Essays on Proton

The use of breath analysis to determine the state of a person’s health is a concept that dates back millennia (Gouma 26). Cardiovascular disease is an ailment for which current analysis methods involve invasive sampling. It has been suggested that the amount of cholesterol in blood can be measured by the amount of isoprene (Karl et al. 762) or carbon dioxide (Amann 34) in the breath. One of the early methods to detect isoprene in breath is based on proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) (Karl et al. 762-763). In this technique, the breath sample is made to ...

Click Chemistry describes the biocompatible reactions that are high yielding, that are very simple to perform, have wide scope, that need no chromatography to remove their byproducts and that can be conducted in easily removable solvents. The synthesis of first triazole was reported by Arthur Michael in 1893. In the 20th century, Huisgen discovered the catalyst of copper, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition which required the temperature of 100 degree Celsius. This reaction of copper is a highly versatile reaction which does not require any specific reaction conditions and can easily be performed with various solvents, wide temperature range and pH, ...

Objective: Patient appears well-groomed and devoid of nervousness or anxiety. Vital signs are within normal limits (WNL), except for mild fever. Abdomen: Normal bowel sounds, no rebound or guarding, no masses, presence of mild epigastric tenderness on palpation.

Gastritis Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) The primary diagnosis for this case is gastritis. Based on the subjective assessment findings, it is apparent that the symptoms described by the patient are consistent with gastritis. Additionally, the patient has a history of gastritis, hence making it a primary diagnosis. GERD may be excluded as a primary diagnosis since GERD-related ...

Acids

There are three scientifically correct definitions that define an acid substance. Arrhenius defines an acid as a substance that made up of hydrogen that when dissolved in water breaks apart increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the water. Bronsted-Lowry defines an acid as a proton (H+ ion) donor. Lewis describes acids as substances that accept electron pairs. Acids have a sour taste and are highly reactive with metals (Brent, 2009). Nitric acid is used as fertilizers, and hydrochloric acid is used to bricks.

Bases

A basic substance can also be described using definitions from the three authors. Arrhenius ...

Patient information

The patient under review is a 42 year old female Indian who is admitted into the emergency room presenting with acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Prior patient diagnosis reveals the patient had suffered from dental abscess and also a fractured tooth, which was subsequently treated with antibiotics. However, a tooth extraction procedure was carried out for the extraction of the tooth. Ensuing dental ache was treated with drugs purchased over the counter (OTC) including ibuprofen and acetaminophen before the medical prescription of Vicoprofen. The patient complains of nausea and headache in addition to vomiting copious amounts of a dark brown liquid ...

Gastro esophageal reflux disease is a digestive disorder that has effects on the lower esophageal sphincter, which is the ring that is found between the stomach and esophagus (Mayo Clinic, 2016). The contents of the stomach get backed up in the esophagus. This condition is experienced especially when the lower esophagus sphincter becomes weak hence allowing the contents of the stomach to flow back into the esophagus (Doig & Huether, 2014). This disorder is known to cause heartburn to pregnant women. GERD has proved to be the most common outpatient gastroenterological diagnosis witnessed in the United States. The prevalence rate ...

Introduction

Acids and bases are chemicals with a wide range of applications both industrially and on small-scale basis. According to Arrhenius, an acid is a substance that liberates H+ when placed in water (Slabaugh & Spencer, 167). On the other hand, a base is a substance that liberates OH- when placed in water (Slabaugh & Spencer, 167). To illustrate, pure water dissociates partially to produce hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions as shown in the equation below: H2Ol H+aq+ OH-aq In the above equation, water dissociates to produce H+ and OH-. If an acidic substance is placed in water, it reacts with ...

