Essays on Stomach

Background.

Gastrointestinal tract is a series of organs starting at the mouth and ending in the anus. The movement of various muscles in GI tract and release of enzymes and acid in the stomach initiate digestion of food. The upper GI tract is made up of the organs mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and duodenum1.
Gastroesophageal reflux is the process of backing up or refluxing of the stomach content to the esophagus or mouth. It is a normal developmental process observed in many healthy infants. Most episodes of GER are asymptomatic, though occasional spit up is observed in GER in Continue reading...

Helicobacter pylori, which was formerly known as Campylobacter pyloridis, is a microaerophilic, Gram-negative bacterium present in the stomach. In 1982, Robin Warren and Barry Marshall discovered that it was found in persons who were suffering from chronic gastric ulcers and gastritis, diseases that were not formerly thought to have been caused by microbes. It is also associated with the development of duodenal ulcers and stomach cancer. Nevertheless, more than 80 percent of persons infected with the bacterium show no symptoms, and it has been contended that it may have a crucial role in the natural ecology of the stomach ( Continue reading...

Exercise 1

- The columnar epithelium from the stomach resembles the columnar epithelium from the duodenum in many aspects. The columnar nature of the epithelium in both instances serves for increased protection of the underlying organs and organelles. The simple columnar epithelia found in the stomach and duodenum also contains the largest cytoplasmic volumes in comparison to all the other epithelia, housing organelle density and energy reserves suitable in the engagement of the most complex of secretory and absorption functions. The duodenum epithelia however, posses an extra microvillus which aids in increasing the surface area for absorption. The epithelia in the Continue reading...

Digestion occurs in the gastrointestinal system, which is composed of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and the associated accessory organs.The process of digestion occurs through six steps, namely ingestion, secretion, mixing,digestion, absorption and defecation. (Tortora&Derrickson, 2008).

Anatomy of the digestive system

The GI tract or the alimentary canal is a long winding tube that measures approximately 30 feet (9 meters) in length. The mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and the anus make up the GI tract.The salivary glands, tongue, teeth, gallbladder, pancreas and the liver make up the associated accessory organs (Tortora&Derrickson, 2008).
The mouth. The mouth starts with the Continue reading...

Definition and history of stomach cancer

Stomach cancer also called gastric cancer is a disease that is characterized by the uninhibited proliferation of abnormal cells in the tissues lining the stomach. These cells are abnormal in the sense that genetic mutations render them autonomous hence they are not under the control of growth regulating signals. Gastric cancer used to be the second most prevalent cancer but sharp declines have been seen in its rate in the developed countries especially over the second half of the last century, for instance it is the fourteenth most common malignancy in the United States. However, the same cannot be Continue reading...

Fantastic Voyage - II

It is Day 1 and I am in a mini sub, all set to travel across the wonders of the human body, as the said body ingests junk food that we eat daily. I expect this video and my report will demonstrate the effects of such food inside our body, since on the outside we are blissfully unaware about these possibly harmful. We shall see.
Now let me get into the details. This is your name from “Fantastic Voyage”, reporting from a mini submarine that is 8 microns long, and today I will show you the complex innards of Continue reading...

Discussion

Gastric Banding Device Vs Normal function of the Stomach
A gastric band device is also known as the lap band device. It is being operated on the top portion of the stomach. Gastric band can easily be mounting in the patient’s stomach by surgery known as bariatric surgery. It is used to check the patient’s body mass index. The body mass index of the patients is 35 to 40. It will improve the weight loss, diabetics, hypertension, etc. There are two types of gastric band device; they are lap band device system. This device comes with different Continue reading...

The term biological marker or biomarker refers to a quantified characteristic which may act as a key indicator of a biological condition or a biological state. It can also allude to a substance whose existence indicates the presence of living organisms. In medicine the term can be used for a traceable substance introduced into the system of an organism as a way to examine aspects of health for example organ function. Clinical trials often employ the use of biochemical biomarkers chiefly by deriving them directly from bodily fluids. In genetics biological markers play quite a pivotal role as they Continue reading...

