Essays on Ethanol

Rajagopal, Deepak, and David Zilberman. (2011) Environmental, Economic and Policy Aspects of Biofuels. Hanover, MA: now. Print.
The economic argument behind using of subsidies in the economy is probably to balance the interest draw by individual players in the market to a fair ground for all. The U.S. government use subsidies to reduce on the weight of production for the producers of products. This is done through tax subsidies or the government participating in production process to prevent consumer exploitation of producers. This has been the cause of disagreement in a tough argumentative debate as to whether it is Continue reading...

Abstract. Oxidation of ethanol is carried out by the oxidizing agent, potassium dichromate. The oxidizing agent undergoes a color change followed by the completion of the reaction. This change of color is utilized to measure the absorbance of the solution. The concentration of the unknown ethanol sample is calculated by plotting an absorbance vs concentration graph of the standard solutions.

Module and group

Lab class completed
- Introduction
The aim of the experiment is to determine the concentration of ethanol by calorimetric determination method. The concentration of ethanol is measured following its oxidation with potassium dichromate. Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) undergoes reduction, which Continue reading...

Lab Report: Ethanol Determination Experiment

Objective: “To Determine the Ethanol content in several beverages using the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.”

The Chemistry behind this experiment is simple enough to understand. In the reaction carried out in the experiment, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) is formed which can be analyzed quantitatively to find the concentration of Ethanol. The reaction involves oxidation of Ethanol to Acetaldehyde. This oxidation takes place with concomitant reduction of NAD+ to NADH. This formation of NADH can be seen in the Δ absorption at 340 nm micro level. At this wavelength, the reduced co enzyme absorbs at a very fast rate than the oxidized Continue reading...

Following the story of the use of ethanol to provide warmth in cold environments, this paper presents research on the effect the consumption of ethanol has on an individual’s body temperature. Firstly, the distribution of heat in the body is done by the blood. Through the vasodilatation and vasoconstriction of blood vessels, the body loses and retains head respectively. Given that ethanol enters the bloodstream directly upon consumption, its effects are almost immediate. Its presence in the blood causes the widening of blood vessels due to its vasodilation effect (Eston & Reily, 2013).
This results in an increase in Continue reading...

Introduction

All cells carry out cellular respiration in order to meet their energy requirements and to form metabolic intermediates that can be used to form secondary products. Amongst those products formed as a consequence of cellular respiration, are ATP and CO2. The formation of ATP in the cells occurs through the use of organic molecules available in the form of food (Lehninger, Nelson, & Cox, 2008). When oxygen is not available, ATP formation goes through a fermentation process, usually, referred to as alcoholic fermentation. The process utilizes a number of different sugars as the starting material. These sugars include fructose, glucose, Continue reading...

Introduction

Esterification reactions refer to those processes between carboxylic acids and alcohols reacting together to produce esters (Smith, 2011). Ethyl ethanoate also referred to as ethyl acetate is one of the esters and is prepared through a reversible reaction between an alcohol and an acid. The process results in the production of an ester and water. The catalyst used in the reaction is sulfuric acid, which also works to remove water that is produced and thus to increase the yield of ester produced. The preparation of esters through this method is a good introduction of how equilibrium manipulation may help Continue reading...

After reading the Green Dreams article, the best biofuel is the cellulose-produced biofuel. This is primarily because the production is not dependent on food crops like other ethanol production processes that use corn, soybeans, or sugarcane. Accordingly, rather than use the kernels to produce ethanol, it is possible to use the cellulose that is found in corn plants. As such, cellulose-focused biofuel production does not compete with food crops. Accordingly, the production of ethanol using cellulose is safer because it reduces the rate of global warming considerably taking into consideration that it involves use of heat and acid then Continue reading...

Abstract

The purpose for this experiment was to explore the properties of Strawberry DNA. It was hypothesized that the DNA of a strawberry is red in color and soluble in ethanol. A Strawberry was placed in a self-sealing Zip Lock freezer bag from which air was removed. The bagged strawberry was mashed gently and 10 ml of extraction buffer was added. After further mashing of the bagged strawberry, the content of the bag was removed and filtered through cheesecloth into a test tube before adding alcohol. White clouds that resemble threads were seen floating on the surface of alcohol. These Continue reading...

