Essays on Epithelium

Multiple choice questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Increased erythropoietin production Increased heart rate Increased cardiac output Enhancement in oxygen extraction The answer for this question is b. increased heart rate. A reduction in tissue oxygenation as happens in anemia stimulates increased production of erythropoietin through a complex feedback mechanism. Increased production of erythropoietin enhances erythropoiesis in anemia. Increased extraction of oxygen in anemia is a compensatory mechanism that is mediated by an increase in 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations. Increased cardiac output is the main hemodynamic compensatory mechanism in anemia that aims to increase blood flow to the body organs. An increase in heart rate ...

Introduction

Esophageal cancer is among the key health problems that is associated with numerous complications. As such, esophageal cancer is a form of cancer that typically occurs in any part of the esophagus and is among the most severe malignancies (Spechler, 2013). Essentially, this form of cancer is categorized into various types based of the cells involved whereby the most prevalent forms of esophageal cancer are Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) as well as Adenocarcinoma (AC). Among the major risk factors that usually increase the likelihood of developing this form of cancer are smoking, having GERD (Gastro-esophageal Reflux disease), obesity and ...

Biomolecules serve different functions in a cell. The three major classes of biomolecules in the cell are: proteins, nuclei acids and carbohydrates. These molecular structures serve nearly similar functions in most organisms. Though the function of protein in forming cell architecture, signaling and communication is well known, little is known about the role of carbohydrate in communication. Nevertheless, it goes un-denying that carbohydrates are indispensable for cellular communication and signaling, just like proteins and nucleic acids. The paper titled, Carbohydrates in Cell Recognition, by the authors Nathan Sharon and Halina Lis, is a good review that elucidates the significance ...

Tissue Staining

Q.7 Epithelium covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and also forms gland. They serve as protective covers to the underlying tissues and prevents harm caused by physical, chemical and biological agents, to a significant extent. In addition, they also act as barriers, allowing the selected entry and exit of substances across the epithelium. The glandular epithelium has secretory function. Example: Epithelium of the pancreas, stomach, intestine, kidney. The epithelium lining the stomach and intestine help to absorb nutrients. (Henrikson, Kaye and Mazurkiewicz,1997) Q1. Micrograph A : Simple cuboidal epithelium. The cube shape of the cells and the centrally ...

Introduction

Many people revere alcohol for the recreational value gained through its consumption. Nonetheless, the use of alcohol is often associated with many ill effects, leading to the questioning of the wisdom of the continued use of alcohol. Complete prohibition of alcohol has proven to be ineffectual in remedying alcohol-related challenges, where people resort to consumption of illicit, unregulated brews, exposing them to increased harm. It is critical, nonetheless, that the ill effects resulting from alcohol use are understood, in facilitating matters of policy, treatment, rehabilitation, and safe use of alcoholic beverages. While alcohol remains a favorite recreational product, the ...

I. UNDERSTANDING THE DISEASE AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1. How is acid produced and controlled within the gastrointestinal tract? The production of acid occurs in the stomach by cells that are therein. The cells found in the stomach produce intrinsic factors and hydrochloric acid. There are chemical messengers that help during the activity. They are histamine, gastrin and acetylcholine. Gastrin helps in stimulating the cells to produce secretions when food enters the stomach. An enzyme somatostatin inhibits the secretions when needed. The digestion takes place in three phases; the cephalic phase, gastric phase and the intestinal phase. It is in the ...

Asthma

Aetiology - A combination of factors, primarily environmental and genetic factors, are believed to cause asthma - Allergens, which are airborne, cause the disease; they include pollen, mold and animal dander among others - Irritants such as smoke and dust also cause the disease - Tough stress and depression - Physical activities and particular medications can induce asthma - People with a genetic predisposition to utilize Tp helper cell can contract the disease

Pathogenesis

- Fundamentally, asthma comes in as immunological - Several factors obstruct the airway, injury of the epithelium, bronchospasm, edema, a higher ...

