Essays on Drinking Age

Abstract

This case study examines the problem of deviation of normal relationships in families of persons with alcohol dependence. The case given for analysis describes rather typical situation of families with excessively drinking husbands. The case study aims at formulating the overall strategy of finding the way out for the members of such families. Particular attention is given to providing social support for the victims of the excessive drinking as psychological disorder. Special psychological phenomenon of "codependency" is defined throughout the research. This phenomenon is reflected in the psychological characteristics of wives and children, indicating the formation of dependent behavior ...

Abstract

The topic of 'Making Fun of Americas Drinking Age Being Too High' is a fascinating topic that needs immediate attention. The idea of minimum drinking age in America is a controversial issue. The U.S. has a law that allows people who are twenty-one and above to consume alcohol. On the contrary, there are a large number of underage drinkers. Some thinkers feel that this law is going a mile in reducing the number of alcoholics in America. On the other hand, some strategists advocate for the need of lowing the minimum drinking age. The county needs to emulate other ...

Driving under the influence of proscribed substances has become a major problem all over the world. Each year, hundreds of thousands of drivers, pedestrians and passengers die as a result of road carnage caused by impaired driving. Moreover, the injured persons and their families incur huge financial losses when they cannot work. Some of the victims are the breadwinners of their households. Thus, their injury brings a lot of misery to their dependents. Alcohol is the primary factor in the cause of these accidents. When they occur, property is also lost. Such property includes signs, utility poles, buildings, and ...

The appropriate minimum drinking age is a controversial issue in the United States. The American Constitution defines 21 as the minimum drinking age. However, the provision has faced serious criticism with some people advocating for the lowering of this limit (Ellis 36). Some people feel that the National Minimum Drinking Age should be reduced to 18 years. This controversy has led to some states within America allowing teens from the age of 18 to drink alcohol. Drawing from Helzer and Canino’s report, 64% of 18 years old Americans consume alcohol with 75% of them being men (124). Studies ...

Abstract

Consuming alcohol is considered a rite of passage for the average young individual. The minimum drinking age required to legally consume alcohol varies in each country, ranging from it always being legal to drinking being illegal at any age, but most countries have set the age at 18-19. In the United States, as of 1988, the MLDA is 21 throughout its entire territory, while the age of majority starts at 18. This paper analyzes the arguments to lower the minimum drinking age and unify it with the age of majority. The factors discussed are alcohol-related traffic accidents, encouragement of ...

Abstract

The legal age for alcohol consumption and the wisdom that applies to this choice has for some time been a topic that has been subject to vast research and scrutiny and this has been so because the reasons why we had taken the step to raise the drinking age to 21 do not seem to be coming true with the choice that we have made. This means that there has come a time again where we look at both sides of another choice but this time we make a decision about the lowering of the legal age for drinking ...

Global Risk Assessment: New Alcohol Beverage Venture

Fundamentally, risk assessment entails identification and analysis of potential hazards that may occur in an organization and their resultant effects. The occurrence of risks often results in disruption of normal operations and performance of the affected entity. Before the formulation of a risk assessment strategy, due considerations must be given to nature as well as the causing agents. Risk assessment is essential for the success of an organization. Identification of potential hazards helps in determining the necessary and effective measures to be used in controlling them. Besides, protection of employees and the entire business enterprise is a state requirement ...

The current national drinking age of 21 years old is sensible. However, there are a number of people who are adamantly opposed to this law, demanding that the current legal drinking age be lowered to 18. While many people want the legal drinking age to mirror the legal voting age, and the legal military service age, lowering the drinking age to a mere18 years old will have dire consequences for everyone in the United States, especially teenage drivers. Each year, alcohol plays a key role in the number of deaths caused by teenage automobile accidents, killing almost one-third of ...

There is sufficient proof that links heavy drinking (HED) to somber issues amongst university pupils. This has led to a debate across the country on whether the minimum legal age drinking should be reduced from 21 to 18. Considering a number of issues, I believe that the minimum age drinking should not be lowered. First, lowering the drinking limit to 18 will pave way for teens to be drinking in bars patronized by adults aged between 21 and 34. These adults are likely to drink more heavily than the teens because they have had many years of drinking. The ...

