Essays on Bioethics

Interprofessional collaboration has been one of the growing trends within the health care sector lately. It involves interdependence of the different health care professionals such as nurses, physicians, laboratory staff, and even patients. The complexity of the patient-care concerns that need to be tackled by these professionals can be efficiently and effectively addressed through appropriate collaboration among the professionals. However, the various evidenced provided by different researches on the benefits of collaboration are yet to be seen and applied in the activities in health care institutions (Porter-O’Grady, 2011). As mentioned, nurses are one of the stakeholders who are ...

The topic of this article applies to my professional life in distinct ways. As a worker in a medical facility, the issue of the role of bioethics and business ethics is applicable in the manner of delivering service to patients. Aspects addressed in this article as the topic indicates directly influence the way I work as one who attends to the needs of patients in a medical facility. In a medical facility, unlike in another type of organization, one is supposed to deal with clients at an individual level. While other organizations tend to deal with clients in groups, it ...

Medical Anthropology is considered one of the elements that make up anthropology and the study has been widely appreciated across the world. This field was founded by George Foster and Ben Paul. This field studies the health and diseases of individuals where the environment forms an interrelationship with the human health system. The main purpose of this paper is that the author of the article believes that the future of medical anthropology is to intersect with other fields.

The article discusses the future of medical anthropology. What is the future that the writer is talking about?

- Medical anthropology is expanding to other fields and interacting with other with other disciplines in the science department. Though medical ...

The article ‘Procreative Beneficence: Why we should select the best children’ by Julian Savulescu emphasizes on why couples should choose the best offspring that they could possibly have and also expect the child to have the best life with the available and relevant information. Determining the genes of your child from non-disease states is imperative since you can use the information that is readily available to bring out the best possible outcomes (Savulescu 417). There are quite a number of reproductive technologies that allow the parents to measure the selection of the types of offsprings that they will possibly have. ...

In “The Brothers Karamazov” by Fyodor Dostoevsky made a famous claim that establishes the link between the existence of God and morality. Apart from the controversy related to the scope of the quotation, the discussion on the proper translation and interpretation of the words of Ivan Karamazov. For instance, in his article “Dostoevsky did not say it” D.Cortesi claims that Dostoevsky did not make such claim (Cortesi 1). However, the research by Russian-speaking authors shows that the original text of “The Brothers Karamazov” contains the statement under study (Volkov 1). Coming to the scope of the claim, one should concentrate ...

This procedure is a way that gives a clear and logical structure that enables one to think critically through a certain bioethics case regardless of the theories and principles in issue. This paper intends to accomplish certain bioethical reasoning issues with relation to this procedure. This paper brings a discussion that provides different perspectives on a certain issue. Moreover, there is an intention of vividly bringing out the importance of this procedure in making moral decisions affecting people in the societies around the globe. This paper argues persuasively on what morally ought to be done regarding bioethical issues like clinical trials. The moral reasoning ...

Question 1

Are there possible criminal aspects of HIV/AIDS? Consider the case law presented in your textbook and elsewhere, and explain. Please provide specific examples.

The intentional spread of HIV is considered a criminal act. Pozgar (2012, p. 362) describes the case of an inmate who knew that he was infected with both HIV and the hepatitis virus. He was also informed of the ways that he can transmit the infection to others. He bit two correctional officers knowing that he can possibly infect them in this way. He was consequently charged with assault and battery. In State of Louisiana v. Schmidt, ...

Annotated Bibliography: Cloning

Ahlberg, Jaime, and Harry Brighouse. "An Argument Against Cloning." Canadian Journal Of Philosophy 40.4 (2010): 539-566. Academic Search Complete. Web. 7 Nov. 2013.

Ahlberg and Brighouse argue that the animals and human beings that emerge as a result of cloning are extremely disadvantageous as they are expected to experience particularly short lifespans and vulnerability to disease. While this is the case, they say, cloning is one of the most detrimental inventions of modern technology, as it poses high risks of defect and potential mental complications arising from the impending genetic failures and defects. Ahlberg and Brighouse compare human ...

1. Outline the categories of violence as described by Jamil Salmi.

According to Salmi, the phenomenon of violence has many characteristics, with particular causes per characteristic and with particular causational agents per cause. Violence also exists in several forms, including direct violence, indirect violence, repressive violence, and alienating violence.