Biology Assignment

- Cellular respiration is the metabolic process through which glucose is broken down in the cells to produce energy in the form of ATP. Anaerobic respiration or glycolysis is the anaerobic breakdown of glucose into ATP, which requires no oxygen. This process involves removal of hydrogen and electrons from glucose to generate NADH, pyruvate and energy equivalent to two molecules of ATP. In the absence of oxygen pyruvate undergoes fermentation, whereas in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is siphoned into the mitochondria and is completely broken down. The citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and ...

Answers

- The differences between the cardiovascular diseases and the coronary heart diseases

The major differences between these two types of diseases relates to the vascular components of the cardiovascular system. This simply means that the cardiovascular diseases do not only involve the heart alone but also involves all the heart linked vessels. i.e all arteries, veins and lymphatics found to be associated with the heart and blood passes to and from the heart. However, the coronary heart diseases only relate to the vessels that are within the heart itself and supply the heart itself and also the muscles of ...

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Abstract

Asthma and allergic reactions result in inflamed and swollen lung airways. Asthma is of two types, atopic and non-atopic. The asthma symptoms include excessive production of mucus, coughing, tightness in chest, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing. The triggers for atopic asthma are allergens and the hyper-responsiveness of IgE immunoglobulin. Genetic factors are involved in non-atopic asthma that relies on the propensity of developing asthma and hypersensitivity of airways. Epithelial cytokines, macrophage, eosinophils, and T cells collectively influence the fibroblast production resulting in muscle mutagenesis and bronchial ...

Biology of Disease

Mode of action of;- Dexamethasone The Glucocorticoid receptors are discovered intracellularly in all tissues. They enter cells through inactive dispersion and structure a complex with a receptor protein (Rhodes & Hartnoll, 2002, P.10). This intricate then experiences an irreversible enactment and enters the cell core, where it ties to the DNA, hence prompting organic impacts instigated by these hormones, which include expanded hepatic gluconeogenesis, as well as expanded lipolysis (Ahmed, 2007, P.13). Dexamethasone is utilized to treat numerous provocative and immune system conditions, for example, rheumatoid joint pain and bronchospasm. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, an abatement in quantities of ...

Term Paper

Our respiratory system is composed of the air passages provided by 1) nose, 2) pharynx, 3) larynx and 4) the respiratory surfaces of the lungs. The primary function of this system is ventilation and gas exchange. However, there are certain secondary roles played by this system viz. olfaction, phonation, and stabilization of the thorax during the mechanical exertion and certain other biochemical functions. Anatomy and physiology of the larynx: Larynx (commonly known as Voice Box) is a part of lower respiratory tract and is the organ for phonation (generation of sounds). Basically, Larynx is an air passage and has a ...

Exercise 1: Anatomy of the Respiratory System

What are the two functions of the larynx? Larynx is a cartilaginous and a muscular structure while holds vocal cords together. It is used by human beings to talk, swallow and breathe. It is lined by the mucous membrane hence forming part of the respiratory system. Larynx protects the airways by closing quickly after mechanical simulation hence stopping respiratory and curbing the entry of foreign substances into the airways. The larynx also produces sound, controls ventilation and acts as a sensory organ.

Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?

Gaseous exchange occurs in the lungs and for it to take place; there is the need for a place where ...

This is the discussion of the results of the anatomy of the urinary system. The report analyses the structure and functions of various organs and cells that are involved in the excretion of toxic material from the body.

Simple cuboidal epithelium of the kidney the

The epithelial cells: are uni-layered, they are square in shape. The nucleus is placed at the centre of theses tissues. They have Squamous cells that are plate like. They appear very thin. Surface epithelium: have different surface proteins. Facilitate absorption and transportation of filtered materials in the kidney tubes.

Transitional Epithelium of the Bladder

ct = connective tissuelu = lumenrbc = red blood cell (stained bright pink in ...

- Normal issues and Organ at Risk Due to Irradiation The radiation effects in human are due to the deposition of energy in the human body. Not all the tissues are exposed to the radiation effect. Only few of the tissues are exposed to the radiation effect. The radiation therapy is used for the medical treatment. A high dose of radiation will result in damage of sensitive tissue, even, it may result in death. A high dose of radiation results in the death of cells. All the cells are not equal to the radiation sensitivity. Only the sensitive ...