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyze the organ systems that were studies previously in class and determine the common disease connected with one of the following systems: integument system, skeletal system, digestive system, and urinary system of the human. I have chosen the digestive system due to the fact it unites a set of vital organs. With the malfunction of at least one of them the whole body will be influenced by the consequences. The organ which was chosen to be studied is stomach. The first part of the case study includes the brief analysis of the Continue reading...

The Digestive Tract

Part I: Parts of the Digestive Tract/System
Part II
Section A
The Mouth
The digestive tract starts at the mouth. This is the first step of digestion. When one takes the first bite, food begins the digestion process through chewing. Chewing breaks down the food into more soluble pieces. This also increases the surface area for which the digestive enzymes can work on the food in the latter stages of the digestion process.

Oesophagus

The oesophagus is located in the throat near the windpipe (trachea). This is the second stage of the digestion process. This part receives food from the Continue reading...

A time has come whereby, I as the video reporter will embark on an exciting voyage piloting a mini sub in the process of miniaturization. In this journey, I and my sub are 8 microns long. This man hungrily sips the beer swallowing me and my associates. In this trip, I am tasked to describe the process of digestion of the consumed carbohydrates, proteins and fats. When we reach the distal ileum, we will enter the blood stream via the mucosal membrane through the superior Mesenteric vein. After getting into the blood stream, we will proceed with our journey Continue reading...

Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori was previously known as Campylobacter pylori because of its resemblance to campylobacter (Lee & Marks, 2012). It is a motile helical spiral gram-negative bacterium. It is microaerophilic, as it requires oxygen for its survival. It is a flagellated organism, possessing multiple unipolar flagella, which allows it to move from one location to another. It measures between 2.4 - 4.0 m in length and it is an S-shaped, spiral rod (Santacrose, 2011)
Enzymes that the organism produces include oxidase, vacuolating cytotoxin, catalase, lipopolysaccharide and urease (Santacrose, 2011). Urease, produced by the organism, converts urea to ammonium and bicarbonate thereby Continue reading...

The story gives some clues to understand why Diaz thinks about Yunior's motion sickness. Firstly, the father warns the mother not to feed him before the car travels. Thus, when Yunior is full driving, it is relatively higher possibility that he will vomit. Thus, his stomach is sensitive to the motion, and if his stomach is empty, he can stay without vomiting in the traveling car.
Also, in the car, Yunior tries to stay still. There might be two reasons behind this: 1) he does not want to attract his father's attention on him and 2) he wants to Continue reading...

Bariatric Surgery

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is a routine surgery of the stomach for the reduction of weight. During this surgical procedure, a gastric band is tightened around the stomach to constrict the stomach and reduce its volume (Code 43770). The band is adjustable so that the surgeons can go back and narrow the band more; this reduces the volume of the stomach gradually (Code 43771). The smaller the volume of the stomach, the less food the stomach can hold, and the more weight the patient can lose. Sometimes the band can cut through the stomach wall. When this happens, Continue reading...

The effects of acid reflux on the equilibrium (homeostasis) of the human digestive system vary according to the extent the disease attacks the esophagus. Located in the upper digestive tract of the body, the esophagus tube carries ingested food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach (nih.gov 2013). The physiological effects of acid reflux disease on the digestive system affect its homeostasis by irritating the esophagus causing different symptoms.
When acid reflux disease (GERD) occurs the muscle at the end of the esophagus fails to close properly allowing leakage of the contents of the stomach backing up into Continue reading...

2. How does exercise affect diabetes mellitus?
During exercise, the whole-body oxygen consumption usually increases 20-fold. However, greater increases have been reported in the working muscles (American Diabetes Association). Under such circumstances, the skeletal muscles increase the utilization of stored triglycerides and glycogen, as well as the free fatty acids. Consequently, exercise maintains appropriate glucose levels in order to preserve the function of the central nervous system. In patients with diabetes mellitus, therefore, exercise ameliorates insulin sensitivity and helps to lower the elevated levels of blood glucose to the normal range (American Diabetes Association).
3. How does the structure Continue reading...