Drinking is a major and controversial issue without our world today. Some people want drinking to become legal at a higher age of 21, while other people want it to remain at the age of 18. Furthermore, drinking is also the cause of senseless deaths such as drunken driving accidents, and even violent incidents that may have never occurred in the first place. Moreover, it is also important to note that not every state puts the drinking age at 18 years old, just like not every state puts the drinking age at 21 either. This can be a good ...

OUTLINE

These slides attempt to estimate the extent of the problem, and point out that teenage alcohol use is probably half of what it was in 1975. It has been declining for twenty years, due in part to raising the drinking age and public education campaigns against drunk driving.

Some studies tend to overestimate this problem, which is actually a declining one.

One fairly recent estimate places the number of heavy drinkers in age 12-to-21 group at 2 million and the number of alcoholics at about 1.1 million, but these estimates vary widely by age, social class, ethnicity, location and how the questions are framed.

Almost certainly there are far more ...

- It may reduce as well as eliminating all unsafe drinking activities all across United States. Studies have revealed that many young people usually involve themselves into the habit while at the age of about 18-20. This would eliminate such irresponsible drinking behaviors.

- The initiative would ensure an effective supervision process by the concerned authorities in monitoring drinking habits among the young people especially the underage. Therefore, proper governance to all alcohol drinkers while restricting its consumptions to the underage would be appropriate.

- There are less reported cases of accidents involving lower drinking age compared ...

Undeniably, the debate on whether the drinking age should be lowered to 18 has been given a lot of attention. Most people do not support the debate while some support it fully. Several arguments have been put forward to support the motion. Such arguments include the fact that at the age of eighteen, most young people are mature enough to make their own their decisions. Additionally, allowing young people of eighteen years old to drink will encourage healthy drinking habits among the youth. On the other hand the opposers argue that at the age of eighteen most young people are ...

Informative Speech

General Purpose: To inform. Specific Purpose: To inform the students about the reasons behind why it is necessary to lower drinking age. Thematic Statement: I will inform the class about the reasons for lowering drinking age from 21 to 18. Introduction: Hi, My name is [name].

- Attention: So, how many of you know about the legal drinking age? Ever wondered if you may have been drinking illegally? ...

In the US, the minimum drinking age policy was passed in 1984, July 17 that was aimed at passing the minimum age to purchase and possess alcoholic beverages to 21. The minimum drinking age was empowered Federal Aid Highway Act that was aimed to lower the annual federal highway allocation by 10% to any state that had a minimum drinking age below 21 years. The minimum drinking age has become a controversial topic among the policy makers and other stakeholders in the US economy. After considering the both sides of the coin, some policy makers in some states banned the legal ...

1. Title of the article – How Bingeing become the new college sport In this article I expect to find a brief description of bingeing and its roots. A brief development of this activity will probably be followed by a problem. This problem is most likely to be described and perhaps a couple of solutions would be presented. 2. The topic of this article is “pregaming”. This type of activity very often results in hospitalization of young students and the author believes that there is a way to stop this. He sees the reason of the change in drinking habits in the ...

Introduction

Drinking alcohol is too dangerous to be allowed at teen age. There is no single mind about this issue. In some countries, the youth is allowed to drink alcohol at the age of eighteen; in other countries, it is illegal to buy alcohol until a person is twenty one. There has been many debates devoted to this issue. Obviously, both age have their advantages and disadvantages. The main aim is to realize at what age the youth can be allowed to buy and drink alcohol. This essay is aimed at studying this issue. In the essay, I will outline the ...

The legal drinking age in the Unites States of America is one of the highest in the world and stands at 21 years of age. It is defined as the minimum age at which, an individual is allowed to consume alcohol at public places without fear of legal prosecution. This law does not extend to the household, where individuals are generally allowed to consume a few spirits before this age as per celebrations or holiday traditions. The United States did not always have the highest drinking age. Dating back to World War II, the minimum age limit was 18. ...

The question on whether the Minimum Legal Drinking Age (MLDA) should be lowered has elicited much debate in the recent years. The proponents to the proposal of lowering the MLDA argue that setting it at 21 years has not resulted in the control of underage drinking, but has instead led to cases of binge drinking which leads to health and life-threatening behavior among the teens. The opponents, on the other hand, argue that at 18 years, the teens have not attained an age where they can responsibly handle drinking, and as a result they have a higher tendency to harm or ...

