to the process of creating an exact replica of a gene, cell, tissue or an organism . The copy, thus created by the process consisting of the replica of genetic material of the original is referred as a “clone”.

Types of Cloning

Cloning can be natural as well as artificial. Natural cloning process can be seen in single celled organisms such as bacteria which reproduce by asexual means and produce an exact replica of the parent

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With the development of modern technologies, the humanity faced a new challenge: how to make life better without destroying the core values of the society? Some inventions and innovations bring undisputable benefits for the world community, however, some require careful investigation and worldwide debates. Human cloning, or reproductive cloning, is one of such arguable topics. Although no human being has been cloned so far, the scientific potential is approaching this goal by quick steps. The humanity will have to make a difficult choice: either to approve, or reject human cloning as such. The essay will argue that human cloning

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The use of forensic science was under estimated about the benefits it could provide to professions including the police and other law enforcement agencies. DNA analysis is one such methodology that is increasingly used by the police force as an investigative method. In instances where the police have been unable to identify witnesses or there was lack of evidence at the crime scene, DNA has proved to be helpful in uncovering useful details. Adding on, at times other investigative techniques have failed, but the DNA has helped in the progress of the case. One of the greatest uses of

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Cloning could be the answer to the pain and suffering of many people around the globe. Human cloning is the asexual reproduction or replication of a human being at any stage of development. It can also be defined as the formation of an identical genetic copy of a human being. Cloning itself is not new as it dates back to the 1970s, where frogs and toads were experimented on. It is principally divided into two types, that is, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive cloning is whereby there is a creation of a child, whereas therapeutic cloning is the

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It is not the clones themselves that cause faults, inconsistent changes to the clones are what leads to the unexpected program behavior. The inconsistent bug fix of particular concern regarding cloned code. When a bug is found in cloned code it must be fixed in all clone instances or the system will probably continue to misbehave and exhibit incorrect behavior. . Clone detection approaches and tools can mitigate these problems. CCFinder, is one such tool. It functions as a multi-linguistic, token-based, code clone detection system and is designed for large scale source code. It permits the transformation of the input

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Science has advanced so much that scientists are now bring extinct animals back to life- they call it de-extinction . De-extinction is done by two methods- cloning and selective breeding. Cloning is a process in which the DNA of an organism that is desired to be cloned is taken out and infused in the cell of another existing organism belonging to the same class. When fertilization takes place in the existing organism, it is able to produce an off-spring that looks exactly like the organism which was desired to be cloned. Selective breeding is the method in which DNA from

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Cloning has been a subject of great speculation for decades now, with the major breakthrough coming in 1997 after scientist successfully cloned the first mammal, the Dolly sheep. It refers to the process used in the creation of an exact genetic copy of a cell, organism or tissue of an organism. The material, which is genetically a copy of the original cell or tissue, is called a clone. The types of cloning are divided into three; 1) gene cloning in which copies of genes of cell or its DNA are made; 2) reproductive cloning in which a copy of

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Cloning, a technological advancement in the field of genetics is not readily accepted by society, especially when this pertains to human cloning. In 1997, the cloning of Dolly the Sheep made headlines and triggered fears that human cloning will soon follow. There at least two misconceptions that this paper will focus on. The first one is that the moment a clone is created, it would appear as the same age as the original. The second one is that clones are exact carbon copies of each other.
A clone appearing as the same age is not possible because cloning is

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Introduction
Cloning (biology) is a natural occurrence or reception through multiple genetically identical organisms by asexual (including vegetative) reproduction. The term "cloning" in the same sense and is often used in relation to the cells of multicellular organisms. Cloning is also known as getting a number of identical copies of genetic molecules (molecular cloning). Finally, cloning is also commonly referred biotechnological techniques are used to obtain clones artificial organisms, cells or molecules. A group of genetically identical organisms or cells is a clone.
Cloning is widespread in nature in different organisms.

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Introduction

According to Morrison and Furlong (2014, pp.112), human cloning is one among the most controversial topics in the circles of contemporary reproductive sciences. The concept of cloning has sparked a fierce ideological war between the reproductive and the social sciences because it raises questions of ethics. It makes sense, then that people take keen interest in questioning the ethics on cloning research. Whether or not science is obliged to provide the public with the research findings on matters surrounding cloning has been a matter of debate within circles of social science and contemporary politics. The ethical standpoint of publicizing

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Introduction

Annotated bibliography
Over the years there has been unending debate of whether the state should use federal funding to support the field of stem cell research or whether stem cell research should be allowed at all. According to Goodwin, This debate which has been looming on for centuries brings our thinking to the ethical question of biotechnological research and the moral use of human organs – the basic fundamental cells of life such as the stem cell. Those supporting the research and even those corporations funding it have proposed their support throwing weight on the fact that unused frozen embryos