The patient has been experiencing symptoms of gastritis including loss of appetite and substernal pain which worsens in the morning. The fact that he has been experiencing the pain for about five months suggests that this is a case of chronic gastritis. The clinical definition of gastritis is inflammation of gastric mucosa (Rugge, & Garaham, 2010). The long term alcohol consumption of 12-16 cans of beer per day has been causing inflammatory degeneration in the gastric mucosa of the patient (Bienia, Sodolski, &Luchowska, 2002). However many studies have demonstrated that alcohol is associated with acute, not chronic gastritis. It is Continue reading...

The Pertinent Positives and Negatives on Examination related to his Presenting Problem

A pertinent positive is a symptom or sign that contributes to the identification of a patient’s medical problem. Pertinent negative refers to the absence of a symptom that can help in substantiating the medical condition from which a patient could be suffering. Pertinent positives and negatives are usually captured during the physical examination and after taking the medical history of a patient. The pertinent positives and negatives contribute towards the differential diagnosis of a patient.
In the case study given, the pertinent positives include; Dyspnea, hematemesis, dark stool, epigastric pains, dyspepsia, duodenal ulcer, moderate epigastric tendering, and stool Continue reading...

A wound can be described in several ways i.e. by its aetiology, anatomical location or whether it is acute or chronic. However, these definitions, serve a critical role in the assessment and proper management of the wounds. An actual account, its definition can be broken down into the skin’s protective functions: continuous epithelium loss with or without connective tissues being loosed. This is as a result of an injury caused to the skin by either surgery, blow, cut or even chemicals. A wound can also be said to be any type of an injury that causes harm to Continue reading...

Hearing my heart beating faster and faster, my palms get sweaty, and the feeling of restless butterflies in my stomach all let me know that my nerves are strung tight. Looking around me, everyone seems like they are a sea of calmness. Soft murmurs can be heard from an occasional speaker while questions fly around in my mind. I look down at my drink and back up at the room, still thinking about the moment that has not come. Waiting for someone to step forward with a greeting while hoping I can succeed this time.
Occasionally, someone looks my Continue reading...

Substance that ionizes in aqueous solution to produce hydrogen ion (H+) is defined as acid. It is proton donor and electron pair acceptor. Acid tastes sour, changes litmus from blue to red. Whereas, base releases hydroxyl ion (OH-) in their aqueous solution. It is proton acceptor and electron pair donor. It tastes bitter; changes red (acidified) litmus to blue. Salt is an ionic compound produced from reaction of an acid and a base. It is formed by the incomplete or complete substitution of the hydrogen ion (H+) of an acid by a basic radical.
Three examples of acid used Continue reading...

While people still remain in doubt on whether acupuncture is an effective way of handling diseases and other bodily complications, the National Health Service of the United Kingdom, the United States National Institutes of Health, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine and the World Health Organization, have endorsed acupuncture as one of the most effective forms of alternative medicine used in curing a number of ailments. Apparently, acupuncture, the most popular and famous Chinese medicine is among the most widely used remedies globally Anders, E. F., (Findeisen et al, 2012). Considering that the remedy emphasizes on the Continue reading...

A Journey through the Digestive, Circulatory and Urinary Systems

My Fantastic Voyage: A Journey through the Digestive, Circulatory and Urinary Systems
My journey begins with the ingestion of a cheeseburger, fries, and root beer by a 55 year old man. I begin my trip in the gastrointestinal tract. While in the mouth, the food is masticated by the teeth and combined with saliva to moisten the bolus and begin digestion. Salivary amylase begins the breakdown of starches into smaller sugars and salivary lipase begins breaking down the fats (“Saliva,” 2013). We are then swallowed and peristalsis moves us down the esophagus towards the stomach (University of Leicester, 2001).
Continue reading...

Digestion is the mechanical and chemical break down of large food particles to smaller molecules that can be taken up into the blood (Winfred, 2005). The breakdown of large food starts in the mouth, through chewing, and goes all the way to the anus. The presence of saliva in the mouth that contains saliva amylase helps mechanical breakdown of food into bolus. The bolus then enters the stomach through the esophagus by a wavelike movement called peristalsis to the stomach. The churning of food and mixing of food begins in the stomach where both hydrochloric acid and gastric juice Continue reading...