Question 1

For succinate oxidation to fumarate there is yield of 2H+ and 2 electrons; however, the process of the reaction skips one step thereby leading to 2 ATP. The resulting FADH2 electrons skips the first stage of oxidative phosphorylation by moving into the electron transport chain located in CoQ. This can be illustrated as NADH -> CoQH2. Consequently, there is 2 ATP forming stages found in the electron chain from CoQ to O2 used in this course (Schwender et al, 50). Indifferent to the first scenario, oxidation of malate to produce oxaloacetate results to NADH, with production of 2H+ and ...

Question 1

FAD is reduced to FADH2 in Succinate oxidation to fumarate through catalytic action of succinate dehydrogenase. The resulting FADH2 electrons skips the first stage of oxidative phosphorylation by moving into the electron transport chain located in CoQ. This can be illustrated as NADH -> CoQH2. Consequently, there is 2 ATP forming stages found in the electron chain from CoQ to O2 used in this course (Schwender et al, 50). Indifferent to the first scenario, oxidation of malate to produce oxaloacetate results to NADH consequently, the NADH produced electrons completes its movement in 3 ATP forming steps associated with chain ...

Elemnt 120

The new horizons in science mean new inventions and even new elements to be found. The modern techniques make the last thing not a dream but reality. In 2006 the scientific community has been prizing Russian and US scientist for their success in identification of 118th element (LeClair, 2006), which was the newest super-heavy element. This was performed on the in Dubna, Russia through observation of atomic decay, indicating that the observed element 116 was produced via the alpha decay of element 118. This is was the second data this element was declared to be synthesized, but this time ...

Investigating how light intensity will affect the rate of photosynthesis, with the help of DCPIP, in Spinach leaves.

The aim of this experiment is to find out how the rate of change of light intensity affect the photosynthesis in spinach leaves. Successful farming of food crops is very essential for both the nutritional and financial health of a nation. Governments of almost every nation invest land and labour to crop farming, as much as is possible, keeping in mind the other needs of a country. But, however, due to many reasons the maximum crop yield possible is not always achieved. For the production of a healthy crop certain conditions are necessary. The primary among these conditions are ...

I. UNDERSTANDING THE DISEASE AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1. How is acid produced and controlled within the gastrointestinal tract? The production of acid occurs in the stomach by cells that are therein. The cells found in the stomach produce intrinsic factors and hydrochloric acid. There are chemical messengers that help during the activity. They are histamine, gastrin and acetylcholine. Gastrin helps in stimulating the cells to produce secretions when food enters the stomach. An enzyme somatostatin inhibits the secretions when needed. The digestion takes place in three phases; the cephalic phase, gastric phase and the intestinal phase. It is in the ...

Introduction

Drugs may be categorized through the chemical form of the ingredient which is active or even through the method it is utilized to treat specific conditions. It will as a result be realized that each drug may possibly be categorized into several drug classes. By definition, antacids are actually agents which purely neutralize gastric acid as well as raising the pH of gastric. They are in most cases utilized to treat dyspepsia plus peptic ulcer symptomatic relief. Antacids are in fact a form of medication which can possibly control the levels of acid in stomach. It will be documented that they ...

Answers

- The differences between the cardiovascular diseases and the coronary heart diseases

The major differences between these two types of diseases relates to the vascular components of the cardiovascular system. This simply means that the cardiovascular diseases do not only involve the heart alone but also involves all the heart linked vessels. i.e all arteries, veins and lymphatics found to be associated with the heart and blood passes to and from the heart. However, the coronary heart diseases only relate to the vessels that are within the heart itself and supply the heart itself and also the muscles of ...

Question #1

Three main layers of the interior of the Sun are convection zone, radiation zone and the core.The central part of the Sun with a radius of about 150-175 thousand km (ie, 20-25% of the radius of the Sun), in which are thermonuclear reactions, called a solar core. The density of material in the core is about 150 000 kg / m ³ (150 times higher than the density of water and ~ 6.6 times higher than the density of the densest metal on the Earth - osmium), and the temperature in the center of the core is over 14 million K. A ...