Direct violence is characterized by any physical, in-person act causing intended harm. In this category would be included A) any act resulting in death (homicide, genocide, infanticide); and B) any “coercive or brutal” (Module 6, 44) at threatening or resulting in physical or psychological damage or suffering—including rape, spousal abuse, political imprisonment, for example.

Indirect violence is characterized by ...

INTRODUCTION:

The stem cell research has been debated ever since the birth of it. However, the categorization of the stem cell research has been defined in a wrong manner. Moreover, the media is sensationalizing the topic. This has resulted in a wrong notion that all stem cell research is unethical. This is a wrong notion of the research because there are two types of stem cell research. The adult stem cell research is ethical than the embryonic stem cell research. Adult stem cell research refers to the usage of matured cells from mature adult human being without killing the host. On the ...

Introduction:

Stem Cell Research has been one of the most controversial breakthroughs of science since the late 1990’s. The extraction of the human embryonic cell on that decade has made various responses in the medical field. This has opened many doors for many scientists that are highly interested in regenerative medicine. Additionally, this has also opened new debates about the ethics of the process of harvesting stem cells. There are two types of stem cell research. The first one is known as the embryonic stem cell research. The second one is named as the adult stem cell research (Shapiro, ...

Introduction

The definition of physician assisted suicide is slightly different from the general term definition of euthanasia. Although some may equate physician assisted suicide with the blanket term, the distinction between euthanasia and physician assisted suicide is that the latter is done with both the patient’s and doctor’s intent to end the patient’s life by unnatural means (Tamayo-Vela´zquez, Simo´n-Lorda, and Cruz-Piqueras, 678). The doctor assists the patient in committing suicide, usually by administering an injection or pill that contains a lethal substance. A doctor may also administer a relaxant to help keep the patient calm during the ...

Following the American Psychological Association’s Guidelines

Amphetamines History: According to an article published in American Journal of Bioethics the history of amphetamines began in 1887 in Germany . It was created by Lazar, Edeleanu, a German scientist. During WWII, amphetamines were used to enhance performance but by 1965, were outlawed by the USFDA, when abuse became extensive after the war (2013). Today it is most commonly used, illegally, be baseball players to enhance performance much like it did for the soldiers of WWII. Known as “greenies” the substance has been outlawed in sports but players continue to abuse it (2013). Pharmacokinetics: “Toxicity of Amphetamines: An ...

Abstract

Working in a multicultural health care setting calls for a workforce that clearly understand the ethical and legal considerations that exist in relation to culture, beliefs, background, as well as knowledge. While physician and nurses have the upper hand in ensuring quality health care as well as life sustaining measures, the patient holds a very critical role in dictating the care procedures that they prefer. Bioethics studies have had differing approaches to the issue of making informed consent to health care procedures. However, there is one thing that remains untouched. The greatest responsibility is the life if the patients and the satisfaction ...

Bariatric Surgery for the adolescents and children is becoming widespread over the years. The results however are still scare and of poor quality, with many of the patients undergoing this surgery being too young to agree or disagree (Hofmann, 2010). This has created a series of moral challenges regarding this practice on the heath care platform. Efforts to introduce bariatric surgery as health care services in various hospitals need to withhold in order for the issues to be reviewed first. Obesity has become a problem that needs to be addressed worldwide. It has been found that over 30% of the ...

The Biological Basis

The term Genetic Modification (GM) refers to the techniques by which the genetic composition of a plant is manipulated by adding specific genes to it. Every plant contains genes, which are DNA sequences containing information that determine its specific characteristics or traits. The genes are “inheritance units” that provide instructions for the development and functionality of the plant’s next generation. Crop plants modified through this process are called GM or genetically engineered crops, or transgenic crops (“Process of Developing Genetically Modified (GM) Crops.”, n.d.). The principal steps in the process are: - The wanted gene is isolated; e.g. ...

Introduction

Doctor patient confidentiality is provided for in the common and statutory law. Medical records of patients are not supposed to be divulged to third parties except under special circumstances provided for by the law (Ministryofethics.co.uk, 2012). The problem with the provisions given by the law is that they are not comprehensive. This results in medical practitioners finding themselves in ethical dilemmas where each possible choice is bound to have repercussions.