Sugar was original derived from the French word “ Sukere” (oxford). By understand the power of sugar, as a commodity and industry, in relation with the current modern globalized market, one can better understand the impact this substance has had on both the present and in the past.
I am convinced that sugar is a powerful force that has had a great impact on history. Sugar production has not only caused the physical colonization, its use has caused us to differentiate class identity around it; today we take for granted the presence on sugar around us. Examining both the social Continue reading...

Introduction

Bio-fuel is a form of energy which is obtained from renewable animal and plant materials. It includes; ethanol, biodiesel, green diesel, and biogas. Its development can be drawn into three generations; first, second and third, depending on the source of production. Bio-fuel crops such as sunflower, corn, sugarcane, rapeseed etc. are the source of first generation bio-fuels. A good example is ethanol. In the United States, ethanol is manufactured from corn whereas in Brazil sugarcane is used in the production of ethanol. In the case of second generation, bio-fuels are manufactured from agricultural waste materials, forestry, poplar, willow, perennial Continue reading...

[Writer’s Name]
As we, all know that the concept of demand and supply is extremely important and powerful as far as subject of economics is concerned, as it has every bread and butter about this field of study. The study of economic inevitably associated with every occupation; hence, it is more than important for a person to have sufficient knowledge regarding this subject and its related terms (Samuelson, p.47).
If the concepts of economics relate to every line of business, then it may also associated with the economy of a country as well and while making of Gross Continue reading...

As disclosed in the annual crop report, 2013, the crop of soybean and corn were quite low iin production during 2012 on account of drought in Midwestern areas of USA. With low production/supply and continued demand in the market, prices of these food crops suffered a high shock and were at high levels because of shortage in the market.
However, this year the condition seem favorable with corn production expected to be record high with the increase of 28%, while production of soybean is expected to be more than 8%, as compared to last year . Now with the production Continue reading...

As disclosed in the annual crop report, 2013, the crop of soybean and corn were quite low iin production during 2012 on account of drought in Midwestern areas of USA. With low production/supply and continued demand in the market, prices of these food crops suffered a high shock and were at high levels because of shortage in the market.
However, this year the condition seem favorable with corn production expected to be record high with the increase of 28%, while production of soybean is expected to be more than 8%, as compared to last year . Now with the production Continue reading...

- Yes. It will be in its flammable range to ignite since 7.8% lies within the flammable range of alcohol which is 3.3% to 19%.
- The vapor density of alcohol in air will rise since it is less dense than air.
- Since ethanol is less dense than water, it will form an upper layer on top of water and will continue to burn.( Doolittle, A. 658).
- If heat is added to the ethanol, the vapor pressure will rise since there will be an additional energy to drive the molecules.
- The material with the highest flammable Continue reading...

Chemical equilibrium refers to the condition that occurs when the both the concentration of the reactant and product in a chemical reaction have not net change over time (Helmenstine). There are many chemical reactions that do not go on to completion. These reactions go on until equilibrium is attained. However, the system at this point is not static but dynamic with the forward and the reverse reactions still in progress. Equilibrium reactions are very common throughout chemistry, and most of the biochemical processes taking place in life involve equilibria.
One useful feature of an equilibrium reaction is the fact Continue reading...

Current Business Problems and Possible Solutions

Abstract
The Sugar industry in Pakistan has been forced to face a number of problems in the recent years, especially for those people who are stake holders in them, most notably those of the raw material suppliers, the employees and the mill owners. Government intervention in the form of price flooring and the inability of some sugar mills such as Kohinoor Sugar mills limited in keeping up the technology pace with other larger, more technology suave sugar mills has resulted in numerous problems for the management. This paper explores some of the current problems being faced by Kohinoor Sugar Continue reading...

