Essays on Fatty Acid

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Differences between a causal and a correlation Causation refers to the cause of something to happen. A causal claim shows that the two events are related to each other in such a way that one event is the effect of the other. Suppose there are two events; b and c, then a causal claim can take the form of “b causes c” in which b refers to the cause and c refers to the effect. On the other hand, correlation shows that the two variables (events) are related to each other in such a way that ...

Percentage of fat the athlete’s diet

Fat is a fundamental source of energy for the body. Importantly, fat provides approximately nine calories per gram which makes it a dense macronutrient. In strenuous athletic activities that last for about 6 hours, fats can offer about 60 to 70 percent of the energy required (Clifford & Maloney, 2011). Fats consumption in a diet of an athlete should be less than 30% of calories. Since athletes need a lot of energy, it is good to retain their fat intake at sufficient levels. However, depending on the activity, the athlete can decide to keep their fat intake at a minimum ...

Abstract

The composition of the foods people consume has a significant influence on their health. Whole certain components in certain foods offer protection against the development of certain disease conditions, the consumption of other components at certain levels might predispose one to certain diseases and disease conditions. The processing industries have a role to inform the consumer of the ingredients in their food products. This is necessary for the consumer to make informed decisions about their dietary choices. This requirement is enforced by the role through regulations passed by government agencies. Even then, certain compounds that are present in processed ...

Executive Summary

The results of the recent studies among U.S. pregnant women prove that fish consumption during pregnancy benefits the cognition of the offspring in infancy but at the same time, high levels of mercury that fish contain have adverse effects on the cognition of little children. So, it is recommended to pregnant women to look for the fish species with a low level of mercury. The issue whether pregnant women harm their babies or on the contrary benefit the child’s brain development while consuming fish is ambiguous. There has been a great quantity of researchers who have been studying ...

The patient presented in this case suffers from metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of health problems that is associated with the presence of obesity and tissues resistance to insulin. The metabolic syndrome is a condition that causes a myriad of problems in the body such that the body becomes incapable of maintaining the circulation of the useful energy molecules such as glucose and lipids in the right quantities in the bloodstream (Huang, 2009). Other associated disorders of metabolic syndrome include high blood pressure and dyslipidemia. The lipid problem is characterized by elevated levels of triglycerides and ...

Introduction

In this paper, the article titled “Effect of 2-yn− 3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementations on cognitive function in older people: a randomized, double-blind, controlled” by Dangour et al., 2010 will be critically appraised. The article describes a study that sought to establish whether 2-yn− 3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation has an effect on cognitive function in older people. In the study, a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial was used. Reduced cognitive function and dementia in older people continues to increase and pose a significant challenge to the elderly. Several studies have reported an association between the intakes of ...

Introduction

There have been numerous studies that have been conducted into the relationship between the weight of a woman and the quantity of breastmilk produced. Evidence has shown that there is a huge variation in the quantity of breastmilk that is produced on the basis of the size of the woman. This is because the body of a woman has a relationship to the composition of breastmilk and the rate of production that comes with the components of milk secreted by the glands. This is often marked by the fact that there is a negative relationship between the size of ...

In the process of wound healing, angiogenesis is also known as neovascularization. The process commences in lined with the proliferation of the fibroblast when the endothelial cells mover towards the wound site. Oxygen and other nutrients are required for the formation of epithelial cells and the activity of fibroblasts. In comparison to the fibroblast and epidermal mitigation, angiogenesis is crucial for other stages of wound healing. The process of angiogenesis is complex and occurs in the following stages: Latent period: In this stage, vasodilation and premeabilisation are known to permit leukocyte extravasation during the haemostatic and inflammatory phase. Decontamination ...

Q. 1. Explain how gel filtration chromatography (size exclusion chromatography) separates molecules on the basis of their mass/size.

A. In gel filtration, porous beads are packed into a column. The pores are of different size. The column is then packed with a buffer solution. This buffer solution is present inside the beads as well as around it. When molecules of different size pass through the columns, the smaller molecules pass through the pores and take a longer path. The larger molecules, however, travel around the beads. Thus, larger molecules travel faster than the ...

