Essays on Kant

Kantianism is an ethical theory developed by the German philosopher, Immanuel Kant. The theory focuses on the correctness or wrongness of the actions themselves, as opposed to the correctness or wrongness of the consequences of those actions or the disposition of the actor (Holzhey and Mudroch 35). Kant's ethics further hold that people are bound to an ethical duty by universal ethical rules. Therefore, to act right in accordance with Kant's ethics would be motivated by appropriate universal principles that treat everyone as an end rather than just a mere means. The philosopher further asserts that being motivated by ...

Emmanuel Kant describes enlightenment as a situation of self-awareness where an individual emerges from self-imposed immaturity. Thus, this state marks a transition from darkness to awareness, and it comes with freedom. Moreover, Kant regards immaturity as a complete inability of an individual to use his conscience or understanding without the intervening guidance of another person (Deligiorgi, 2005). A clear lack of resolve and courage precipitates to the denial of personal freedom, but an affliction on others for sole guidance. Principally, Kant’s assertion about enlightenment is entrenched on having the courage to use personal understanding and courage to dispense ...

Essay 1.

The universal formula of the categorical imperative is an objective law which proceeds from a subjective maxim – action and will. That is, when a given ethical consideration presents itself, a person must ask whether the action of his will agrees with nature (Kant 38). By its definition, the categorical imperative is the basis of duty. By nature, Kant means that which is objective, and that which exists as a part of nature – abiding by the laws of nature (Kant 38). Kant continues by stating that in ethical considerations, or duty, one must act subjectively through one’s will to ...

Introduction

Ethics came from the Greek word ‘ethos,’ or character. In the modern context, ethics refer to the study of normative behavior. It is commonly understood as standards of behavior that ought to be followed under certain circumstances and the moral reasoning behind such actions. Ethics does not necessarily make people do good; nor is it an attribute that is only exclusive for good people. In fact, there are good people that exhibit unethical behavior, especially when under pressure. Professor and author, Denis Collins, for instance, observed that there are many good individuals who engage in unethical behavior because they ...

Introduction

This report is a critical analysis of an ethical dilemma in the workplace. It will include the evaluation of the facts of the case in order to establish the fundamental issues and matters at stake. From there, a review of the fundamental theories of the situation will be conducted. This will culminate in the identification of the different approaches and views. Afterward, there will be the application of the theories to the facts of the case in order to conclude with recommendations on how to deal with the issues at hand. This will include the review of important theories ...

Utilitarianism can be described as a moral look and defined by consequentialism. It is an ethical theory which states that maximization of utility results in the best action. The utility can be described in different ways, and it mostly terms the well-being of the human beings. According to Jeremy Bentham, who is the founder of utilitarianism, the utility is the addition of all pressure resulting from an action; deduct the suffering of an individual involved in an action (Brian, 1957). The consequences of the action can either be good or bad, and utilitarianism insists of equality interests. Both Bentham ...

Positive discrimination is a phenomenon which is aimed at targeting and acting in favor of those groups of people which have been actively discriminated against in the past. Hence it can be named as the policy which allows providing such individuals with benefits and advantages because they had been deprived of them in the past. The premise for positive discrimination is not favoritism or nepotism rather it is an action which is allowed only to those who have suffered from the act’s deprivation in the past, due to their gender, race or disposition at that particular time. Therefore, ...

Positive discrimination is a type of affirmative action intended to equalize the disadvantage that minority groups have previously experienced. It centers on the idea that justified discrimination is required in certain circumstances in order for minority groups and individuals to gain equality in society. While both Kant and Aristotle would argue against positive discrimination, Kant would do so based on his principle of morality, whereas Aristotle would base his argument on the fairness of the outcome. Kant had firm ideas concerning the differentiation between principled and unprincipled policies. Kant argues that proper political thinking should start by confirming two ...

Introduction

The primary purpose of philosophy is to clarify and refine the human thought processes so that the state of affairs and hence the reality of the world are clear. As such, philosophical problems are a failure to come up with the explanations of things that happen in the environment and by extension in the world. Philosophy is critical in refining the human's basic concepts that are applied to understand the reality. Just like in other sciences that are driven by the experimentations in the search for the truth, philosophy is informed by the questions that cannot be easily answered ...