Purpose

The purpose of this experiment is to prepare soap through the saponification process and use it to test water hardness.
Procedure
The saponification process began by placing approximately 5 grams of lard in a beaker. 15 mL of sodium Hydroxide (6 M) was slowly and carefully added followed by an addition of 25 mL of ethanol. After adding ethanol, the beaker was heated while stirring until the base fully reacted with the lard. The result was a clear and homogenous solution. After cooling the solution, 20 mL of water was added. The next step involved the preparation of saturated Continue reading...

Introduction

Heat of vaporization and vapor pressure are the two essential properties of a liquid in thermodynamics. The vapor pressure of a substance is the measure of the tendency of its molecules escaping (Blauch). The heat of vaporization is defined as the amount of the attractive energy that exists between molecules in the liquid and has to be overcome in order for the molecules enter the vapor phase. When a liquid sample is put into a container, there is the tendency for the liquid to evaporate. Liquid molecules escape from their state into the gaseous state. When the liquid is Continue reading...

The following paper describes the current developments and advances in the use and application of smart packaging technology in food packaging processes. The paper focuses on the application of the technology through various methods of smart food packaging, process designs, equipment used and the current applications. The paper also gives the various applications for the smart food packaging technologies.

Oxygen Absorbers

Oxygen absorbers/scavengers refer to smart packaging technologies that work by absorbing oxygen from foods while reducing oxygen metabolism in the packaged food (Latou et al. 2010). The process is designed to decrease oxidative rancidity and stop any unintended oxidation of Continue reading...

Market Audit Report for E-cofueling
Executive Summary
E-cofueling company produces ‘clean’ fuel that has very minimal carbon emissions to the environment. It uses plant remains to produce ethanol which acts as an alternative source of fuel. The purpose of this report is to conduct a marketing audit report for the E-CoFueling Company. The report is detailed and Continue reading...

Executive Summary

E-co fueling company is the first company that started producing ethanol fuel in Australia. The fuel has been found helpful in reducing carbon emission in vehicles to a minimal level thus keep the environment clean. The objective of this report is to formulate marketing and action plan for the company. The report discusses four marketing Ps: product, promotion, pricing and place. Since the product is new to the Australian market hence the emphasis will be given to generate awareness about the product and also on promotion of the product. Other components of the plan like budgeting, time lines, associated Continue reading...

SCI 207 Dependence of man on the environment

Introduction
In discussing whether alternative energy sources are the answer to ending the human dependence on oil and other fossil fuels, it is useful to look at the way we currently view the environment as a resource that should be owned or controlled by individuals. This will lead to further discussion related to how this perspective has shaped political decisions related to resource use. It is also important to look at some examples of alternative energy sources and how they might be used to reduce our dependence on oil. In highlighting the role that the government has played in Continue reading...

Introduction

Green energy comprises natural active processes which can be attained with slight pollution. Geothermal power, anaerobic digestion, wind power, small scale hydropower, biomass power, solar energy, wave power, tidal power, and certain forms of atomic power (ones that are capable to burn atomic waste by a process identified as atomic transmutation), and consequently belong to the "Green Energy". Some explanations may similarly include power consequential from the burning of waste. Some individuals, including James Lovelock and George Monbiot have precisely classified atomic power to be green energy. Whereas many others which include Greenpeace disagree while claiming that problems supplementary Continue reading...

Introduction

In discussing whether alternative energy sources are the answer to ending human dependence on oil, it is possible to look at the way we currently view the environment as an instrument that should be owned or controlled. This will lead to further discussion on how this view has shaped political ideology. It is important also to look at some examples of alternative energy sources and how they can be used to reduce dependence on oil. In highlighting the role that the government has played in the past and present, it will hopefully become apparent that individual action is often Continue reading...

Although technology has changed the world for the better, nonetheless, the technology of using corn as a fuel or source of energy, an alternative for oil, has been an ongoing debate during the last few years. Many cars in industrialized countries use biological fuel, or oil containing ethanol produced from corn, as a solution for the global energy problem. The truth is that using corn as fuel has greater consequences than the pollution from gasoline used in cars. Therefore, corn, food for humans, should not be used as an alternative for oil.
Many people in industrialized countries believe that Continue reading...