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The advancement of technology has precipitated a revolution in scientific understanding over the last several decades. Advancements in research tools has led to new insights into every facet of scientific discovery within the realms of chemistry, physics, and biology and all the sub-disciplines forming their constitution. Increased discovery has brought with it opportunities for cross discipline cooperation which has resulted in the formation of new disciplines and has galvanized scientists to press the boundaries of research and application as has never been seen in human history. One such field testing those limits is genetics. Today’s geneticists have expanded

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Introduction

Science, technology when applied to the natural way how a human’s body and all of its corresponding organ systems operate can be referred to as biotechnology. Biotechnology has emerged as one of the most lucrative and fast developing field of medicine combined with technology. It can be defined as the utilization of organisms (e.g. humans, animals, plants, etc.) or any living system to create, develop, or improve products that can be used to make a particular task easier, or more efficient . In an era characterized by rapid and even unpredictable improvements in technology, one can assume that the

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Amro Abd-Al-Fattah Amara, ‘Pharmaceutical and industrial protein engineering: Where are we?’ Pakistan, Journal of pharmaceuticals, 26.1, (2013): 217-232. Print.
The huge information amount and the considerable number of scientists and their endeavors, funds, laboratories, human capacity, and companies together with other factors contribute in the success of the incredible novel branch of genetic engineering known as protein engineering. This entails modification of protein functions/structure or protein construction from scratch. The engineered proteins normally have novel criteria. Engineering proteins can be mediated on the protein or genes level. Protein engineering has found its way in various crucial sectors, which

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Introduction

Human cloning issue is not new to us. It has been topic of debates for many years now, refuting whether or not this type of procedure will be beneficial to human race. Now that scientists have duplicated lambs through cloning, we know that generating similar genetic duplicates of humans are also likely possible. The procedure is novel though the idea is not. A clone is a cell, tissues, organ, or a whole organism created by asexual duplication whose genetic information is similar to the parent cell or organism. Lately, cloning has become an area of major study as latest

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Science furthering the lifespan of the human race has been at the core of scientific research since the dawn of time, organ donor-ship, organ transplants, advances in medical technology, like in vitro fertilisation and cloning, what seemed like science fiction to people of the past are now commonplace, everyday affairs for those living today.
Yesterday’s science fiction becomes tomorrow’s science fact. What if we could genetically alter babies to be immune to all diseases, what if we could breed them to be super intelligient, physically strong or talented?
What if people could choose the traits of their

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The issues around reproductive technologies are placed at the heart of ethical and moral dilemmas in the society. The formations of marriage, love, romance, and sexual identities of the family, community and social life are all drawn into the question about the use of reproductive technologies. This paper explores the ethical issues that are raised by human cloning. The paper revolves around the application of cloning in choosing the sex of a child-a case study of Joe and Susan. The two would not be justified in using the technology to select the sex of their child.
Being a good

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On the fifth of July 1996 the first cloned sheep was born, they called her ‘Dolly’ and she sparked off one of the hottest debates of the twentieth century, the debate over the nature of and consequences of cloning a human being, thus starting the idea of bio-ethics.
Science furthering the lifespan of the human race has been at the core of scientific research since the dawn of time, organ donor-ship, organ transplants, advances in medical technology, like in vitro fertilisation, what seemed like science fiction to people of the past are now commonplace, everyday affair for those living

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Cloning

1.0 Historical Background
During mammalian reproduction, the sperm fuses with the egg. During this process, both the egg and the sperm contribute half of the genetic material resulting into a genetically unique individual. On the other hand, cloning involves the development of an organism or cell that has identical genetic materials to the parent. Thus cloning can be defined as producing a copy of DNA, cell or organism asexually. This definition is not a clear reflection of what people considers cloning to be thus raising perennial and heated debate on the ethics and morals of cloning. However, it worth

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Book review: The Clone Redemption

The clone redemption is a science fiction book where an irresistible force meets an immovable object as Steven L. Kent puts it in The Clone Republic saga. The events take place 2516 A.D on earth where a united authority spreads out colonies of human across the Milky Way under strict orders from a powerful galactic military consisting entirely of clones who have now created empires of their own and are planning to keep it no matter who they are up against.
Wayne Harris, a marine clone born and brought up to fight for the U.A (United Authority), unleashes his

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I have never thought in my life having a cloned animal. In this case, walking in the city streets with a cloned pet, yet the natural pet is at home. Technology is taking the world at a tremendous pace, whereby people are left wondering what exactly is going on. Cloning is one form of genetic engineering, whereby an organism of an exact copy of the other is created. The issue of animal cloning has led to unending debates. For example, when dolly the sheep was created in the year 1997, and died in 2003, led to tremendous questions on