Ethical Issues

Human trafficking is a worldwide problem. For all practical purposes, this activity is nothing but a form of modern slavery. Every year, about 21 million people are caught up in human trafficking from about 130 countries around the world. Without a doubt, this is a serious issue given that it violates human rights that the United Nations takes very seriously - and should. While this pertains mostly to women who are sold into prostitution while also involving children and young boys as well who are coerced into forced labour as well. Given the atrocities around the world, the purpose ...

The Hippocratic Oath is a sacred oath taken by all healthcare professionals, one which underscores their responsibility for the privacy of their patients. However, there are circumstances where this privacy must be breached. Even the modernized version of the Hippocratic Oath makes little mention of such circumstances (Tyson, 2001, p. 6). Moreover, such privacy violations can be justified with sound reasoning derived from philosophic theories. In cases of patients who are diagnosed with HIV, the healthcare professional also has a responsibility for public health. According to Thiroux & Krasemann (2015), physicians are charged with the responsibility to inform the spouses ...

In the year 2001, the Enron Corporation, an American energy company, went bankruptcy due to lack of proper and misguided information. This contributed to the firm failure and largest bankruptcy recognized in American history by the year 2002. This affected stock market and hence stakeholders and employees received limited returns. The Stuart Mill’s theory of Utilitarianism explains the doctrine of having right actions if they are meant and useful and benefit the majority (Sellars, 2016). I believe Mill’s theory and philosophy. Regarding the Enron 2002 scandal, the theory relates to the actions taken by the management of ...

Europe’s history, especially in the colonial and imperial periods created new connections and networks between parts of the world. European expansion starting the in the sixteenth century led to its expansion into the Americas and the concurrent creation of the slave trade of entirely new populations in the imperial periphery. Additionally, in the nineteenth century with the so-called “Scramble for Africa” meant that Europe had new colonies on the continent itself. With the process of decolonization this meant that these populations both from the Americas especially the Caribbean could migrate into the European metropole. This created an African ...

Lily-Love Toppar

Cornell University, Country in Arial 9 Roxanne Grenier North America Abstract As of 2014, 38 million people worldwide have been driven out of their own homes by internal instabilities, armed conflict, and outbreaks of violence. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) alone accounts for 2.8 million internally displaced persons (IDPs). In response, relief-driven charitable practices have consequently created a condition of permanent impermanence, perpetuating the problem of dependency, unemployment, and instability. This forced movement of culturally and geographically heterogeneous groups evokes questions of housing stability: How does migration impact the social, economic, and political standing of the refugees? Given ...

Philosophy Questions

1. Ross’ s Moral Theory is considered to stand between Kant’s strict deontological theory and theological theory of utilitarianism. According to the philosopher, there existed several prima facie duties that people had to hold in respect if they did not contradict one another. In case they conflicted, human’s intuition would help to make the right choice and find the weightiest and the most important duty. Ross stated that any prima facie obligation could be redefined by more important ones. While Kant saw all obligations absolute and exceptionless, Ross allowed maximization of the good as one of the ...

Justice is something which underlies our own society – without it, indeed, some people posit that there can be no such thing as society. While many people state that justice is the same thing as the law, with Plato being the most visible proponent of this theory, others, such as Socrates, hold the two to be very different things. As we shall see below, while Socrates and Plato disagree on whether or not justice and law are the same, they both agree when it comes to addressing the role that justice takes in internal adherence to the values of the ...

Philosophy

Question 1 Kant talks about two kinds of imperatives that create groundwork for metaphysics of morals. The two kinds of imperatives that Kant talks about include; hypothetical and categorical imperatives. Hypothetical imperative focuses on the consequences of an action that a person takes. A person can lie to save a life which is allowed under the hypothetical imperative. On the other hand, categorical imperative is the moral obligation that is absolute. Categorical imperative focuses on people acting on a principal that is deemed rational to all people in the society. According to Kant’s deontological ethics, morality is measured ...