Lung cancer (also called – carcinoma of lungs) is a type of malignant tumor. It emerges from cells paving lungs and bronchi. Usually it takes years for this type of cancer to develop. But if a person gets this type of disease most likely other organs will be affected as well. Lung cancer is a really dangerous for a human, as it is hard to diagnose it and it might be too late to treat it. This disease contributes to the major part of deaths throughout the developed countries. Annually there are about 1 million cases of lung cancer around the world. In addition, ...

The Process of Spermatogenesis in the Male Testis

Spermatogenesis is an intricate process that involves mitotic cell division, meiosis, and its process. The regulation of spermatogenesis involves the endocrine and the paracrine mechanisms. The spermatogenesis endocrine stimulation involves the follicle stimulating hormones (FSH) and the luteinizing hormone. The luteinizing hormone acts through the intermediary testosterone that is produced by the leydig cells in the testis. A male fertility requires the production by the testis with large number of normal spermatozoa by spermatogenesis process. There are three major steps subdivided in the process; the mitosis, meiosis, and the transformation of the round spermatid. The multiplication of spermatogonia is ...

Abstract

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic problem with major infections to lungs, pancres, intestine and liver. The main characteristic of the disease is abnormal transport of chloride, and sodium in the epithelium leading to thick secretions. It usually results from mutation in the gene for a protein known as cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CFTR). This is a hormone which is usually involved in various body excretion processes. The main method of transmission of the disease is through genes. However, research has proved that it can be still transferred among people with no DNA connection The disease is ...

Introduction

Cells are independent units of life. However, when a cell becomes part of an organism, it becomes part of a tissue and organ system. Cells in a tissue are joined to each other and to the extracellular matrix (ECM) by cell junctions. There are three kinds of cell junctions: Occluding junctions, anchoring junctions and communication junctions. Occluding junctions occur in the epithelium where the adjacent cells are so tightly sealed together that even small molecules cannot pass. Communicating junctions allow the exchange of chemical and electrical signals between cells. Anchoring junctions are the ones which attach a cell either to its neighbor or ...

In the process of breathing, a molecule of oxygen has to pass through upper respiratory tract and then lower respiratory tract. The upper respiratory tract consists of air passages of the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx and upper trachea. The lower respiratory tract includes the parts present within the chest cavity namely lower trachea and lungs. The oxygen (from air) enters the respiratory system through nose. Nose is made of bone and cartilage covered with skin and has two nostrils divided by a bony septum. The nostrils are lined with fine hair which blocks the entry of dust and bacteria into ...

Report

Glaucus atlanticus – a kind of gastropod mollusks from the unit of nudibranchs. Nudibranch called a large group of marine gastropods. These animals are related to the usual snails and slugs, but at the same time, nudibranchs have a number of unique anatomical features. For this reason, they are isolated in a special unit, which has about a thousand species. The general principle of the structure of these animals is the same as at the garden snails, the basis of body is flat foot-sole, at the anterior end of which there are stalked outgrowths - one pair carries at its ends tiny eyes, and the ...

Introduction

Electrophysiology is the study of the electrical nature of biological cells and tissues. It is the basis of several ophthalmological techniques that can provide information about the retinal function. Three distinct electrical potentials have been identified in retina viz. Early receptor potential (ERP), electroretinogram (ERG), and electrooculogram (EOG). ERP is generated by the photopigment molecules in the outer part of visual receptors. ERG extends from pigment epithelium to the inner nuclear layer. EOG is a function of pigment epithelium but also depends on outer and inner layers of the retina. ERG arises in the retina after light stimulation and ...

Tissue and Cellular Organization

The circle of life on the earth is very complicated, though sometimes it seems to be rather easy. People see plants, insects, various fluids, surface and soil, but they often do not think of all the complexity of the constitution of bodies that fill up the world. In other words, everything consists of cells and tissues, and in order to understand the essence of every matter it is important to investigate their structure. There are some organisms, such as bacteria, that are unicellular or they are made up of only a “single cell” (Science Daily, 2014). These one-celled organisms ...