Ethical Implications of Breach of Confidentiality

The act of divulging the medical details of a patient by a doctor without consent can be viewed as a form of betrayal. Breach of confidentiality is a failure to uphold the autonomy ...

Informed Consent in Scientific Testing

‘Instructor’s Name’ ‘Subject’ Informed consent is the process of getting the prior consent of the patient, before choices about his/her health care is made. This concept is based on the, rights a patient has on her body, and the ethical duty of the physician to inform the patient about the things happening to her body. The consent might be required both for performing a therapy for the ailment of the patient, or to make them participate in a clinical trial. An informed consent is said to have been obtained from a patient, when she is fully aware of the facts ...

Question #2

In case number 2, the ethical issue is Karen’s refusal to take a mammogram in spite of the mass detected in her breasts. As a gynecologist, I ought to protect my patient’s health and one way to do that is to examine her and to identify the true cause of the mass in her breast. However, regardless of my genuine concern for her wellbeing, she still has the right to decide whether to go for or against any treatment or test that concerns her body. I have the responsibility to respect her autonomy. McCormick says that the said ...

Section I: Matching (Maximum 20 points)

This section consists of ten (10) matching questions worth two (2) points each. Match the moral theories in the shaded box below with the ten numbered descriptions set forth below the shaded box. Choose the moral theory that corresponds best to each numbered question and write the letter that corresponds to the appropriate moral theory in the space provided below. [Hint: Some questions may have more than one moral theory that is applicable to it. In such a case, simply choose one applicable theory and write its corresponding letter on the space provided. Only one correct response is required ...

Fundamental ethical principles of nursing is respect for life, dignity and rights of the patient. The ethical responsibilities of nurses in the process of working with the patient is a certain set of actions to perform unconditional (for example, to respect the patient and his right to self-determination,the identification of their will to anything, to do no harm, to keep the word; to cooperate with patient).(Videbeck 2011) Cooperation with the patient means working together to tackle problems with his health. In the relationships between healthcare professionals and patients, both sides should be partners, in order to achieve ...

PHILOSOPHY, HEALTHCARE ETHICS, AND RELIGION: DECISION MAKING

- Introductory Summary There are a wide array of choices that individuals must make in their lives, and it is important to have guiding principles when it comes to making hard choices. The Bible and relevant philosophical texts give good guidance; even so, difficult decisions must be made frequently, especially in the medical profession. This discussion will focus on individual absolutes and the Biblical basis for those absolutes, especially in the context of difficult decisions that will be made daily. In addition, decision-making strategy will be introduced, including the question of what to do when one’s absolutes are ...

The healthcare practitioners usually confront difficult ethical choices in their quest to provide appropriate health services especially for people with diverse values (McWay 2014 p 91). Consequently, different bioethics principles have been put in place to help resolve ethical issues in the event of such diversities (Koslowski 2001 p 137). The principle of double effect encompasses the two types of consequences that results from a single action (Yelon et.al., 2014 p 374). For example; a doctor may use morphine on a dying patient. Thus, the use of morphine will have a maleficent effect of cutting short the patient’s life while simultaneously having a beneficial effect of ...

Decision-making is a vital process to any patient. Typically, there are competent and incompetent patients who make and take ready-made medical decisions respectively. However, is it necessary to make decisions for the incompetent, and if so, why? What are the rights given to competent patients in making medical decisions and why is it important for patients to make decisions for themselves? The complexity of the problem of decision making for incompetent patients is best evident, for example in patients who are under age and their parents need to make an informed decision concerning their health.. Certainly, it is pertinent to ...

Human Embryos in Stem Cell Research

The controversy of the use of the human embryo in experimental research centers on the ontological and moral status of the fetus (King et al., 2009; Tauer, 2004). There is no consensus among social, medical, judicial or philosophical bodies to objectively state when the human embryo begins to be recognized as a person and a bearer to moral rights (Johnson, 2004). Even more debatable is the deliberate creation of embryos, such as through cloning, for research purposes and especially for the purpose of acquiring stem cells. The author believes that this is unjustified because it can lead to the treatment of ...