Essay

Immanuel Kant: Reason and Freedom Immanuel Kant argues that being purely objective or purely rational and being independently free are two peas in a pod. As Kant argued in his widely known book Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, all human beings possess what he refers to as 'the idea of freedom' (Pasternack, 2002, 12). He builds his concept of categorical imperatives-- in the absence of which responsibility and morality would cease to exist-- upon the speculated idea that freedom is an omnipresent concept. Kant claims that it is clearly not possible for people to envision themselves as 'un-free' ( ...

Categorical imperative is universal and it means that all the people have to act in accordance with the requirements of morality no matter whether people agree with them or not. Kant believes that it is the priority to be able to discern right actions from wrong actions. Universal law is of the utmost importance and the right actions are moral and have to be universal in similar situations. People have to behave in a way which is good for other people and for themselves as well because other people have to respect the same law. Kant says that the ...

“Gone Baby Gone” is a mystery film masterfully directed by Ben Affleck, an actor and a screenwriter. The kidnapping story set in the criminal districts of Boston depicts the characters and their neighborhoods as backward and appalling. At the very beginning of the film, we find out that Amanda McCready, a little girl, has gone. Thus, her aunt and uncle decide to involve two private detectives, Patrick Kenzie and Angie Gennaro, into the police investigation of the girl missing. Meanwhile, Amanda’s drug-addicted mother does not skip any episode of Jerry Springer Show, even though her child has disappeared. ...

1. Answer: Mobile communication devices including different personal digital assistants are not limited to voice calls and short messages only. These devices can easily browse the internet and can use different types of utility and facility applications, such as viewing maps of a certain place, tracking other people via a GPS system and so on. A device with so many features certainly helps a person as well as the society to ease the lifestyle. On the other hand, bad people can use these features to harm other people. In the recent days 22nd July 2016, an eighteen-year-old guy attacked ...

Today’s philosophy is still discussing the ontological dilemma of God’s existence. St. Anselm is one of the first philosophers who tried to solve this task with arguments in an own manner. The central problem with the ontological argument has not changed in the last thousand years, and the debate is still built around the question whether there is the evidence that proves the existence of God.

An Explanation and Discussion of the St. Anselm’s Ontological Argument

St. Anselm tried to clarify whether God exists only in the mind as an idea, or it exists in reality. In his opinion, the argument to prove the existence of God ...

Utilitarianism is an ethical principle that dictates that actions are ‘moral’ only when they contribute towards the betterment of the greatest number of people in society or what is often referred to as the ‘greater good theory’ . When considered within the context of Disaster Management and Response, utilitarianism implies that the ideal course of action is one that will allow the maximum number of victims to be rescued, treated and saved. The ethical and moral dilemma this creates is what criteria should medical and rescue personnel use in order to determine which individuals are more worthy of receiving help ...

The movie ‘Gone Baby Gone’ from 2007 is the directorial debut by the Hollywood actor Ben Affleck. The topic is the private investigation of the little girl’s abduction which went into the unexpected direction. This art piece got mostly positive reviews. In a center of the audience’s and critic’ attention is the very ending of the movie and the moral dilemma expressed by it. Dilemma is presented through the action of the main character, young private detective, Patrick Kenzie (Casey Affleck). He has to decide: will he leave the saved little girl in the hands of the ...

Feature film “Gone, Baby, Gone” directed by Ben Affleck and based on the novel by the same name by Dennis Lehane does not only keep the attention of spectators but also makes them face a moral dilemma and judge if the final action by the main character, Patrick Kenzie, was right or wrong. In the article about this film, which is called “The cruelest crime of all” and was published by The Guardian in 2008 the author gives such a plot review: “The film has a sinuous, labyrinthine plot and what begins as a combination of police procedural thriller ...