Introduction

Biomass is a biological material obtained from a living organism or a recently living organism. The word biomass is derived from two Greek words; bio meaning life, and maza meaning mass (Demirbas, “Fuels from Biomass” 43). Biomass means non-fossil and bio-decomposable organic matter (originating from plants, animals and microorganisms). The products, byproducts, residues and waste from agricultural processing, all constitute biomass. Bio-waste simply means non-fossil and biodegradable waste that is composed of organic matter. Bio-wastes include food and kitchen wastes, garden and park wastes, and wastes from food processing plants. Bio-waste is therefore an element of biomass.
Non-fossil wastes Continue reading...

According to scientific American, only two out of ten ears of corn are used as human food. The rest (8) are used as a source of ethanol and as animal feeds. They share the percentage of the remainder in half. In the past one year, five billion bushels have been used for human and animal consumption, while 5.5 billion other bushels were used for fuel. They continue by clarifying that the American farmers are now using little amount of corn on animal feed while the US bio fuel industry has increased its use of corn as a source of Continue reading...

Analysis of Culture Cell KU812F with Three Protocols

Abstract
Protein analysis for cancer cell research has been found to be extremely reliable. The culture cell KU812F (chronicle myeloid leukemia cell line) was used for this laboratory. Globin gene switching was observed by evaluating the gene expression in the cells. Gene expression and protein folding were provoked. Gene expression is the process of transcribing DNA to cDNA and then used qPCR to study gene expression. cDNA was translated into mRNA which in turn is translated into a protein. mRNA concentration was analyzed. The three protocols were Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), Enzyme-Linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA), and Continue reading...

Introduction

Microeconomics deals with individual firms and units’ decision making in an economy while macroeconomics addresses the greater national aspects. In that respect, this analysis seeks to demonstrate the functioning of both microeconomics as well as macroeconomics concepts by analyzing two current issues in the US addressed in two articles or the news and touching on such concepts. This is achieved by the analysis first explaining the problem as presented in the article and its possible causes. The analysis further explains the significance of the issue and its possible cause of economic fluctuations as well as its effect including benefits Continue reading...

Are alternative energy sources the answer to ending human dependence on oil?

For the past couple of decades, climate change has gradually changed the course of the globe and influenced the different patterns important for maintaining the ecosystem. One of the biggest contributors to climate change is fossil fuel, more commonly known as oil. Oil has been used since the Industrial Revolution as it powered up the machines, transportation and even gave electricity to homes around the globe. At present, oil is now being exported by oil-rich countries to developed countries, causes conflicts in these countries and even becomes the bane of most consumers due to its ridiculously high prices. With Continue reading...

Freeing America from Foreign Oil Dependency

In Presidents’ Obama’s acceptance speech, one of the bold promises he pledged was to see an end to the United States of America’s ‘addiction’ to foreign oil. Judging from his words, it is understandable that he was addressing American’s oil dependency for the sake of the nation’s environment, security and economy. However, his sentiments attracted sharp criticism from all corners as debate raged on whether it was a possibility or impossibility. I beg to differ with US foreign oil dependency policy and tend to think that it Continue reading...

Waste Management

Introduction
Dealing with waste has become an increasing concern nowadays, since it affects people’s life quality by impacting the health, it affects the aesthetics, it jeopardizes the ecosystems and in general, it negatively impacts the environmental sustainability. Domestic waste (generated by individuals) and commercial and industrial waste represent a quotidian aspect that authorities are aiming to handle, either through applying laws and guidelines for maintaining healthy and clean cities and villages, either by applying various technologies for actually managing the waste disposals. And the processes and technologies used to manage the various types of waste differ depending on Continue reading...