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Ethical Principle violations

Tuskegee Study (1932-1972) Withholding treatment from the participants (patients with syphilis) in the Tuskegee study after a definitive treatment (Penicillin) became available in the late 1930s was a violation of all ethical principles: “respect for persons (autonomy)”, beneficence (protecting from harm) and justice (denying a benefit)(CDC, n.d.).

An overview of questionable studies

The experiments conducted by German scientists on concentration camp prisoners without their consent is a violation of all the above principles. The secret researches conducted between 1944-1980s on the effects of ...

Briefly describe your past experience (personal or professional) caring for older adults.

Caring for elders is one of the most challenging activities especially in the nursing profession. Old adults have different requirements and needs that must be met in order to ensure they stay a healthy and happy lifestyle. The nursing professional provides the person with knowledge on how to take care of people of all ages. As a nurse professional, I have undergone many challenges taking care for the old both in hospitals and at homes. According to Blumenthal-Barby (2014), human beings are heterochronic in age. People have many different types of ages and as a nursing professional my duty is to understand ...

(Student’s Full Name)

Introduction “meeting the health needs of all persons, viewed as free and equal citizens, is of comparable and special moral importance” –Justice and Access to Health Care, Norman Daniels The above statement expresses the sentiments of persons who concur with the idea that there should be universal access to healthcare. The concept of distributive healthcare prevents this from taking place since it subjects persons to a screening process to determine their eligibility for certain types of healthcare. Additionally, distributive healthcare also promotes discrimination of persons, even substance abusers, in need of dire care at ...

When gender and race are combined in the life of a black woman, they result to racism, objectification, and sexism from medical professionals. A combination of these factors seems negatively to affect black women. In a critical response to Rebecca Skloot’s book “The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks” this essay presents the case for women and gender for black women.

Science is used to construct both gender, sex and race

The case of Henrietta is introduced when she dies of cervical cancer in hospital. At 31, Henrietta was poor and could not afford to undergo the required procedure to heal her. However, the irony of her story is that her ...

Following the American Psychological Association’s Guidelines

Placebos and Ethics Introduction The only thing second in the medical field to successfully treating a patient is doing it ethically. Ethics are supposed to be held in the highest degree by doctors and nurses in order for patients to feel safe and optimistic about the treatment they receive. Treatments, under the Hippocratic Oath and several moral and ethical maxims must be provided in a safe, ethical manner in order for them to be considered justified practices. Examples include delivering chemotherapy to cancer patients, and antibiotics to patients with viruses. Other instances may involve obtaining conscientious permission from the ...

Religious Studies - Saint Gianna Beretta Molla

Introduction The canonization by the Catholic Church in 2004 of Gianna Beretta Molla as a patron saint of mothers, physicians, and preborn children is a remarkable story of human faith in her religious convictions as both an ethical physician and as a follower of the teachings of God through Jesus Christ his Son. Phenomenal events are common in the worlds of the Old and New Testament and the lives of the saints marked by mystical intervention. In our era, the Eternal Father selects ordinary people from our midst to use as His instrument to spread the gospel. He calling reveals ...

Background in Nursing

I obtained my bachelor’s degree in nursing six years ago. Following graduation and licensure, I was employed in a rehabilitation center. Most of the patients I cared for were post-stroke in need of therapy to achieve optimum functioning and the best quality of life possible. Thus, the care I provided consisted of secondary and tertiary prevention. After one year in the center, I was employed in the adult medical-surgical unit of a community hospital caring for patients with the same conditions as that in rehabilitation but in the acute phase of their illness. The hospital’s nursing service is Magnet ...

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The concept of abortion as a deliberate termination of pregnancy, not as the spontaneous event called miscarriage, is tenuous to define because such definition varies according to its contexts, be it legal, bioethical, religious, or even cultural. In the legal aspect there are issues on rights, quasi-rights, personhood, and potentiality (International Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2, 4-5). In the moral (as well as bioethical and religious) side (3-4), there is moral right, “at birth” notion of the human person, viability, “first movement” argument, consciousness and ability to feel pain, and unicellular zygote as the ...

Nurses must uphold patient confidentiality at all times except in cases when withholding protected information would result in the patient’s death or cause severe harm to other people. The patient’s welfare is the priority of health care providers. Nurses are mandated by their Professional Code of Ethics to provide the highest standards of health care service. Their work entails immediate and direct contact with patients and they are expected to protect patients’ rights. Since their job entails access to and collection of sensitive personal information, a nurse “holds in confidence personal information and uses judgment in sharing this ...