Theoretical Essay

In the world of law punishment (alternative name – penalty) is considered as an “infliction of some kind of pain or loss upon a person for misdeed (i.e., the transgression of a law or command).”1 Penalty may take different forms and vary from forced labor, flogging, body mutilation, fines and imprisonment to the capital punishment. The punishment has been very retributive, mostly in the form of revenge, during the pre-modern ages and usually the prosecution was executed by the victims or their families. There was not any proportion between the quantity and quality of wrongdoing and the punishment. The ...

Mid Term Exam

Discuss the impact of the theories of Immanuel Kant, Charles Darwin and Jean-Paul Sartre on modernity.

Jean-Paul Sartre was flourished in Existentialism. He believed that a man acts in his free will in the society and time in which he lives. This philosophy inspired others to acknowledge their own free thinking and live the life they believed in. It broke the cookie cutter of what people were otherwise programmed to be and motivated others to break free in essence of their true self. It’s the true quest to fine a purpose in life. Because Jean Paul Sartre wrote and published many of his writings on Existentialism, his readers began to think ...

Fearing that there could be dire implications towards the nation’s democratic ideals, many people in America have aired their criticism regarding state laws that bans felons from voting. Law professor and New York Times columnists, Janai S. Nelson, criticized the practice as ‘anti-democratic’ and discriminatory. In a New York Times article dated April 2016, Nelson stated that the running policies of felony disenfranchisement in the United States are comparable to “ the antiquated laws that excluded women, people of color and the poor from the ballot box,” which, according to Nelson, is “an anti-democratic tool with a sordid history ...

The relationship of one towards other has always been one of the most important ethical issues. The limits of what one can and cannot do within ethical bounds have long been controversial. With new technologies constantly being developed, and products being easily marketed from one nation to the other, the problem arises as to when one should be allowed to do this and when it is unethical. When it comes to this type of product, it is unethical to allow people to manufacture it in a nation that has proven its effects to be toxic on the human body, ...

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Introduction

Thesis Statement: Kantian ethics, as a utilitarian view, holds that man is the end of the act to be benefitted from instead of the means to achieve the goal. One of the most denigrating crimes known to man, the trade in people is a crime that impacts the global community. Traffickers trick men, women, and children from almost every country and then “sell” them to traders looking to exploit their situation. Though the most prevalent form of human trafficking is for the illicit sex trade, others are sold into slavery, and even at times into syndicates ...

Organizations that behave ethically are more apt to earn the trust of their customers, employees, and stockholders and to have a reputation as successful, competent and responsible professionals. It is important that organizations follow strict guidelines aimed high standards of quality, reliable services, high professionalism, social responsibility and ethical behaviour it their activity – only that way they can bring benefits to their clients, staff members and shareholders. The main ethical principles that each organization must follow in its activity are decency (avoidance of illegal and unethical practices), honesty (the urge to be honest with themselves, team members, customers and ...

Abstract

This paper deals with notion of truth and how it should be presented. By analyzing short story By the Waters of Babylon composed by Stephen Vincent Benét one may see that truth should be given out in small portions in order to reduce undesirable aftermath that may bear distrustful character. It discusses benefits of this way of presenting new information. Everyone craves to live in truth and have healthy relations build on absence of lies and misconceptions. This desire is not limited by family or friends relations on the contrary it touches all human domains. Utter craving to ...

As with any significant new technology, drones have changed the human experience. Nevertheless, it is important to also take into account the ethical aspects that these modifications may have on humanity. In this sense, one of the greatest factors would be the invasion of privacy, which drones allow in a more discreet manner. Furthermore, they may also be used for wars, helping combat enemy troops from far away, without having to sacrifice one’s own men. As expected, this would lead different ethical theories to have various positions on the subject, especially deontology and utilitarianism. As a whole, paradoxically ...

German Philosopher Immanuel Kant views of morality were centered on the principle of good will. Kant defines good will as “the concept of a faculty of action according to a conception of universal law” (Deontology pg 9). This encompasses the belief that one’s motive is the determining factor in whether or not an individual possesses good or bad morals and, not the outcome of his actions. Thus, an individual who possesses good will shall only make decisions that they believe to be morally worthwhile regardless of the gains to be had or the possible outcomes. This is what ...