Exercise 1

- The columnar epithelium from the stomach resembles the columnar epithelium from the duodenum in many aspects. The columnar nature of the epithelium in both instances serves for increased protection of the underlying organs and organelles. The simple columnar epithelia found in the stomach and duodenum also contains the largest cytoplasmic volumes in comparison to all the other epithelia, housing organelle density and energy reserves suitable in the engagement of the most complex of secretory and absorption functions. The duodenum epithelia however, posses an extra microvillus which aids in increasing the surface area for absorption. The epithelia in the ...

The anatomy and physiology of the periodontium in humans will be described in details as regards to the relationship which exist between the natural dentition, jaws and the oral environment. Science has helped to explore different aspects of the tissues that make up the periodontium which are the gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. These structures all work together to make a strong supporting apparatus for the teeth that is either in function or in occlusion. The main other function of the periodontium apart from supporting the teeth is to protect and provide nourishment to the teeth. The tissues ...

The brain of a human is directly connected to the organs of the body. In this way, all these parts tend to affect the way a person behaves. The genes play a vital role when it comes to human behavior. For example, some behaviors are species specific while others are often breed true. Behaviors can also change in response to alterations in biological structures or processes. Some behaviors run in families while others have an evolutionary history that persists across related species. There are certain parts of the human body that possess vital roles. The first vital part of the body is ...

The respiratory system of humans comprises of a complex set of tissues and organs, which gets oxygen from the surrounding and carry it to the lungs. The basic role of the respiratory system is to provide the blood with oxygen so that the blood can convey oxygen to every body part. The respiratory system achieves this through inhalation and exhalation. When one breathes, oxygen is inhaled while carbon dioxide is exhaled. This gaseous exchange is the means of the respiratory system to get oxygen to the blood. The tissues and organs, which constitute the respiratory system of humans, are the ...

Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori was previously known as Campylobacter pylori because of its resemblance to campylobacter (Lee & Marks, 2012). It is a motile helical spiral gram-negative bacterium. It is microaerophilic, as it requires oxygen for its survival. It is a flagellated organism, possessing multiple unipolar flagella, which allows it to move from one location to another. It measures between 2.4 - 4.0 m in length and it is an S-shaped, spiral rod (Santacrose, 2011) Enzymes that the organism produces include oxidase, vacuolating cytotoxin, catalase, lipopolysaccharide and urease (Santacrose, 2011). Urease, produced by the organism, converts urea to ammonium and bicarbonate thereby neutralizing ...

Central serous retinopathy (CSR), also known as central serous chorioretinopathy, is characterized by separation of the two major layers of the retina (the innermost layer of the eye): the inner neurosensory layer (which contains cells that transmit electrical impulses to the occipital lobe) and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (the outer layer of the retina that contains the photoreceptor [light-receiving] cells). The mechanism of this condition is leakage of serous (serum-like) fluid from a portion of the choroid (the layer of the eye just outside the retina) called the choriocapillaris (a network of small blood vessels located in that portion ...

I. Abstract Fasciola gigantica and Paramphistomum cervi have been discovered to be composed of three important types of proteins these structural proteins that make them more adapted to their habitats and increase their immunity against their destruction by antibodies. This project is aimed at identifying these proteins contained in these two fluke genera using an analysis of soluble protein that elicit an immune response. II. Introduction

Biological research has shown that proteins like phosphagens contain high amounts of phosphates that release high amounts of energy that allow muscle movements like contraction and expansion. Other proteins like phosphocreatine ...

The Interdependency of the Digestive System, Respiratory System, and Cardiovascular Systems

In the supply, of nutrients and the removal of waste products in the human system, four organ system are involved; the digestive system, the circulatory system, respiratory system and excretory system. The digestive system comprises of the mouth, stomach, small intestine and the liver.

The digestion of the carbohydrate begins in the mouth. The predominant carbohydrate is the starch. In the mouth, enzyme salivary amylase hydrolyses the starch to disaccharides and trisaccharide. The remaining starch from the mouth is taken to the duodenum, the upper chamber of the small intestine where it is hydrolyzed by enzyme pancreatic amylase. The ...