Key Aspects of Social Inequality in the EU

Social inequality is a major threat to European Union’s progress and expansion despite its well-developed economy. Most members of European Union countries are undergoing high level of social inequality including social challenges and intensive poverty level (Kramer, 2012). The high poverty level in some members of European Union has not only destabilized the solidarity of the union, but has also increased the level of social inequality in the region. Gender inequality is one of the major aspects that describe social inequality in EU (Hadjimichalis, 2011). The EU has been experiencing gender discrimination especially on the position and status ...

With the development of modern technologies, the humanity faced a new challenge: how to make life better without destroying the core values of the society? Some inventions and innovations bring undisputable benefits for the world community, however, some require careful investigation and worldwide debates. Human cloning, or reproductive cloning, is one of such arguable topics. Although no human being has been cloned so far, the scientific potential is approaching this goal by quick steps. The humanity will have to make a difficult choice: either to approve, or reject human cloning as such. The essay will argue that human cloning should be ...

Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and further divide through the process of mitosis to produce more cells. Stem cells are found in multicellular organisms; however, in mammals there are two broad categories adult stem cells that are found in diverse tissues, and embryonic stem cells that are isolated from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. Stem cells and progenitor cells act as a system that repairs the body in case it is injured as well as replenishing tissues (Humber 105). However, in the developing embryo stems cells differentiate into specialized cells that ...

When we consider such topics as abortion vs. euthanasia, it is necessary to look into the concept of bioethics – a complex cultural phenomenon that has arisen as a response to the threat of moral and physical well-being of a person arising from the rapid progress in biomedical science and practice. The term was proposed in 1970 by an American oncologist Van Rensselaer Potter. He called for uniting representatives of the humanities and natural scientists (especially biologists and physicians) to provide decent living conditions for people. According to Potter, science of survival should not be just a science, but rather new wisdom, which would ...

Introduction

Human Engineering is an applied science that coordinates the design of systems, devices and the working conditions with the requirements and capacities of workers. It can also mean the alteration of human body cells in order to fight genetic and chronic diseases or to improve human intelligence, appearance, memory or some other desirable traits (Baylis & Jason, 24). In this context, human engineering is viewed from the context of genetic modifications of human cells. Genetists who conduct scientific research into human engineering and sports owners advocate for it while purists who advocate for the maintenance of the human species from ...

According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, in 2010-2012, from the total of about seven billion people living on Earth, there are approximately 870 million people that suffer from hunger (FAO). That means that one in eight people are undernourished, which is a worrying and sad fact at the same time. One in three children in developing countries, suffer from poor nutrition, representing about 33 percent of the overall population of developing countries (de Onis et.al). The vast majority of those undernourished live in developing countries; in other words, a fourth of the population in developing countries is ...

<Student’s name> <Professor’s name>

Introduction Cloning (biology) is a natural occurrence or reception through multiple genetically identical organisms by asexual (including vegetative) reproduction. The term "cloning" in the same sense and is often used in relation to the cells of multicellular organisms. Cloning is also known as getting a number of identical copies of genetic molecules (molecular cloning). Finally, cloning is also commonly referred biotechnological techniques are used to obtain clones artificial organisms, cells or molecules. A group of genetically identical organisms or cells is a clone. Cloning is widespread in nature in different organisms. ...

Introduction

Arguably, the best option for feeding the burgeoning global population remains genetically modified (GM) food because of their pest resistant, disease resistant, and cold tolerant plant characteristics providing a proactive means for feeding the six billion and growing numbers of people worldwide. Pragmatically, taking this view on the argument according to Bharathan, Chandrashekaran, May, and Bryant (2002) who explain, "Projections for population growth and food production suggest that food production has to increase at an average of 1.5% per year to postpone a major food crisis until after 2030" add to the critical issue of assuaging world hunger. Developing countries thus, ...