The drinking age in all the states in the United States is 21. This is relatively higher than many other countries which have their drinking age limited to 18 years. People have debated for years on whether drinking age should be reduced or it should stay at the same age. Some have even advocated the drinking age to go below 18 years of age. There have been many reasons that have surrounded the reasons on why the steps should be taken to either decrease the age of drinking or leave it at the current age. Top psychiatrists have also ...

Introduction

At the current time, the Minimum Legal Drinking Age (MLDA) Law is situated at twenty-one years old. The defenders would have the law renounced, and the Minimum Legal Drinking Age lessened. This paper plans to demonstrate that there is a need to decrease the base drinking age of eighteen years. Additionally, exceptional cases are made for some staff and ought to be chosen by the state government or the national government.

Our nation is as of now encountering high episodes of drink abuse reported on campuses. "Thirty percent of school understudies misuse alcohol Research, likewise demonstrates that the issue of ...

In our modern country today, many Americans due to their freedom tend do whatever they want. Even their younger populations usually engage in acts that are deemed for grown man people only. Examples of these activities are smoking cigarettes, sexual activities, and buying alcoholic drinks. However, the United States imposed the right selling age of these alcoholic drinks and cigarettes. That is why in convenient stores, the sellers in the stores usually ask the people buying alcoholic drinks their identification cards that would indicate their age to verify if they are already in the right age. This is ...

The legal drinking age in the United States has been 21 since 1984, when Ronald Regan signed a law requiring that all states set it as the drinking age. Some people think that the drinking age should be lowered to 18. Supporters of lowering the drinking age chose 18 because that is the age the American youth become legal adults. At 18, Americans can legally vote, live on their own, and buy cigarettes. The only thing the can’t do is drink. The drinking age should be lowered to 18 because 18-year-olds are adults and can make drinking decisions on ...

Should the United States government lower the Minimum Legal Drinking Age (MLDA) from 21 years to 18 years? This is a question that has elicited much debate in the recent years. Recent studies by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) indicate that there has been a significant rise in the number of young people engaged in alcohol drinking (NIAAA, 2). It is for this reason that many people are for the idea that the MLDA should be revised from the current 21 to 18. Proponents of this move argue that at 18 years, young people are adults and ...

The legal drinking age is the age at which a person can consume alcohol or alcoholic product. The legal drinking age can be different from countries to countries. And these laws have exemptions according to different circumstances. These laws are applied on drinking at public places while drinking at home is exempted from regulations. For different kinds of alcohol, the legal age is also different. In America, the drinking age is 21 while in European countries the drinking age varies but lower than United States. The European countries are more liberal in this regard and alcohol is part of ...

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In our world exist a lot of things one should be concerned about to keep his or her body and mind fit and to be healthy. These include GM food, smoking, environment, and, of course, alcohol. In mass media we can meet intensive debates about the abovementioned issues. Among these problems alcohol is one of the most widespread and widely discussed because this substance is in free access. You can buy it almost in every shop. The good thing is that every civilized country has its own alcohol drinking age established by a law ...

Same sex marriage is one of the controversial issues in the country. Some states support the practice and have gone ahead to state that the constitution provides for it under the Bill of Rights while others are against it and have moved the courts to declare that the practice is unconstitutional. A decision has not been made, and different people take different stands (Gerstmann). Should the Supreme Court come to finding that same-sex marriage is protected by the constitution, those against it would be outraged as they believe in traditional values that did not recognize such marriages. They ...

21 AS THE LEGAL DRINKING AGE

21 as the legal drinking age The legal drinking age should be 21 because alcoholism has become a major health problem in the U.S. It bears to stress that excessive alcohol intake among the youth will result to more deaths among underage kids who are below 21. If the minimum legal drinking age will be lower than 21 years of age in the United States, there is a greater probability that the death toll will rise ever year resulting from drunk driving. Underage drinking has a direct connection to several social issues and health problems ...

Introduction

The issue under discussion is the raising the Minimum Legal Drinking Age (MLDA) twenty-one years from the common majority age of eighteen years. The proponents are supporting the raised drinking while there are those who oppose the move and what the issue to be revised. The significance of raising the drinking age is to reduce the number of deaths in American roads that occur as a result of carelessness from the youths who are believed to have not attained the right age to handle their alcohol life. The proponents believe that when a loud to start drinking at age twenty-one ...