Utilitarianism is the direction in philosophy, the basic principles of which were set out by Jeremy Bentham in his work "Introduction to the principles of morals and legislation" (1780). The system of utilitarianism was developed in its classical form by John Stuart Mill. Mill formulated the basic arguments of utilitarianism opposing the many critics and, in particular, the followers of Kant. Kant and his followers viewed utilitarianism as egoistic behavior of human beings that was result of absence of their moral principles. That is why the scholars of this direction called the doctrine of utilitarianism worthy of swine. It ...

Immanuel Kant is one of the greatest Western philosophers of all time. His work has had a profound influence on those thinkers that came after him in many different areas. One of the most important of these spheres is ethics, where he attempted to develop a metaphysic of morals. In this sense, he did not wish to just determine what the correct and incorrect courses of action were, but to establish a theory that would serve to determine how one should act. He attempted to establish universal laws that would govern people’s behavior through reason. As such, he ...

Objectivist Traditions and Application

Philanthropists’ Dilemma The case of two philanthropists who must decide whether their mother (nearing complete brain death and whom doctors believe is in moderate pain) should continue her life is challenging to ponder. She has a 5% chance of meaningful recovery, being ill with terminal cancer and senility. Objectivists stand on both side, all sure of their own moral justification. Deontological theories, split up into agent-centered or patient-centered theories, are useful to contrast their compelling views in the morally hazardous Delshondra situation. These two differ in that the former focuses on each individual agent’s personal morality dilemmas and ...

Abstract

This report analyzes the BMW’s controversial activities, which involves the production of electric Tesla cars. Although dubbed ‘green' vehicles, they pollute the environment as reported by the Company’s customers from Hong Kong, China. The paper uses a pair of theoretical concepts of Business Ethics – Kantian Ethics of Duties and Utilitarianism, which it applies to the issue at hand. In addition to that, the report compares the frameworks with the sole focus on how they relate to the BMW’s case. Lastly, it gives a few recommendations that BMW can use in handling the problem.

Introduction

This report outlines ...

The moral point of view refers to people’s perspective on an issue based on whether the issue is deemed morally applaudable or morally right or wrong. So it involves the resolutions or laws created based on a larger perspective about what is right or wrong, one that affects or impacts more than merely one person, and therefore doesn’t take a person’s self-interest into account. The point of view can be identified by two characteristics: a best practice of deferring to reason; in other words, the resolutions should be the outcome of thoughtful sound reasoning, rather than ...

Introduction

Banking is a major part of most modern nations. This is because they form as the point for an organized financial sector and allow for regulations to be applied and carried out. In spite of this, banks have been used as a tool for capitalism and the pursuit of personal interests and this has led to serious consequences for the economy. However, Parramore indicates that the idea of bailing out banks during financial crisis is a fraud on the taxpayers and this is akin to robbery. The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the position of Parramore ...

Justice!!! So sounded word that always arises in many controversial opinions and viewpoints. People cannot come to an agreement on the point, what can be recognized as a justice. The issues of justice and identifying who was right, but who was wrong always attracted me. How often was I involved in various discussions after watching movies or participating in the real situations happened. In this assignment, I would like to reflect on the 28-minute video episode where Michael Sandel – the lecturer from Harward University explains to the students Emmanuel Kant’s theory of the metaphysics of morality. My first ...

Essay

Introduction The foundation for a modern discourse on inequality is Jean Jacques Rousseau's Discourse on the Origin of Inequality or more commonly known as the Second Discourse. In this work, Rousseau tried to demonstrate that civil society naturally creates inequality. He believed that the 'state of nature' was a theoretical concept that described what human beings would become without social order or society (Rousseau, 2010). Rousseau argued that there are two types of dependence-- dependence on things and dependence on men. Dependence on things, being devoid of moral elements, brings about no immoralities and does not harm liberty. On ...

Peter Singer's principle of preventing bad occurrences is based on the need for those that have more to give to those who are unable to come up with enough resources to maintain a basic standard of living. In this sense, those who are more affluent are obligated to provided for those that would be considered to be poor. This is based on the underlying notion that it is immoral not to provide for the well-being of others when there are no negative effects towards the self for doing so. For this reason, it is necessary for individuals to look ...