The variability of stars existing within our universe represents diversity and uniqueness. Humanity may not observe the whole life of a single star, however, techniques have been proposed to study the stars. We have different ways how to measure a star's temperature, age, and mass even, even though it seems impossible. The said variability of stars is key to the measurement of a star's characteristics. The existence of variable stars suggests that stars change on a time interval, unfortunately, too long humanity cannot observe. Nevertheless, humanity have developed a way of understanding the stars through their variability. Needless to say, variability provides unique ...

Introduction

Coordination complex usually consists of a metallic coordination center and can be surrounded by bound molecules. Thus these are known these coordination complexes are known as ligands as they bind several molecules strongly almost irreversibly. Coordination complexes therefore coordinate covalent bonds on the molecule. There is specific nomenclature for coordination complexes. Particularly, the donor atom is the ligand that is bonded to the central atom. Here we are making Aluminium acetylacetonate, Al(acac)3, also referred to as Al(acac)3, and the metal ion is the aluminum and the donor atoms are the acetylacetonate. If there are more ...

Enzymes as Catalysts

All known enzymes are catalysts. Enzymes have a number of properties that make them catalysts. To begin with, enzymes accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up them or altered by the reaction (Luciano, 1983).similarly; enzymes accelerate rates of chemical reactions without changing the equilibrium between the products and reactants of the reaction.

Metabolism of Fructose in the Liver

Once fructose is absorbed, it is rapidly taken up by the liver by glucose transporter, GLUT2(Bozzetti,2006).The fructose in the liver is rapidly metabolized by the enzyme fructokinase into fructose -1-phosphate.Aldolase B enzyme acts on the substrate fructose -1-phosphate.The enzyme metabolizes fructose-1-phosphate ...

Essay Examination

Living things have distinct characteristics that differentiate them from non-living things. They respond to variations in environmental conditions for instance decrease or increase in temperature. A living thing is able to detect the changes in the environment and react in a manner that can help it maintain the normal external and internal conditions. For example, most living animals move away from high temperatures. Plants too, respond to the saline environment by excluding sodium and chloride ions. Living things also respire. As a result they take in oxygen and gives out carbon dioxides. Moreover, living things acquire nutrients and energy from the ...

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The Sun has been with us for 4 billion years, and is the nearest star to the Earth. The Sun is comprised of about 74% of hydrogen, 25% of helium, and 1% of other elements. The surface of the Sun has a temperature of about 5800 K. The core of the Sun has a temperature ranging from 10 – 15 million Kelvin. This temperature range is high enough to activate nuclear fusion within the Sun. Here, four protons will fuse together to obtain a helium nucleus containing two protons and two neutrons via a proton-proton chain. The core of the ...

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Introduction and Literature Review

The value for a drug is significantly impacted by the dissolution rate, chemical stability and solubility of the drugs thereby impacting the pharmaceuticals efficiency as well. In the pharmaceutical industry multi-component crystals such as hydrates, solvates, co-crystals and salts have a major role during the design of new solids. Solid does not self-crystallize. It crystallizes in varied forms depicting random crystal properties. Various approaches are used to modify solids like Salting, Solvation, Hydration, and Polymorphism. Apart from these approaches, Co-Crystallization is a promising new approach to modifying solids (Nauha, ...

The sun is about 864000 miles wide and filled with sweltering hot gases. Hydrogen is the most abundant element present in the Sun, composition of the Sun by its constituent mass is 71% hydrogen (H), 27% helium (He) and 2% other heavier elements. Inside the Sun the gravitational pull compresses the gases, and increase the temperature and pressure at the core. (CAIN, F., 2009) The temperature is about 10000°F on the surface and more than 28 million degrees Fahrenheit at the core of the sun. The pressure at the core of the sun is 250 billion times the ...