1. Stem Cell Research Imagine being able to find a cure for chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer’s, Diabetes and Parkinson’s disease and a host of other diseases. 2600 people in America due to cardiovascular diseases every day and millions die due to cancer and diabetes not forgetting scores of old people that are being affected by Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.

Imagine living in a world that is free of these chronic diseases that rob people of their friends and family and also reducing the suffering of the people suffering from these diseases. ...

The fact that most people begin drinking before the age of 21 is no secret. Underage drinking is a major problem in the society today. Despite the laws on age limits, underage drinking in school, university and homes is common. There are debates and controversy over the lowering of age limits for drinking. An article in the Los Angeles Times on 8/19/10 covered the signing of a petition lowering the drinking age; over 100 college president signed a petition advocating for lowering of the limit from 21 to 18 years. It raises a discussion on whether this is a good or bad decision. An ...

Article: “There's No Benefit to Lowering the Drinking Age”

The article revolves around a rhetorical issue of minimum drinking age in an extensively persuasive discussion, which provides exclusive measures which may be undertaken to control the problem. Drinking among children below the minimum drinking age has been an extensive problem in the American society. The article has been made attractive by various things that the author has chosen to do. One of the things that he has used in his analysis is proper use of language and vocabularies. In persuasion, the target party must understand what the author says in his or her article. The language used in ...

The U.S Congress passed the 26th amendment, on July 1, 1971, which made it where 21 was no longer the age of voting but that now it would be eighteen years of age (Hingson, 2006). When this amendment was accepted twenty nine states from all over the country started trying to get the drinking age to come down from 21 all the way to 18 years of age. However, this moment was short lived by 1984 the Uniform Drinking Age Act was allowed (Zhang, 2011).The Uniform Drinking Age Act made every state put the drinking age back to ...

The Chicago School of Professional Psychology

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between religiosity and substance abuse. Data was collected using a drug use questionnaire and a religiosity scale. It was hypothesized that individuals with high levels of religiosity would report lower levels of substance abuse compared to individuals with low levels of religiosity. A one way between subject analysis of variance was conducted and yielded .

Effects of Religiosity on Substance Abuse

The misuse of drug in the United States has exposed the population of all religions and communities to many risk factors. Some of the risk factors are very dangerous to their lives and health. One ...

Introduction

Alcohol consumption is endemic in the US with 80% youngsters under the age of 21 being involved in underage drinking. Despite the minimum legal drinking age set at 21, studies show that almost all the youths start drinking alcohol before crossing the threshold of 21. The trend among youngsters to drink heavily than adults is alarming. Alcohol abuse among youngsters is more prevalent than smoking tobacco or marijuana. As per the report presented by CDC, over 4,700 annual deaths occurring in the US are associated with underage drinking and more than 90% youngsters who use alcohol involve in ...

The states and Congress have always been at logger heads on how to divide or share responsibility in governing the country. The states have for a long time protested some acts of the Congress, which in their assumption undermine their independence and autonomy. This was witnessed during the Civil War and has spread to other political issues. There are areas such as national defense, which lie in the federal domain. However, the Constitution is unclear in what levels the national and other levels are in charge. The Supreme Court is therefore forced to referee in the disputes by deciding whether ...

If The Drinking Age Were Lowered To 18, It Would Cost More Lives

The current drinking age in the United States stands at 21 years following several amendments. However, debates are underway to reduce this drinking age to 18 years. More than a year ago, close to 100 presidents from the States best-known universities such as Duke, Ohio State and Dartmouth got recruitment by the Amethyst Initiative to provoke the national debate on lowering the drinking age (Granata 2012). Despite the various petitions circulating on several campuses to lower the legal drinking age to 18 years, activists maintain that this move would result to loss of more young lives to alcohol and ...

Introduction

Motor vehicle crashes are responsible for the death of many teens in the US. Many of these are between the ages of 15 and 20 years. The minimum age of acquiring a driver’s license in Alabama is 16 years. This means that any person who is under the age of 16 years cannot be issued with a driver’s license. With more teenage drivers getting involved in car crashes, more teens perish in these crashes than people in other age groups. With the rising number of deaths and injuries that results from these accidents, programs such as Graduated Driver Licensing ...