Abstract

The writing goes on to discuss about the book Mindful Eating: A Guide to Rediscovering a Healthy and Joyful Relationship with Food that has been written by Jan Chozen Bays. After providing a brief abstract of the content of the book, the paper explores the specific elements of the book by Bays. The authenticity of the data provided in the book is critically analyzed in the course of the writing. Moreover, the usefulness of the book in context of the clients is also discussed in detail in the course of the paper. The writing explicates how the book can Continue reading...

Introduction

Aspirin is one of the most commonly used drug in the world. The generic name is acetyl salicylic acid and the drug belongs to the group of non- steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines, which works by inhibiting the production of compounds in the body that cause pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clots (Koester, 1993). Aspirin is also a member of the salicylate family of compounds as it is synthesized from salicylic acid, which was discovered in Oxford (UK) by Edward stone in 1793 and first synthesized in the laboratory in 1897 by a German scientist, Felix Hoffmann of the Bayer company ( Continue reading...

Chemistry can be described as the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances.

 The Mechanisms and Synthesis of Aspirin

Aspirin is also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). It is a salicylate drug used as an analgesic (something that relieves pain without producing anesthesia or loss of consciousness) for minor aches and pains, as an anti-inflammatory drug, and as an antipyretic to suppress fever. (Vane & Bottling 2000)
The name “Salicylic acid’ was derived from salix, which is the willow family of plants. In ancient Continue reading...

Side effects and Structure of Acetaminophen

The most common drug used in the United States for treating pain is the Acetaminophen. In 2005, there is an equivalent purchased of 28 billion doses of the medicine. Since 1997, the combination of hydrocodone–acetaminophen has been the most commonly recommended treatment in America. Nevertheless, beyond the limit of the suggested dose of acetaminophen can result to severe liver injury and can eventually lead to death.
Acetaminophen is the general term for medications that can be obtained in numerous ordinary trade name of over the counter and prescription products. It is very significant because its effectiveness in pain Continue reading...

Analysis of NSAIDs non-selective take (Ibuprofen and Naproxen)

Health impact of many diseases leaves a potential consequence on the quality of life (QOL). The frequency at which such impact occurs could vary from one disease condition to the other. Affected individuals need to encounter physical and psychological distress. However, scientific advancements have made a progress in alleviating such problems. Especially, pharmaceutical science has become a reliable branch to cater the needs of people who suffer from illnesses. Understanding the efficacy and other properties of various drugs is important for the better therapeutic application of pharmacy. In such context, the present description deals with highlighting about Analysis of Continue reading...

The purpose of nutrition labelling regulations is to inform the consumer of the nutritional properties of a food item and includes two components: nutritional declaration and supplementary information. The Federal and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible to ensure that foods sold in the United states, whether produced domestically or from foreign countries are safe, consumable and appropriately labelled. Although regulations are standardized and established, these may change over time. It is the responsibility of for the food industry to stay abreast with the legal food labelling regulations. All regulations are published in Federal register and complied annually in 21 Continue reading...

Summary

Petersen, J. (2007). Why don't we listen better?: Communicating & connecting in relationships. Tigard, OR: Petersen Publications.
The text by Petersen was published in 2007, describing relationships and how one can relate in those relationships. Petersen strives to demonstrated effective communication by saying that one should not allow their emotions to rule what is being communicated. He also mentions incidents that made him come up with the theory ‘the flat –brain theory of emotions’. The literature provides a line graphic drawing of an individual, illustrating and differentiating emotional reaction in people. Petersen clarifies that the origin of reactions originates from Continue reading...

Introduction

The activities that take place in a living organism are mainly controlled through the use of enzymes. Enzyme refers to a molecule that is protein in nature and functions as a catalyst to speed up the rate of a given reaction. An enzyme as a protein molecule has three main characteristics. First, an enzyme has its basic function is as to increase the reaction rate and this makes most of the cellular reactions occur more than million times that they would have if the enzyme was absent. Second, almost all enzymes act in a specific manner with only one Continue reading...

