Essays on Confounding

Post-stroke dysphagia, a potentially fatal complication, affects an estimated 23-50% of all stroke survivors. It is associated with a seven fold increase in the risk for aspiration pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia increases the catabolic demands of the body and in the settings of impaired swallowing leads to a vicious cycle of malnutrition, dehydration, and further infections (Shaker & Geenen, 2011). Dysphagia affects a significant number of patients with hemispheric stroke which is the main subtype of ischemic stroke in the general population (Kumar et al., 2011). The functions of swallowing are subserved by a vast brain network. The inferior peri-rolandic sensorimotor ...

Results/ Data Analysis

1. Were the analysis undertaken to address each research question and hypothesis? The analyses were adequately done to address all the hypotheses in the study. Four hypotheses are guiding the study (Annesi and Mareno, 2015): 2. Were the appropriate statistical methods, given the level of measurement of variables, the number of groups being compared, and assumptions of the statistical test? Appropriate statistical methods were used for the analysis of the data gathered during the study. First, regression analysis was used to assess the prediction of emotional eating by body satisfaction at baseline. A multiple regression analysis was also ...

Assignment 3

Assignment 3

QUESTION 1 (1 point)

a) Statistical combination of the results of two or more studies

QUESTION 2 (1 point)

Figure 2 of the Jordan et al., meta-analysis depicts a forest plot illustrating the estimates of the association between hysterectomy and ovarian cancer. How many of the individual studies (in figure 2) reported statistically significant reductions in the risk of ovarian cancer in women with hysterectomy, compared to women without hysterectomy? Ans) There were 20 individual studies that reported statistically significant reductions in the risk of ovarian cancer in women with hysterectomy, compared to women without hysterectomy.

QUESTION 3 (1 point)

How would you interpret the overall summary estimate (relative ...

Introduction

The relationship between human sexuality and perception on homosexuality is one of the most interesting topics in psychology. An understanding of the relationship between sexuality and perception towards homosexuals could greatly aid psychologists in making psychological interventions. At present, it has been proven by diverse studies that homosexuals are under different kinds of pressure, especially from the society. Divers studies have also shown that helping this group of people would require not just experts in psychology but also by the majority of the members if the society (Feng et al., 2012). Hence, it is important to understand how the ...

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship between social networking and face-to-face communication with respect to their influence on the social interaction skills. The first aim of the research has to determine whether there is a causal relationship between use of social networking tools and face-to-face communication behaviors. The research aims to investigate the hypothesis. There will be a statistically significant difference in change/gain scores for communication behaviors between the experimental group and the control group; Face-to-face communication is associated with the students’ social media networking habits (i.e. time spent on social media networking). There will ...

Influenza Vaccine on the Elderly

Introduction Based on current evidence, there is an overwhelming response with respect to the clinical efficacy, safety, and feasibility of influenza vaccine in the elderly. The impact of the vaccine is observed in elderly patients with chronic diseases with an influence on reduced mortality and hospital admissions. Based on a recent publication, the influence of the vaccine is also observed among health elderly population around the globe. Researchers and healthcare providers state that the declining age is associated with poor antibody response coupled with various confounding factors. However, these factors have not been clearly stated in literature. On the ...

Nursing Interventions In The Management Of Diabetes

Describe your methodological design. I propose to conduct a primarily quantitative study that will measure a number of CDC certified diabetes nurses educators and .evaluate success of tailor patient, self-managed diabetes goals (eg: A1C, blood pressure, cholesterol, weight, amount of physical activity using International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) (Tabak et al. 403-06) in primary care setting. Nurses or medical staff feedback concerning the feasibility of translation to will be optional to eliminate burden; if a substantial amount of data is collected it will be analyzed. Since this form of data collection is unknown, it does not truly meet the ...

Ray WA, Chung CP, Murray KT, Hall K, Stein C. Prescription of Long-Acting Opioids and Mortality in Patients With Chronic Noncancer Pain. JAMA. 2016;315(22):2415-2423. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.7789.

Prescription of Long-Acting Opioids and Mortality in Patients With Chronic Noncancer Pain Wayne A. Ray, PhD1; Cecilia P. Chung, MD, MPH2; Katherine T. Murray, MD2,3; Kathi Hall, BS1; C. Michael Stein, MB, ChB2,3 [+] Author Affiliations JAMA. 2016;315(22):2415-2423. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.7789.

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Abstract ABSTRACT | INTRODUCTION | METHODS | RESULTS | DISCUSSION | CONCLUSIONS | ARTICLE INFORMATION | REFERENCES Importance  Long-acting opioids increase the risk of unintentional overdose deaths but also may increase ...

Introduction

Reading skills are not only essential for career advancement, but are also an essential survival skill. From day-to-day, we have to read a lot of important information from notices, letters, signposts, consumer information leaflets on products and commercials among many others. Therefore, it difficult for a person who does not know how to read to survive. Therefore, reading skills is one of the essential life skills that should be emphasized at institutions of learning. Learners reading skills should be horned during their early years at school so that those who drop out from school also acquire the skills. Institutions ...