Legal Drinking Age

I. Introduction : Legal drinking age is a common legal form in many nations as they look to tame young people from engaging in alcohol consumption at an early age and thus lead to dangerous decisions and actions like causing accidents. Thesis: There is a need to provide both an age limit for alcohol consumption and education on its effects on motorists. II. Background: Minimum drinking legal ages varies from one nation to another around the world. Many nations have passed legislation prohibiting the sale of alcohol to the minor, however, this legislation apply only to alcoholic drinks. The ...

In many states such as Florida, laws have been put in place to address or stipulate ages commendable to allow people to buy food or beverages of alcoholic nature. These laws cover a spectrum of behaviors defining when, where and under what circumstances alcoholic food and beverage should be consumed. The drinking age limit in the state of Florida is 21. A person who violates this law is liable for committing a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as commended in the constitution. The irony though is that in Florida one can buy a house, own a firearm, enlist in the army, get ...

should the drinking age be lowered essay

Fifty states of the US have set the minimum drinking age to be 21. However, exceptions in 40 states apply. Alabama, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania and Virginia are the only states that have no exceptions in their drinking laws. In these states, minors (those below 21) are strictly not allowed to drink by the law!

Exceptions- for the minimum drinking age are applicable in the other states, not mentioned above, under the following circumstances:

On private, non-alcohol selling premises, with parental consent. Private properties are defined by; private homes, private offices or property with ...

In the United States, the legal drinking age is 21 years as prescribed by the laws. However, the individual states are allowed to set their own legal drinking age. Some of the states have lowered the drinking age to 18 years. However, most of the states have maintained that the legal drinking age should remain to be 21 years. Looking at the neighboring countries and the developed countries like United States, the legal drinking age is 18. This is for countries like United Kingdom, France, Australia, Germany and china. Research has shown that 78 percent of the people in ...

Introduction

The drinking age debate has become a pervasive debate that elicits mixed reactions from different quotas. Proponents of a lower drinking age limit, mostly teenagers and college students, argue that the minimum legal age for drinking should be 18 while proponents of a higher drinking age limit, mostly parents and other authorities, favor 21 years as the most appropriate age for a drinking debut. While the legal drinking age for all states in the U.S. is 21, a state by state exception exists which allows individual under 21 years to consume alcohol on necessary occasions, like religious occasions, medical necessity and others, but only ...

The Prohibition era of the United States, where the consumption and sale of all alcohol was firmly prohibited by the American government and punishable by law, was one of the most volatile eras in its history. Bootleggers and speakeasies made the criminal underworld thrive in America until, due to this activity and the unpopular nature of the law, Prohibition was repealed in 1933. Since then, the minimum drinking age was put into practice to make sure that no one below a certain age was allowed to drink, a declaration that has changed dramatically over time. However, there have been questions as ...

The Prohibition era of the United States, where the consumption and sale of all alcohol was firmly prohibited by the American government and punishable by law, was one of the most volatile eras in its history. Bootleggers and speakeasies made the criminal underworld thrive in America until, due to this activity and the unpopular nature of the law, Prohibition was repealed in 1933. Since then, the minimum drinking age was put into practice to make sure that no one below a certain age was allowed to drink, a declaration that has changed dramatically over time. However, there have been questions as ...

Contemporary issues in marketing

Part 1: critical review of a journal article: Alcohol advertising and youth by David Jernigan Credentials of the author Dr Jernigan is a renowned scholar who has made significant contribution in alcohol policy and the field of public health in general. He has also made several contributions in media advocacy specifically advocating for strategic and proper use of media to influence public health policy. Dr. Jernigan has served under several capacities in many organizations. He has been an adviser to the World Bank and the world health organization with regards to health, development and the role of alcohol. Currently ...

Lowering US Drinking Age to 18

The problem of teenage crimes have rapidly caused concerns in the government, private sector and even in the communities for the past couple of years due to the increasing severity of these crimes. Police records and investigations show that many of these crimes are done under the influence of alcohol. For the United States, the legal drinking age is set to 21 years old. Despite this law, teenagers under 21 could gain access to alcohol with or without guardians and easily purchase alcohol without any warning. Talks of changing the legal drinking age in the country to 18 years ...