Deontology is an ethical branch dealing with good activities, duties, and right obligations. It originated from a Greek word deon meaning duty. Abortion makes people take sides thus causing polarization of individuals, especially opportunists such as politicians and the liberals. Liberals and feminists use the utilitarian argument while politicians use the deontological positions. Deontological approach uses moral actions and duties to murder those practicing abortion. However, pregnancy interruption before birth is viewed from different angles and ethical conclusion from different perceptions are allowed from various rights and theories. Deliberate determination of pregnancy has been a discussion over the years. ...

Knowing the characteristics of the external world has long been one of humankind’s greatest problems. Nevertheless, they have always encountered the problem of being able to secure that the knowledge they find there is actually true. Descartes was the most famous philosopher to first approach this problem skeptically. Nevertheless, many after him have found that this is not necessarily true, with G. E. Moore and Immanuel Kant giving compelling arguments for the existence of the outside world. Therefore, through analysis of that which does not belong to the self, one can gain knowledge of the characteristics of the ...

Even though one is bombarded every day with experiences that seem to be from the outside world, it is important to reflect on their validity and source before coming to a premature conclusion using only intuition. There is a general consensus that there is an outside world, which is what people feel and navigate through every day, and which has certain characteristics. Nevertheless, if one stops to critically examine the evidence that there is for this conclusion, one can see that many other interpretations are also possible. Most philosophers do not negate the different experiences and the possibility of ...

Philosophically, there are intrinsic and extrinsic objections to Mrs. Pettit’s behavior. Intrinsic objections state that the behavior is morally wrong regardless of the consequences of it, while extrinsic objections propose the behavior is not wrong, but the outcome is morally unacceptable. In this case, the intrinsic objections involve the act of group oral sex while extrinsic objections are the potential impact on her students in the event of discovery. Classical theories of ethical behavior may assist in clarification. Utilitarians believe that benefits to society as a whole take precedence over individuals; in other words, the most good for ...

The business discourse is a very interesting concept that exists in the modern society. Many people are trying to maximize their profit through all the possible ways that they can think of. Nothing stops them in creating income and adding it to their pocket. The debate in the world of business does not only aim on the first very prime aim of all the business relations. Some people may say that business exists only in order to increase the profit. However, there are different opinions that consider quite an opposite answer. There is a thought that the business world ...

Research is essential for the advancement of any field of study. Nevertheless, this becomes complicated when the object of the investigation is a human, as there is an accepted guideline that one should not do harm onto a person. In order to assure proper treatment of humans, ethical committees have arisen in many parts of the world, limiting the research that may be done. However, this comes into tension when one also takes into account the notion of liberty, as the two could contradict each other. In this sense, some would argue that ethics committees should not interfere in ...

In this case, IBM developed the dial-up-era dinosaur programme which was developed with the aim of connecting the customers with the company through the social media networks. This however, was similar to a similar product that had been developed by The Groupon Ltd. Groupon went further to obtain a patent to bar the other companies from using the similar product. This product as per the business ethics were said to be unfair in terms of being unfair to Groupon since it had the patent to the product (Vanian, 2016). The case brought before the court is one which was ...

Q.1 Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), a German philosopher, is known for his moral philosophical theories that define human behavior, moral standards or requirements and consequences of such behavior. Central to his deontological moral theories is the aspect of human reason which he argues is the source of morality and which should guide human conduct and experience. Referred as the Kantian ethics, these theories may be relevant in modern policing practices.

Kant’s Moral and Ethical Theories

Immanuel Kant developed the deontological moral theory through which he argued that the decision as to what is right or wrong, that is ethical, with reference to human actions, ...

Democracies do not go to War with One Another

The correlation between democracy and war has been a major concern for various political commentators globally. The statement that democratic states rarely go to war is correct and is supported by many scholars. According to Rummel (1999, p. 10), democracy abhors any conceivable form of politically instigated violence. The statement that democratic states do not go to war is, therefore, justified and this behavior can be attributed to the makeup of a normal democratic country. Aspects such as respect for human rights, compliance with the rule of law and the presence of a competitive political setup have arguably contributed ...