Energy Storage inform of Lipids

Lipids are a class of natural compounds that are hydrophobic in nature and consist of ketoacyl and isoprene groups. They include sterols, waxes, fats, glycerides, phospholids and fat soluble vitamins such as vitamins A, E and K. Lipids are structural compounds being components of the cell wall but also serve in energy storage and signaling. The signaling function of lipids results from their use in nerve cell axons and as bases for hormones. After digestion and absorption lipids are carried as lipoproteins by blood to the liver which regulates lipid levels in blood. Excess lipids are converted to adipose tissue ...

[Student] [Professor] 1a) Name and describe sex-specific forms of obesity with regard to body shape. What are the differences, if any, in health risks, associated with each shape? Answer : There are various forms of obesity that are signified by age, gender and genetic predisposition. The sex-specific forms of obesity include Android obesity and Gynoid obesity. Both are in contrast with each other with respect to human tendency of developing adipose tissue in the body. The Android obesity is signified by fat deposit in "apple-shape" including shoulder, nape of neck, chest in the upper abdomen which ...

Introduction

Beef is a significant source of proteins, and it is estimated that meat has 16.5 percent protein content (Chapter 9). Meat also has a considerable concentration of fats. Meat is an important source of proteins and fats, but it is unfortunate that excessive consumption of meat and meat products leads to the development of cardiovascular diseases owing to the presence of trans-fatty acids in those products. Dieticians worldwide are recommending that people should reduce the consumption of trans-fatty acids, but increase their intake of essential fatty acids. Essential fatty acids are more beneficial than trans-fatty acids (Chapter 8). Previous studies have ...

Harvey requires enough energy to perform. Consequently, he must consume enough calories to meet all his energy needs. The actual requirement for calorie intake depends on one’s level of fitness and bodyweight. In addition, the intensity, frequency, and duration of physical activity also greatly influence one’s actual energy requirement.

Carbohydrates

Given that Harvey’s daily workouts involve high-intensity activities, his calorie intake should comprise of between55 to 70 percent carbohydrates. In this case, 3 grams per pound of body weight would be appropriate. Based on this recommendation, Harvey should consume approximately 480 grams of carbohydrates per day in ...

Introduction

This analysis will focus on the excess intake of saturated fats and cardiovascular disease. The analysis is based on the report detailing my nutrient intake recorded for two days starting from September 4, 2014 to September 6, 2014. According to the analysis, my diet during the two-day period predisposes me to cardiovascular disease since it is high in saturated fats. According to the food guidelines given by USDA, saturated fats should contribute less than 10 percent of the total daily calories. However, my nutrient report indicates that saturated fats contribute 12 percent of my total daily calorie intake. Consequently, ...

Abstract

Adequate nutrition is required for optimal wound healing. The normal processes that allow the progress of wound healing are disrupted due to nutritional deficiencies. Increased infection rates and decreased wound tensile strength are associated with malnutrition. Chronic on-healing wounds are formed in malnourished patients or individuals. Such patients can develop infections, pressure ulcers, and delayed wound healing. Morbidity and mortality among malnourished patients with chronic wounds constitute a serious clinical concern. Wound healing is considered as a complex process. It is the process of replacing injured tissue with new tissue (produced by the body). Production of new tissue is associated with ...

Ryan is a bright student; he understands lectures, finishes homework early and has an eye for detail. However, Ryan’s test scores do not reflect the diligent effort he puts into studying. His teachers are concerned and same is true for his parents. Ryan has had many sessions with the school counselor who diagnosed him with test anxiety. Test anxiety or anxiety related factors can affect the performance of students in exams and other classroom tasks. A significant body of research exists on the type of stressors on students that implicitly affect test performance. Anxiety-related performance deficits can have a selective ...

Introduction

In previous decades, epidemics were associated entirely with communicable diseases. However, a recent global phenomenon is the significant rise in incidence of chronic diseases linked to individual lifestyles. Unhealthy diet, inadequate physical activity, smoking, and alcohol intake all play a role in initiating the physiologic changes that lead to the development and progression of lifestyle-related conditions including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer (Strychar, Elisha & Schmitz, 2012). These are the top causes of death in populations as reported by many countries. Because of the association with lifestyle factors, such illnesses are largely preventable but require complex management once acquired. ...