Obesity is a condition characterized by body mass index above 30. Diabetes on the other hand refers to elevated blood glucose levels above the normal range. The four common bioethical principals applicable to treatment of other health conditions also apply to obesity and diabetes. The principle of beneficence requires care givers to consider benefits of a given treatment and risks involved in decision making. Non-maleficence on the other hand refers to avoidance of harm. The two principles are applied together in treatments. Care delivery to children with diabetes and obesity should observe the two principles. Autonomy is also a bioethical principle. ...

The advancement of technology has precipitated a revolution in scientific understanding over the last several decades. Advancements in research tools has led to new insights into every facet of scientific discovery within the realms of chemistry, physics, and biology and all the sub-disciplines forming their constitution. Increased discovery has brought with it opportunities for cross discipline cooperation which has resulted in the formation of new disciplines and has galvanized scientists to press the boundaries of research and application as has never been seen in human history. One such field testing those limits is genetics. Today’s geneticists have expanded beyond ...

The primary effect of a breach in confidentiality in the healthcare field is a loss of trust in the patient-caregiver relationship (Erickson and Millar, 2005). Because trust between the patient and all medical caregivers including nurses is something that the medical profession wants to foster, there is an ethical duty for the caregiver to keep patient information confidential. In particular, there are several aspects of the patient-care giver relationship that are supported by the ethical duty to keep patient’s information confidential. First, the duty is upheld to allow patients to fully disclose information to medical personnel (Nathanson, 2000). With all ...

Introduction

Over recent years, religion has become a very crucial part in the health field especially in nursing. The concept of evangelicalism has influenced the health care sector a great deal. According to Thobaben (2010), evangelicalism is a form of social movement that is governed by a certain set of rules. These rules have enabled it to be applied in different areas in healthcare especially in nursing. Leadership and nursing choices are governed by the morals that evangelicalism supports. However, aspects of evangelicalism have affected the health field negatively. The issues of ethics that arise from evangelicalism affect certain health practices. For instance, issues ...

My Portfolio

After completing bioethics course, a learner ought to do the following: - Acquire science knowledge that is related to bioethics. During my medical course, I learnt that initially healthcare professionals found it a challenge when attending to their patients. This is because, unlike today, where we have bioethics, there was no professional code of ethics to be adhered. This resulted in patients subjected to gossips and their privacy not observed. Therefore, confidentiality lacked, and the patients’ problems leaked to a third party. The code of ethics brought consciousness to health professionals enriching their understanding of their patients as human beings ( ...

Introduction

There have been controversial issues surrounding donations of organs to be used specifically for transplantation. Current statistics have revealed that the ethical dilemma confounding organ donation and transplantation stems from the evident shortage of donors who are willing to donate their organs for patients who had been waiting in earnest. A website which monitor the transplant trends reveals that there are currently 118,731 waiting list candidates as of the date of this research; while only 4,534 donors were recorded for the period January to April 2013 . To address this shortage, some patients or relatives apparently resort to ...

Medical Care at the End of Life: A Catholic Perspective by David F. Kelly (end of life issues)

In the context of this book various ethical principles are analyzed with respect to the medical care at the end life of people and the support that people deserve at their end life. The book is broken into sections which try to expound on the principles guiding the healthcare at the end life of people. In the context of chapter one, the issue of ordinary and extraordinary means has been reflected with respect to end life medical care ethics. This shows the dilemma facing the medical professionals and the health institutions with regards to end life ethics. This ...

In the medical environs, caregivers and families need to make various decisions concerning the health and care of patients. The approach of tackling these medical situations is often crucial which affirms the need for a bioethics mediator. Bioethics mediation is an integrated medical process involved in resolving dilemmas on the proper ethical procedures in health care institutions. It requires a bioethics mediator with skills in interpersonal communication, dispute resolution, listening and emotional intelligence who is responsible for assisting health practitioners, patients and families resolve their disagreements. In the case study, although an agreement was reached at the end, the bioethics mediator ...

1.0 Description of the article The paper will review an article published in the emerging infectious diseases journal on “Reduced Efficacy of Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITN) and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) for Malaria Control in Pyrethroid Resistance Area, Benin”. The study compared the effectiveness of pyrethroid insecticides used in ITN and IRS in two villages, Ladji and Malanville. In most of the malaria-endemic African countries, including Benin, ITN and IRS are the principal methods used in preventing malaria through vector control. In the two vector control methods, pyrethroid has been the preferred insecticides in the last decade due to ...