Introduction

Ethics refers to those things that are firmly accepted ideas about what we should do in given situations (Velasquez, Andre, Shanks, and Meyer). For example, ethics might refer to a standard that says that stealing or murder or assault is not the right thing to do, and so it imposes restrictions on those activities. Ethics also includes virtues, such as honesty, compassion, and loyalty. The right to life, the right to privacy, and the right to be safe are also embedded in ethics, whether stated directly or not. What these things have in common is that the standards of ...

For Kant, differentiation between synthetic and analytic knowledge, a priori and a posteriori knowledge are essential building blocks in philosophy. The knowledge or judgment is a priori synthetic if it comprises of pure reason. It is a truth that is applicable to the objects; no matter people have or do not have experience of the object. An example is the judgment, knowledge, or proposition that God exists. A Priori knowledge is based on the reason, and it is independent of all the experiences, and it is applied with strict universality. A Posteriori knowledge is based on experience, and is ...

[Class Title]

Introduction The novel, ‘City of Thieves’ by David Benioff, presents an opportunity to analyze the concept of masculinity under the circumstances of war. What is significant in this literary work is that manliness emerges under extreme adversity, which is often considered as the very test of being a man. Although Benioff’s ‘City of Thieves’ is fictional, the circumstances are realistic and is based on a historical incident that happened around six decades ago in Leningrad, which is the present day St. Petersburg in Russia. Becoming a man is one of the most confusing rhetoric there is. ...

Priori and Posteori knowledge

Knowledge is priori if it is the type of knowledge that is independent of experience. It is strictly based on reason and applies only on stern uniformity and not on experiences which have been felt. On the other hand, posteori knowledge is the knowledge that comes about as a result of experience, and as such is severely uncertain and confined when it comes to applications in particular cases.

Analytical and Synthetic judgments

Analytical judgments are those judgments whose implied concepts of the motion are included in the concepts of the main subject. Such judgments can be drawn from the rule of non-contradiction since ...

If death is really true, based upon the animistic quality of our five physical senses, then how do we know that we are truly alive and breathing and not in a dream? It has been proposed that people who are aware of the existence of their surroundings mostly rely on their five senses, which may cause illusions. The ethereal yet grounded theory of existentialism provides the landscape for a more positively-identified pathway which reaches across the separation that exists among humans.            When thinking about the quote ‘existence precedes essence’, the concept lends room for credibility that Morrie was right ...

Business

Stakeholders Stakeholders are people or organizations who have an interest in or are affected by any policy or action of an organization. Stakeholders have a number of key characteristics. They may be characterized by their interest or stake in the company. They may also have the potential to contribute to the successful conduct of business for an organization. They can further be characterized by the decision making power they have on the activities of the company (Schmeer, 1999). Stakeholders in the case of PharmaCare are discussed in following paragraphs. Shareholders. The shareholders in PharmaCare would be interested in profits, ...

The problem of suicide belongs to the problems posed by traditional ethics. The prohibition on suicide, available in almost all the world's great religions, has become traditional. This position is also reflected in a number of philosophical concepts. So, in the Kant’s ethics, suicide is not permitted under any circumstances (Kerstein 212). Humanity in our person is inviolable, it is something sacred, entrusted to us. However, there were other opinions, including well respected so widely quoted opinion of Seneca, who thought that the wise do not live as much as they should, they live as much as they ...

Immanuel Kant stance on ethics is remarkable, as it pays no heed to the consequences of an action arguing that there exist particular objective rules that can be discovered by reasoning beings. The categorical imperative is simply an expression of this. Such theories are called “deontological” ethical theories; the root of the word is derived from the Greek word “deon” that means duty. Therefore, the categorical imperative states that people have a duty to act in particular ways according to moral laws. Kant’s categorical imperative pays a greater emphasis on the intent of an action as opposed to ...