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Cloning is a scientific advancement that has the possibility of changing human lives for the better. Today, the world is faced with several medical hurdles to a point that avoiding the concept of cloning would be the proverbial ‘burying our heads in the sand’. This research will seek to illustrate medical and clinical applications of cloning that have immense medical benefit to human beings.
The hypothesis that human cloning has medical benefits to mankind will be illustrated in several broad contexts. The first context that the research will examine is reproductive cloning. In 1997, the scientific world witnessed a

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According to Kfoury (112), the development in biotechnology has brought about some issues that are of great ethical considerations in the society. One of the main issues that have been hotly debated is the issue of cloning as the people get confused as to whether they should adopt it or not. There are various perspectives through which the debate can be explored and these are the areas that I want to focus on. This will help in giving an opinion about the issue of cloning.

Safety is the first issue that has to be addressed when it comes to

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The cDNA that was used in the experiment is the transfer tRNA. The coding region refers to the gene portion (DNA or RNA) that has axons in it and they code proteins. It’s also known as the coding sequence or the coding DNA sequence. The coding region sequence is surrounded near the 5th end of the start codon and the 3rd end with a stop codon. Therefore, the total addition of the genome of a living thing consists of the gene coding regions. The identification of the cDNA coding region sequence is not straight forward because the existing

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What does the saying “biologically impossible” mean in the modern world of biotechnology? According to Ian Wilmut who wrote the essay Biotech History: Dolly the Sheep “. . . with Dolly that expression (biologically impossible) lost all meaning . . . she revealed, rather than defied those laws. In the twenty first century and beyond, human ambition will be bound only by biology and society’s sense of right and wrong” (Renneberg 252). Science is impacting society more than at any other time in human history. Every part of our lives is impacted by science, especially by biotechnology. There is a very big difference between

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The natural reproductive process involves the fusion of genetic materials from one female and one male parent through sexual contact. The offspring produced bears the combined genetic materials of his/her parents, which is unique on its own. Now, with the advent of technology, an individual may now be produced from a single parent without the need for sexual contact. Cloning is the process or technique used to create an organism that is 100% genetically identical to its parent. The pioneering era of cloning was started in 1952 by biologists Robert Briggs and Thomas King, wherein they attempted to “clone”

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Cloning and the issues associated with it, like the advantages and disadvantages as well as the ethical and scientific validity of human cloning has been one of the most discussed topics of the last millennia. It is still haunting both who are with the cloning and who are against it. But before choosing your side, check out the curious acts about cloning.

The word ‘cloning’ means copying any organism to the exact genotypic and phenotypic form of it, having the exact characteristic features of the parent organism. The world took notice of this process after the successful creation of

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Determining the size of gene fragments

1) Alul restriction enzyme cuts the protease gene at restriction sites with base position 62 and position 1149 respectively. Considering the fact that the gene has 1216 base pairs, three possible fragments are generated with Alul restriction digestion.

The first digestion fragment length ranges from base pair 1 to base pair 62= 61 base pairs.

The second fragment length ranges from base pair 62 to base pair 1149 in length=1087 base pairs
The third fragment

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Cloning has been a particularly intriguing experiment over the years, involving acutely essential milestones and crucial researches. Many hypotheses have been generated; some accepted and others refuted. On 5 July 1996, a domestic ewe, Dolly was born by lan Wilmut and his colleagues. Dolly was the first animal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell (McLaren, 1775). Initially, people, inclusive of scientist, did not believe that somatic cell from an adult individual, could be used to generate a new individual through cloning. However, with the emergence of Dolly, the ideology was disapproved, and, it was with clear conscious

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Science has always fascinated man in one way or another and with several new discoveries always being touted, the situation in this world gets worse not better. But is science always true or is it simply a collection of falsehoods?

Most of the time we address the issue of why a Space Shuttle fails to function properly but we always believe NASA’s version of events when something goes wrong. We tend to have this opinion that the those in authority are always right. This can also be seen when discussing such scientific hypotheses like UFO’s or aliens

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A Critical Analysis

In the article “Mammoths: Resurrecting Extinct Megafauna,” from the website ActionBioscience.org, author Larry Agenbroad (20005) discusses the moral, legal and practical problems connectedfwith cloning a mammoth fromthe DNA of a frozen mammothMammoths are extinct species and there is some evidence that human beings were responsible for their extinction. Agenboard considers four areas of this controversial topic in detail.
He starts off by establishing that it is feasible to clone a mammoth from unfrozen DNA. It has not been attempted yet, only because the samples have too small or damaged by the freezing process.

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