In reaction to the article by Anna Simon that appeared in the Greenville News, The (SC) - dated September 20, 2008 on Universities debate change in drinking age, I believe it is a high time that the government rethought on alcohol related laws. It is time the government admitted that a lot has changed since the law on drinking age was passed. The conditions under which youth lived in, some years ago have completely changed and hence raising the need for a similar consideration in the laws. Many more cases of alcohol casualties are rising simply because under-age youths lack the boldness ...

Teenage Alcoholism

Article 1: Strandberg, A. K. & Bodin, M. C. (2011). “Alcohol-Specific Parenting within a Cluster Randomized Effectiveness Trial of a Swedish Primary Prevention Program.” Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 111 (2), 92-102. With regards to the problems that affect people later in life as a result of alcoholism, underage drinking is a matter that should be addressed perspicaciously. As Strandberg & Bodin report in their article, research has shown that parents can influence the time when their children start drinking, which justifies the need for an alcohol-specific mode of parenting. As used in the article, alcohol specific parenting is a style of parenting in which the ...

Teenage Alcoholism

Article 1: Strandberg, A. K. & Bodin, M. C. (2011). “Alcohol-Specific Parenting within a Cluster Randomized Effectiveness Trial of a Swedish Primary Prevention Program.” Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 111 (2), 92-102. With in mind that teenage alcoholism is to blame for some life problems that occur later in life and that parents have a significant influence on under-age drinking habits, Strandberg, A. K. & Bodin, M. C. investigated the attitudes of parents towards teenage drinking. The research was based on an ongoing trial of the effectiveness of a parental-based under-age drinking prevention program that underscores the role of parents in teenage drinking. ...

Drinking alcohol is one of the most popular activities that the world does when people get together and either celebrate any event or simply meet with friends to blow off some steam. Teenagers get together at many different types of venues, such as parties, backyards or even out in the woods and alcohol always seems to find its way there also. If someone under the age of twenty-one wants alcohol bad enough, there is always a way that they can get it. Whether they have the fake ID or they know someone of age to get it for them, alcohol ...

In the past few years, various types of research have been done on the new and arising issue of drinking of young adult in New Zealand. This hazardous drinking, mainly apparent among the youths who are mostly young adult students in New Zealand is a public-health concern. The issue has raised a lot of questions and a need to look into the matter of discipline among these students. Too often daily headlines bring news of another tragedy of a young adult involved in alcohol-related behavior, either a case of excessive alcoholic poisoning on the campus or as a result of recklessness and other bad behavior ...

In the Constitution of the United States of America, there are many different sections which come under debate from time to time. As times change and the principles and cultures our country holds dear begin to shift, it is necessary to look back at some of the rules and regulations that have been established and determine whether or not they are still applicable to today’s society. Two of the Amendments of the Constitution come under particular scrutiny – the Second Amendment states that people have the right to bear arms, and the Twenty-First Amendment repealed Prohibition, also allowing states ...

‘Will Increasing Alcohol Availability by Lowering the Minimum Legal Drinking Age Decrease Drinking and Related Consequences among Youth?’ is an article by Henry Wechsler and Toben Nelson that was published in the American Journal of Public Health in 2010. These two authors’ aim was to find out whether reducing the minimum legal drinking age among the youth would help in reducing the observed increase in underage drinking. “ … during the intervening 25 years there have been periodic efforts to lower the minimum legal drinking age…..” (Wechsler and Nelson 986). The two authors have used different styles to come up ...

Study One

The Study was carried out by Strandberg, A. K. & Bodin, M. C. Published in 2011 by the Emerald Group Publishing Limited, the article is titled “Alcohol-Specific Parenting within a Cluster Randomized Effectiveness Trial of a Swedish Primary Prevention Program”.

Introduction

The research was based on an ongoing trial of the effectiveness of a parental-based under-age drinking prevention program that underscores the role of parents in teenage drinking dubbed Örebro Prevention Program (ÖPP). The program was designed in Örebro University.

Method

The researchers analyzed the cross-sectional data gathered at a 12-month follow-up in a cluster-randomized trial (CRT) for ÖPP before obtaining the baseline data ...