Abstract

Scientists have conducted multiple ab initio calculations to determine the infrared spectra and the array of complexes BrH: NH3, ClH: NH3 and FH: NH3. Additionally, the research incorporates investigating the effects of inert gasses’ atoms on the infrared spectra and arrangements. The scientists constructed a double dimension MP2/6-31+G (d, p) energy surface for complexes XH: NH3. The two-facet Schrodinger calculations were solved for the dimer and the proton stretching series. Most complexes have differing infrared spectra even though their equilibrium arrangements are characterized by traditional hydrogen bonds. The grounds (v=0) and (v=1) that are both found in FH.NH3 describe the ...

Question 1: Rationale and Comparative Advantages

The technology behind PET-MRI presents a major stride in terms of nuclear medicine. Since the inception of nuclear medicine as a discipline, the overall medical domain has received a huge boost in terms of precision in diagnosis and treatment (Boss at al., 2010). However, the PET-MRI is the most recent advancement in this field and is promising to impact on medicine in a very positive manner. The contemporary world is faced by a myriad of intricate health conditions that require an equally sophisticated approach. It is the technologies such as the PER-MRI that hold the key to the 21st century medicine. PET-MRI is a hybrid ...

Chapter review

Chapter review Matter is anything that has mass and occupy space. The smallest particle of matter is referred to as an atom. An atom is the basic substance of the matter. An atom consists of; tiny subatomic substance. These substances are; proton, electron, and neutron. The protons are positively charged; electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons have no charge. The atom is divided into two parts, the center that consists of the neutrons and proton and the outer part which consist of the electrons. An atom has different properties; a physical property can be seen and observed without ...

Chapter 8

Chemicals in action An acid and base reaction occurs when a complete exchange of electrons between the proton donor and proton acceptor occurs. In this process a salt if formed. In the definition, a salt is a substance formed from an acid by its replaceable hydrogen either wholly or partially by a metal or an equivalent radicle. Example of salt formation Mg+H2SO4→MgSO4+H2 Mg+HCl→MgCl2+H2 In the modern ionic theory, a salt is a compound of oppositely charged ions. From this point of view, there is no difference between NaCl and NaOH. Further, anhydrous aluminum chloride is not a ...

Corse

Photosynthesis refers to the process by which plants and other organisms as photosynthetic bacterias convert light from the sun into chemical energy that they use for survival. The energy released is vital for the functioning of the plants and the support of life on earth. For photosynthesis to take place, there are four basic factors that must be fulfilled. These include carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, and chlorophyll. Therefore, the process of photosynthesis helps remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. One of the byproducts of the process of photosynthesis is oxygen, a vital gas for the survival of animals on earth. ...

Blue supergiant stars are staller evolutions that have resulted over millions of years. Stars during the main sequence phase spend a majority of their lives. During the main sequence stage, the star converts hydrogen to helium by nuclear fusion in the cores of stars the process also known as proton-proton chain. After spending of hydrogen fuel, the star will collapse and heat up rapidly causing the outer layers to expand inwards. When the core is very hot, the energy spreads through the interior of the star’s large surface area. The different fusion rates of different elements vary wildly to ...

Introduction

An acid that gives two hydrogen ions for every acid molecule is known as diprotic acid. Examples of such acids are sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), oxalic acid (H2C2O4), chromic acid (H2CrO4) and carbonic acid (H2CO3). Dissociation of a diprotic acid in water takes place in two stages. In the first stage, the diprotic acid dissociates to give one hydrogen ion and a monoprotic form of the acid. H2X(aq) H+(aq) + HX-(aq) The second stage involves the dissociation of the monoprotic form of the acid to give the second hydrogen ion and fully dissociated form of ...

Background.

Gastrointestinal tract is a series of organs starting at the mouth and ending in the anus. The movement of various muscles in GI tract and release of enzymes and acid in the stomach initiate digestion of food. The upper GI tract is made up of the organs mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and duodenum1. Gastroesophageal reflux is the process of backing up or refluxing of the stomach content to the esophagus or mouth. It is a normal developmental process observed in many healthy infants. Most episodes of GER are asymptomatic, though occasional spit up is observed in GER in infants. ...