Report Epidemiology Cardiovascular diseases and dietary fats

- Introduction - Cardiovascular Diseases - What is Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)? CVDs include diseases of the heart, vascular diseases of the brain and diseases of blood vessels such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke, peripheral vascular disease and heart failure. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most deadly CVD that due to lacking blood flow to the network of blood vessels surrounding the heart, also named coronary artery disease (CAD) or ischemic heart disease (IHD) (Nabel and Braunwald, 2012). - The pathology of heart attack and stroke Atherosclerosis is the major cause ...

Food manufacturers often use hydrogenated fats as functional ingredients to improve the shelf-life of food materials. The chemical process through which hydrogenated fats are produced is termed as fat hydrogenation. Essentially, this process involves addition of hydrogen atoms to a double bond existing between carbon atoms in a fatty acid chain, which turns unsaturated fats into saturated ones (Leigh). During fat hydrogenation, hydrogen gas is forced into unsaturated fats such as oils at a very high temperature (250 to 400oC) and pressure in the presence of a metal catalyst such as nickel, copper, zinc or platinum. The high temperature allows for the ...

Introduction

The term lipids is used to refer to a group of organic compounds that are naturally occurring and that are all soluble in non-organic solvents such as benzene , chloroform, acetone and ether but not soluble in water. The later characteristic means that lipids can also be defined as amphiphilic or hydrophobic small modules. This amphophilic nature of lipids essentially allows them to be able to form structures such as liposome’s, vesicles or membranes when subjected to aqueous environments. The biological lipids mainly originate from two major build-blocks or biochemical sub-units: isoprene and ketoacyl groups. Another distinct characteristic of lipids ...

The World Health Organization defines genetically modified foods (GMO) as “organisms in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally”. It involves technology often referred to as gene technology, modern biotechnology or genetic engineering. The process allows for selective transfer of genes from one organism to another. The transfer of genes can be done between organisms of the same species or of different species. Genetic engineering has been practiced for many years. We often hear of cases where a specific gene is selected from an animal or plant and introduced into a different organism ...

- Ingestion of fava beans increases the formation of free radicals in red blood cells which in turn causes disruption on the normal functioning or reduction of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase enzyme. Consequently, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reduces and therefore the red blood cells are incapable of defending themselves from the detrimental effects of reactive oxygen species. This makes the damaged cells to breakdown and rupture prematurely hence hemolysis.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase pathway

The G6PD gene is located from base pair 153,759,605 to base pair 153,775,795 on the X chromosome. - Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cell cytoplasm. Fatty acid synthesis ...

Nutrition Paper

Part 1. Scott, Paul. “5 Fishy Food Claims”. Men’s Health. August 2011. Web. Retrieved

Part 2.

In the August 2011 issue of Men’s Health Magazine it was stated that there is really no strong evidence based from prospective epidemiologic studies that will confirm that dietary saturated fat is closely related to adding the risk of stroke, Coronary Heart Disease (COD) or Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) based on the author’s interview with scientist Dr. Ronald Krauss (Krauss, Men’s Health). According to the article that was published in Men’s Health, the claim that saturated fat is sinful must be ...

a) Background and Significance Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disorder characterized by two main features: high blood glucose level (hyperglycemia) and insulin resistance. The disorder was formerly referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The pathophysiology of type 2diabetes is progressive, characterized by decreased insulin sensitivity, deteriorating cell function, and decreased incretion function (Phielix and Mensink, 2008; Misra, 2008). In human studies, people with type 2 diabetes have a decreased PGC-1α expression compared to healthy subjects (Wagner et al., 2008; Cantó and Auwerx, 2009; Kang, 2012). The skeletal muscles of people with type 2 diabetes and those of their ...

In the article “After all those warnings about saturated fat being unhealthy for hearts Stop feeling guilty! That juicy steak is good for you,” Bee (2013) explains that scientific evidence is beginning to refute previous beliefs about saturated fat being bad for health by increasing risk of heart attacks. However, a cohort study by Yavchitz et al. (2012) found that the quality of media reports on scientific studies is often questionable, so it is important to be cautious when accepting statements presented by mainstream media. Upon conducting the assessment of medical news reported in the media, the researchers found ...