In research conducted by Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky (1993), the result of listening to music composed by the musician Mozart was an short-term improvement in tasks associated with spatial-temporal reasoning. The researchers hypothesized that higher brain functions correlate with music cognition. Dubbed the “Mozart Effect” by Dr. Alfred Tomatis, subsequent experiments differed on whether the influence is significant. While some studies support the proposed impact (Ivanov & Geake, 2003; Rauscher, Robinson, and Jens, 1998; Rideout & Laubach, 1996), others do not (Chabris, 1999; Mehr, Schachner, Katz, & Spelke, 2013; Steele, Bass, & Crook, 1999). This paper is an analysis of the research by ...

The paper under study attempted to understand the influence of culture on the experiences of parents with autistic children hailing from Southern Asia countries such as India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. The authors defined ‘culture’ as a framework that consisted of shared beliefs, aim, and attitudes. The study had an explicit section for the review of the literature. The past literature suggested that culture influences the perception of disability and that research pertaining to this idea is scarce (Theara & Abbott, 2015). Accordingly, the authors had reviewed only 12 such studies that contributed to the topic ...

A 1,000 – 1,500 word limit exists

i) What is the research question? In the treatment of patients with Kawasaki disease (KD), is the addition of corticosteroid therapy to standard therapy recommended over standard therapy alone? KD, an acute autoimmune disease that most commonly affects children and infants, results in the inflammation of the medium-sized blood vessels throughout the body. In rare and extreme cases, KD can affect the heart by causing coronary artery aneurysms and other abnormalities. Conventional primary treatment of KD involves the administration of intravenous immune globulin (2 g/kg) and aspirin (80-100 mg/kg) each day until fever subsides. Newburger et al. (2007) have ...

AFFILIATE INSTITUTION

Abstract Sex education has been a controversial issue in the country. With some groups proposing while others opposing the education citing that, it creates issues when it comes to students of a young age when it comes to how they make decisions regarding sex. This study hypothesized that exposure of preadolescent students to sex education would in turn cause them to have an increased desire and eventually engage more in sexual behavior by the time they are in mid or late adolescence. A comprehensive quantitative analysis was carried out on 200 students in total. 100 of which belonged to ...

Introduction

In this paper, the article titled “Effect of 2-yn− 3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementations on cognitive function in older people: a randomized, double-blind, controlled” by Dangour et al., 2010 will be critically appraised. The article describes a study that sought to establish whether 2-yn− 3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation has an effect on cognitive function in older people. In the study, a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial was used. Reduced cognitive function and dementia in older people continues to increase and pose a significant challenge to the elderly. Several studies have reported an association between the intakes of ...

Writing Hypothesis

Question 1: (a). H0: Supplementation of arginine reduce the volume of nitric oxide, a major sign of inflammatory reactions in asthma patients. H1: Supplementation of arginine does not reduce the volume of nitric oxide, a major sign of inflammatory reactions in asthma patients. (b) Sample: Diagnosed asthma patients of age between 19 years and 50 years (c) Data needed: Data on quantity grams of arginine supplementations (AS) and data on volume of nitric oxide (NO), as a sign of inflammatory reactions. Data on confounding variables such as grams of alcohol, and grams of chemical irritants such as phenol. (d) ...

Witchcraft has always been a popular topic of many countries’ folklore. People loved to write and read about what they feared, and throughout history, they mainly feared the unknown. Witches and wizards were people that didn’t fit social norms. They might have been lonely, antisocial, or they might not do things that were expected from them (single and childless women, unemployed men, people who didn’t go to church and/or believed in God). Sometimes women who were “too beautiful” were accused of witchcraft as well. Witches were sometimes people (usually women) with a strong intuition, those who could ...

Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy: Effects, treatment and the outcomes

The aim of this study is to evaluate vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and its impact on pregnancy course, the best way of management, and the outcome of this management Bone metabolism in humans is associated with a complex steroid hormone system which comprises of vitamin D (Harvey, et al. 2014). Many reports have suggested the potential benefits of vitamin D across therapeutic areas including vascular health, placental function, metabolism, and immune function (McAree, et al. 2013). Data based on biological and clinical findings suggest the key role of vitamin D in women reproductive health. However, there is ...

In this assignment, two studies were selected and evaluated on the basis of the appropriateness of their respective research designs. The first study was conducted by Coleman and colleagues (2013) to “examine the relationship between health-related quality of life in individuals with spinal cord injury and mental health of their caregivers in Columbia, South America.” On the other hand, the second study was conducted by Richey and Hodges (1992) to determine the effectiveness of respite care in reducing caregiver burden. In the study by Coleman and colleagues (2013), a descriptive design was used. This design is appropriate for this ...

Chapters 12-15 Summarized in the

Form of Answers

1. What are single subject designs and why are they used. In Single Subject Research Design or SSRD, a systematic and detailed analysis of a single system or individual is taken through recurring measurements. Although they belong the descriptive research group, SSRDs are experimental in nature. There are basically four types of SSRD, namely: a) Changing Criterion, b) ABAB or Reversal, c) Alternating Treatments, and d) Multiple Baseline. Data from such a research is represented and interpreted through simple plotted graphs. Operationalized 40 years ago, the SSRD is used by researchers and educators extensively due to the benefits the systemized ...