INTRODUCTION

The human body consists of tissues and organs that contain over 200 different cell types.1 these cells carry out all the functions required for viability and reproduction. It was argued long ago, that in some tissues, the differentiated cells have a shorter life span and that they are not able to self -renew.2 This led to the notion that such tissues are maintained by cells that have an extensive renewal capacity, and the ability to differentiate and generate daughter cells. These cells were termed as ‘stem cells”.2 Stem cells generate only the differentiated lineages of the tissues they reside in, ...

INTRODUCTION

A whole lot of literature published in journals and books identifies the “Tuskegee Syphilis Study” as an infamous research, in which the uneducated Afro-American males in the US were denied treatment for syphilis and deceived by the US Public Health Services’ officials. This study was the longest and a harsh experiment on humans in the history of medicine. This study was a clinical research carried out in the poorest counties of the state of Alabama, US between 1932 and 1972 on around 600 black men of which about 399 were infected with syphilis. The balance 201 men served as the ...

The issues around reproductive technologies are placed at the heart of ethical and moral dilemmas in the society. The formations of marriage, love, romance, and sexual identities of the family, community and social life are all drawn into the question about the use of reproductive technologies. This paper explores the ethical issues that are raised by human cloning. The paper revolves around the application of cloning in choosing the sex of a child-a case study of Joe and Susan. The two would not be justified in using the technology to select the sex of their child. Being a good parent ...

William Carlos Williams

William Carlos Williams has always been known as an experimenter, an innovator, a revolutionary figure in American poetry. Yet in comparison to artists of his own time who sought a new environment for creativity as expatriates in Europe, Williams lived a remarkably conventional life. A doctor for more than forty years serving the New Jersey town of Rutherford, he relied on his patients, the America around him, and his own ebullient imagination to create a distinctively American verse. Often domestic in focus and "remarkable for its empathy, sympathy, its muscular and emotional identification with its subjects," Williams's poetry is also characteristically honest: "There ...

Euthanasia comes from an ancient Greek word signifying “death that may be good”. Euthanasia may be ‘the deliberate putting to death of an individual with a painful or fatal disease. The argument surrounding Euthanasia may be controversial and emotive, with some labeling it as merciful and others as murderous. There may be strong arguments both against and for this practice. This essay will examine both sides/position including arguments, and then finally demonstrate that euthanasia is not murder and letting die may not be similar to killing. Cultural and Religious perspectives may generally be at the forefront of arguments concerning this ...

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study took place more than 70 years ago in Tuskegee, Alabama. The study was conducted by the Public Health Service (PHS) (Prograis 21). The study was originally entitled the "Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male" (Northridge 1271). There were 399 African American men that were diagnosed with syphilis but were never told of their diagnosis, never treated, and were watched and studied as the disease progressed so that the symptoms could be studied. Many of the men in the study died as a result of their illness. The survivors were denied penicillin after its ...

Introduction

Anyone tackling any part of the topic of death remains subjective, philosophical, scientific, and arbitrary, as is the case in my view that separation of the soul from the body captures the significance of death as proposed in this paper. From the onset in my taking this view the implication points to the philosophical because as of this time in the 21st century there exists no known method for determining the separation of the ephemeral quality of the soul from the physicality of the body .That is the finality of the entire debate. \However, it is this very concern ...

Values Systems in Cross-Cultural Perspective

Chapter 16: An Unlikely Donor

Background This case study that is “An Unlikely Donor” is regarding the problem of organ selling that is widespread amongst the poor people. Organ selling is a prevalent practice in which an individual sells his or her organ in exchange of the money or other reasons. Due to poverty and other financial and economic issues the practice of organ selling is quite common in developing and under developed countries This case study deals with the issue of organ selling. The nurse, Carole Bennet who was working in a private hospital in London while going ...

Abstract:

Medicine and science had always maintained a steady flow of debates by the beginning of the 20th century with the ongoing increase of diseases, and virus mutations keeping up with the modern technology. Medicines had to be updated regularly to ensure that mutations would not influence a person’s sickness and overall health. It is common to see various medical procedures claiming that they can cure a disease or complication without the need to pay medicines regularly. One of these offerings is known as stem cell treatment, which uses stem cells to repair damage tissues or cure diseases. While the preliminary studies ...