(City, State)

Introduction

A balanced diet refers to the food intake, which incorporates all the dietary needs of an organism in the right proportions. This is unlike the adequate diet, which includes the energy that is sufficient energy for the need of an individual. A balanced diet, therefore, includes both sufficient energy as well as all the dietary requirements that are needed by an individual at the right proportion. The main components that make up a balanced diet include carbohydrate, proteins, vitamins, fats, dietary fiber, water and minerals. Carbohydrates as a source of nutrients in the body are usually broken down through ...

Lorenzo’s Oil, directed by George Miller, tells the story of Michaela and Augusto Odone’s struggle to understand adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), a rare genetic disease that afflicts their son Lorenzo. This movie highlights the difficulty associated with trying to find a treatment for a devastating disease that affects only a small number of people. These “orphan” diseases like ALD are understudied and often the only treatment option is participation in experimental therapeutic trials. Lorenzo’s Oil takes the viewer on a journey through medical science as two devoted parents try to save their son’s life. Lorenzo (played by Zack O’Malley Greenburg) ...

Introduction

Biomass is a biological material obtained from a living organism or a recently living organism. The word biomass is derived from two Greek words; bio meaning life, and maza meaning mass (Demirbas, “Fuels from Biomass” 43). Biomass means non-fossil and bio-decomposable organic matter (originating from plants, animals and microorganisms). The products, byproducts, residues and waste from agricultural processing, all constitute biomass. Bio-waste simply means non-fossil and biodegradable waste that is composed of organic matter. Bio-wastes include food and kitchen wastes, garden and park wastes, and wastes from food processing plants. Bio-waste is therefore an element of biomass. Non-fossil wastes that are ...

Introduction

Waste biomass is usually in the form of manure, agricultural residues, municipal sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, and industrial bio-sludge which can be converted to animal feeds, alcohol fuels or industrial chemicals. There are various processes which are employed to convert this waste into the respective useful end products rather than being dumped away. The complexity of these processes depends on the kind of technologies being used. Conversions of waste biomass into renewable energy forms play a major role in reducing the dependence on crude oil and thus promote economic growth. The process of waste biomass conversion to useful products ...

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis (GC-MS) is a technique that incorporates chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques in separating and identifying constituents in a sample. According to Erika, Josefina and Maria (2011), the major goal of the technique is in quantifying an amount of a sample, which is done by comparing the relative concentrations among the atomic masses in the produced spectrum. The sample that needs to be quantified is organic and volatile, or semi volatile. The GC part is used to separate is essential in carrying out separation techniques where mixtures are isolated from their constituents using a temperature-controlled capillary column. Smaller molecules in ...

Abstract

Depression refers to a mental condition that is characterized by several symptoms that include but are not limited to: lethargy, isolation, prolonged periods of sadness, sudden emotional outburst such as crying for no particular reason, bouts of rage, self destructive tendencies such as cutting or biting, anxiety, paranoia, loss of appetite or unusual increase in appetite characterized by binge eating, insomnia and hostility. Recent estimates indicate that 1 out of every 10 individuals in the United States in termed as clinically depressed. The study also found that those likely to e depressed are: persons without any source of income, those ...

Introduction

Saponification number is defined as the number of milligrams of KOH required to saponify completely 1 gm of fat. Since fats are mixture of triglycerides, most of which are of mixed type, so saponification number is measure of average molecular weight of the fatty acids comprising the fats (i.e. the measure of the average chain length of fatty acids). Saponification number is an important constant particularly in distinguishing or identifying certain oils. Iodine number is defined as the number of grams of iodine absorbed by 100 gm of fat. Halogens, e.g. iodine or bromine are taken up by the ...

Abstract

This Paper illustrates the physiological effects of puberty during adolescence. It gives definitions of puberty and adolescents and tries to correlate the two in checking for the effects on each other. The paper gives the psychological changes brought about by the outward changes of an individual during the growth stage of adolescent. Every person has experienced this occasion of ambiguity known as puberty. It conveys instances of perplexity as adolescents are often trying to comprehend who they are and try to discover an identity. Santos (2007) describes puberty as “a period of quick bodily maturation involving hormonal and physical transformations ...