A1. Explain how enzymes act as catalysts in biochemical processes (e.g., fructose metabolism, glycolysis); A2. Explain how a deficiency in aldolase B can be responsible for hereditary fructose intolerance; A4. Discuss the specific substrate acted on by aldolase B during the breakdown of fructose; A5. Explain the role of aldolase B in the breakdown of fructose by discussing the products of the reaction. Enzymes are proteins that work as catalysts in reactions. A catalyst is something that is neither created nor destroyed during a reaction. Instead, an enzyme is shaped such that when the substrate reacts with the enzyme the ...

Substance that ionizes in aqueous solution to produce hydrogen ion (H+) is defined as acid. It is proton donor and electron pair acceptor. Acid tastes sour, changes litmus from blue to red. Whereas, base releases hydroxyl ion (OH-) in their aqueous solution. It is proton acceptor and electron pair donor. It tastes bitter; changes red (acidified) litmus to blue. Salt is an ionic compound produced from reaction of an acid and a base. It is formed by the incomplete or complete substitution of the hydrogen ion (H+) of an acid by a basic radical. Three examples of acid used in ...

Psychotherapeutic agents are the pillars to disease treatment and symptoms alleviations. The major factors considered when choosing a suitable psychotherapeutic agency are safety, efficacy, and tolerability. This paper evaluates psychotherapeutic agents in view of the case of MM, a 60 year old African American female who presented at a clinic with three months lack of sleep. She works in a high stress environment as a chemical engineer. Tests and readings conducted revel the patients BP is 156/80, T = 98.8, SpO2 = 99%, TSH = 3.4, cholesterol = 200 mg/dl, LDL = 128 and HDL = 40mg/dl. She commonly experiences gastroesophageal reflux (manifested as heartburn) and indigestion after eating food. ...

Gastric acid is a fluid with a pH value between 1.5 and 3.5 that aids digestion. It is mainly composed of hydrochloric acid, potassium chloride, and sodium chloride. Gastric acid is produced by the lining cells of the stomach, which are called parietal cells, and its role is to aid the digestion of proteins because it prepares longer amino acid molecules to make it easier for the enzymes to break them down. However, several disorders can affect the physiological mechanisms of gastric acid production and cause disorders, and elderly patients are at higher risk than other age groups. There are ...

Matter has been identified to have mass and occupy space. The basic blocks that buildup matter are the atom. The atoms cannot be subdivided chemically using the normal means. There are three main categories of matter, liquid, gaseous and solid. Each of these types is made up of elements. If for instance from a block of iron (matter), it is possible to cut it into smaller pieces and finally end up with the smallest piece possible the atom (MathMol). Most of the atoms are made up of three basic particles, which are the proton, neutron and electrons. The proton ...

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Section ____________________ Stoichiometric Data (For any reactants that are part of the balanced equation, base on the amounts measured in lab) * HNO3 1 mol63.01 g x 1.41 gml x 6 ml= 0.13 mol * H2SO4 mol98.08 g x 1.84 gml x 6 ml = 0.11 mol * Phenylacetonitrile mol117.15 g x 1.015 gml x 2 ml = 0.017 mol *p-nitrobenzyl cyanide 162.15 gmol x 0.257 mol = 41.7 g *1.2 g 41.7 g x 100 = 2.9% * production Mass = 1.2 g mol 162.15 g x 1.2 g = 0.007 mol 0.007mol0.257 mol ...

Acids trace a history back to the years of when tasting was the main mode of classification of substances. This traces back to the ancient Greeks whereby a name of sour-tasting substances was developed from Latin. Among the very many substances tested, a very sour tasting substance, which was vinegar, was found to portray certain characteristics (Porter, 1992.). This later develop to the name ‘acid’ which up to date is used to mean substances which have sour tastes and are slippery and corrosive. In some simple experiments, the 17th century scientists were able to learn that acids were corrosive mostly to certain ...