ABSTRACT:

A plasmid DNA is an extra-small circular structure commonly found in bacteria which is capable of replicating by itself in the cell. These are used in genetic engineering as vehicles to carry and make copies of a particular gene which can produce desirable effect. In this report, we discuss the isolation and purification of DNA fromEGFP-LC3 plasmidusing a modified alkaline lysis method and QIAprep spin columns. The concentration of the isolated EGFP-LC3 plasmid DNA was found to be 82.868µg/ml. The ratio of ODs taken at A260nm/A280nm was found to be 5.314 which could be because improper washing step Continue reading...

Essay

Abstract
In today's fast moving constantly changing world every person might need some certain means for relaxation once in a while, thus, it will be very difficult to find a person who has never tasted alcohol in his life. Alcohol is one of the lightest forms of addictive substances, but still the danger of becoming addicted is huge, especially if drink alcoholic beverages on a usual basis. Of course it does not mean that our human body has any physical need for alcoholic beverages at all. This need, if appeared, is only psychological, that is why psychological programming is Continue reading...

Resource-Based View Analysis

Physical analysis
Husky Energy Inc. is omong one of Canada's biggest incorporated vitality organizations, headquartered in Calgary, Alberta. It is merchandized on an open market on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the images HSE and Hse.pr.a. The Company works in Western and Atlantic Canada, the United States and the Asia Pacific Region, with Upstream and Downstream business sections. Husky Energy is controlled by Hong Kong elite rich person Li Ka-Shing who possesses a larger part imparts of more or less 70% as per Bloomberg and Financial Post information. Husky's establishment is in Heavy Oil and Western Canada, where it Continue reading...

Today most of the companies follow the principles of sustainable development and pay more attention to managing reputation and image assets and risks. This trend is caused by the establishment of a new type of competition between the companies: the companies compete neither in price nor in quality tactics, they compete in ideas and principles that come with this or another product. More and more people are paying attention to ethical aspects of the company’s operation (for example, in-life testing of products). This means that ethical and corporate social responsibility principles have become one of the driving forces Continue reading...

of HT22 Cells derived from Mouse Hippocampus

Sections I and II

Biology
Section I
1. Introduction
Fluorescent protein development research has gained increased knowledge about the range in the color palette available from the Aequorea Victoria jellyfish. The wavelength emissions in the blue to yellow range are now better understood. [1] Another area that has seen a great improvement in knowledge is the understanding of emissions of the monomeric fluorescent protein emissions in the orange to far-red spectral region. [1] The spectral region of fluorescent in the orange to far-red is derived appropriate reef coral species. [1] This area of research is particularly Continue reading...

Introduction

The most widely used model when investigating the breast cancer is T47D cell lines. These cell lines are easily spread, easily manipulated genetically and when used in the experiment, it provides good results. They have been used to examine new therapies and the and the breast cancer pathobiology1.
Over many years HER2 has 25% - 30% of human breast cancers have been caused by gene amplification. The monoclonal HER2 and the EGFR are the two HER2-targeted therapies that are used for approval in the most clinics. During growth, HER2 is used to regulate the cell growth and assist in Continue reading...

Alcoholism and Pregnancy

Alcoholism increases tolerance on alcohol thus affecting an individual’s ability to control his or her alcoholic consumption. Studies have shown that a large cross-section of women is today consumers of alcohol. This affects most professional ladies more than ordinary women. Their brain is more prone to damage than that of men; for instance, the case of memory loss. The new generation women are likely to suffer from serious medical consequences such as brain, liver, and heart anomalies. According to Russell (2005), alcoholism has very adverse effects ranging from mental to psychiatric disorders, and even suicide. Children born of Continue reading...

Introduction

Renewable energy is a kind of energy whose origin is a resource that can be recycled or replenished. Examples of renewable energy include; rain, wind, geothermal heat, waves and tides.With the increasing technological progress, many companies, households and even governments are embracing renewable energy. Currently, 16 per cent of the energy used across the world renewable. The share of renewable energy is rising rapidly. For instance, energy derived from wind power is increasing at an annual rate of 20 per cent. Renewable energy is not only cheap but also environmentally friendly. This is why many organizations and governments are Continue reading...