People who eat fast food are diverse, they come from different countries, experience various life situations, have different age and sex. Still, what unites them is their enormous life to fast food and often missing the possible consequences that this kind of food can bring to them. This paper is dedicated to the analysis of fast food eaters, the possible problems that they can experience, both mental and physical and the possible ways they can decrease the negative consequences of fast food consumption.
One of the recent research found that US adults consume over one-tenth of the daily calories Continue reading...

People who eat fast food are diverse, they come from different countries, experience various life situations, have different age and sex. Still, what unites them is their enormous life to fast food and often missing the possible consequences that this kind of food can bring to them. This paper is dedicated to the analysis of fast food eaters, the possible problems that they can experience, both mental and physical and the possible ways they can decrease the negative consequences of fast food consumption.
One of the recent research found that US adults consume over one-tenth of the daily calories Continue reading...

Gastric acid is a fluid with a pH value between 1.5 and 3.5 that aids digestion. It is mainly composed of hydrochloric acid, potassium chloride, and sodium chloride. Gastric acid is produced by the lining cells of the stomach, which are called parietal cells, and its role is to aid the digestion of proteins because it prepares longer amino acid molecules to make it easier for the enzymes to break them down. However, several disorders can affect the physiological mechanisms of gastric acid production and cause disorders, and elderly patients are at higher risk than other age groups.
There Continue reading...

EATING DISORDERS

Introduction
This presentation is on eating disorders. As a counselor on eating disorder, the presentation will consist of the physiological factors that cause people to eat or not to eat. In addition, the discussion will include the description of the physiological factors for hunger and satiety. In this part, the physiological myths that are on hunger and satiety plus those that are there for physiological factors that contribute to hunger and satiety will be discussed. Moreover, the presentation will try to answer several questions that are there concerning issues dealing with anorexia and obesity disorders that are brought about Continue reading...

The esophagus is simply a tube that transports food to the stomach after being swallowed from the mouth (Cleveland Clinic, 1). Swallowing ensures that epiglottis in the throat is closed hence the food moves down the esophagus, preventing it from moving down through windpipe to the lungs. The contraction and relaxation of the muscles within the esophagus enables the food to move down hence this serves as its anatomical adaptation. This paper traces the pathway of food from the esophagus to the stomach, indicating the anatomical adaptations of each organ involved (Cleveland Clinic, 1).

The Stomach

This is the initial stopping Continue reading...

Part one

Once the thirst hub situated in the lateral hypothalamus informs the body of dehydration, it will react by stimulating drinking behavior. The brain sends sensory messages to appropriate muscles to lift the glass of water for drinking purposes. Impulses arise from the cerebral motor compound of the brain. The impulses then move via the corticospinal tract1, which traverses via the midbrain, the pons and the medulla until it departs from the skull via the occipital foramen and goes into the spinal cord. From the spinal cord, the impulse journeys through explicit nerves that branch outwardly on the Continue reading...

Bulimia nervosa refers to recurrent overeating, which results in self-induced vomiting. This eating disorder is one of the most acute medical and social problems of our time. Patients with bulimic symptoms suffer from an uncontrollable urge to consume a large quantity of food. Immoderate food intake leads to vomiting and excessive use of laxatives (Rushing et al., 2003). Heavy bulimia stage leads to sharp fluctuations in weight, namely 5 to 10 kg up and down, parotid gland swelling, chronic throat irritation, chronic fatigue, muscle pain and even loss of teeth.
The destructive eating behaviour can be viewed from emotional, Continue reading...

- Introduction
Ice cream has been the favourite dessert option for a majority of population worldwide. High fat, low fat -- all sorts of options along with the flavours are available in the ice cream world for ice cream lovers. However, made up of cream, ice cream somehow could not be accepted completely by those with a health food fetish. In such a scenario, chefs worldwide worked hard to find a way to please these health freaks. With the innovationists trying their best, a new dawn appeared in the form of frozen yogurt.
- Thesis statement

"Frozen Yogurt really is as healthy as it has been touted"

- History of Continue reading...