I. Natural Radioactivity

Radioactivity is a natural phenomenon occurring in isotopes of elements with atomic numbers 20 and higher. This takes place in isotopes of elements with unstable atomic nuclei. Radiation-emitting isotopes are called radioisotopes. When an atom has an unstable nucleus, the number of protons and neutrons are not balanced and there are either too many protons or there are too few of it. This imbalance causes the nuclei to spontaneously decompose to form a more stable nucleus. During this process, energy or particles are released and this is known as radiation. There are three types of radiation. These are either in ...

Introduction

The subject about time and how time travels is really very fascinating. What is time? What is time travel? Is time travel really possible? We naturally know what time is since we sense it every day but we cannot seem to completely define it. The question of time travel is also very hard to answer. A deeper question is to ask if time is real. Another is to know if time just moves into one direction only. Does time have a beginning or an end? Up to now, we have never truly answered these questions with great satisfaction. By merely ...

Mars Science Laboratory Mission Objectives

The first objective of the Mars Science Laboratory mission (MSL) is to ascertain the availability of environments that can accommodate life entities in the past and at present. MSL will achieve this using of scientific instruments to collect and examine the samples of Mars’ atmosphere, rocks and soil. Analysts will then conduct physical, biological and chemical tests. Mars Science Laboratory will compare and contrast Planets earth and Mars to determine conditions that support life and conditions that do not. Mars Science Laboratory will also investigate changes in planet Mars that have occurred over time by examining the ...

Abstract

Plasmodium falciparum is the parasite responsible for the deadly disease, malaria. The parasite is transmitted through the injection of sporozoites into the human blood stream. These sporozoites are transported in the blood stream to the liver. The sporozoites invade the hepatocytes and differentiate into merozoites. The merozoites invade the RBCs of the host; starting the blood stage of infection. The trophozoite stage ingests and degrades approximately 80% of the hemoglobin in the host cell. The hemoglobin is broken down into peptides due to enzymatic action by a metalloprotease and cysteine and aspartic proteases. Haematin is first released as a byproduct of ...

Describe the Hemoglobin Digestive Process

P. falciparum, is the parasite responsible for the malaria, a disease that causes approximately one million deaths annually. It undergoes the process of erythrocytic schizogony which is responsible for the clinical manifestations of malaria. The trophozoite ingests and degrades approximately 80% of the hemoglobin in the host cell (Brayl 2005). As the trophozoite continues to develop, its endolysosomal system takes up the cytoplasm of the host cell using cytosomes which contains host hemoglobin. Cytosomes are formed by an invagination formed from the PVM (parasitophorous vacuolar membrane) and PPM (parasite plasma membrane) from which transport vesicles are pinched off. These vesicles ...

Future Energy

Introduction The increasing quest for renewable sources of energy has greatly influence perception and appreciation of the benefits that could be derived from solar energy. Although the use of solar power as a form of energy to generate electrical energy is not a new technology, majority are yet to be aware of the benefits of using such forms of energy to both health and environment. It uses date back to ancient times where people make use of the energy to achieve their daily task i.e. drying purposes. The issue with the energy from sun could be associated with the challenges ...

The doctor suspects mitochondrial disease which can occur at multiple levels in different mitochondrial processes. To help the doctor determine where the defect might have occurred:

1. Explain what would happen if the interconversions of the Cori cycle occurred and remained within a single cell.

The cori cycle refers to a pathway of carbohydrate metabolism which links the processes of anaerobic glycolysis (glucose breakdown) in skeletal muscle tissue and glucose synthesis that is gluconeogenesis in liver cells. Anaerobic glycolysis is the major source of energy in form of ATP for skeletal muscle cells when they are under intense activity; it generates ...