Essays on Ethanol

Introduction

Arguably, entrepreneurs are always risk takers, and will always go for any opportunity that is capable of making profit. There are various entrepreneurial issues that surround the oil and ethanol made from cellulose in the United States. The EPA is fining companies yet the product does not exist. As a matter of fact, there is a lack of supply of the products in question, yet the entrepreneurs do not jump for this business. There are various reasons for this entrepreneurial behavior on the issue. One of the reason is that despite the lack of supply, there is no single ...

Rajagopal, Deepak, and David Zilberman. (2011) Environmental, Economic and Policy Aspects of Biofuels. Hanover, MA: now. Print. The economic argument behind using of subsidies in the economy is probably to balance the interest draw by individual players in the market to a fair ground for all. The U.S. government use subsidies to reduce on the weight of production for the producers of products. This is done through tax subsidies or the government participating in production process to prevent consumer exploitation of producers. This has been the cause of disagreement in a tough argumentative debate as to whether it is ...

Abstract. Oxidation of ethanol is carried out by the oxidizing agent, potassium dichromate. The oxidizing agent undergoes a color change followed by the completion of the reaction. This change of color is utilized to measure the absorbance of the solution. The concentration of the unknown ethanol sample is calculated by plotting an absorbance vs concentration graph of the standard solutions.

Module and group

Lab class completed - Introduction The aim of the experiment is to determine the concentration of ethanol by calorimetric determination method. The concentration of ethanol is measured following its oxidation with potassium dichromate. Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) undergoes reduction, which ...

Lab Report: Ethanol Determination Experiment

Objective: “To Determine the Ethanol content in several beverages using the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.”

The Chemistry behind this experiment is simple enough to understand. In the reaction carried out in the experiment, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) is formed which can be analyzed quantitatively to find the concentration of Ethanol. The reaction involves oxidation of Ethanol to Acetaldehyde. This oxidation takes place with concomitant reduction of NAD+ to NADH. This formation of NADH can be seen in the Δ absorption at 340 nm micro level. At this wavelength, the reduced co enzyme absorbs at a very fast rate than the oxidized ...

Following the story of the use of ethanol to provide warmth in cold environments, this paper presents research on the effect the consumption of ethanol has on an individual’s body temperature. Firstly, the distribution of heat in the body is done by the blood. Through the vasodilatation and vasoconstriction of blood vessels, the body loses and retains head respectively. Given that ethanol enters the bloodstream directly upon consumption, its effects are almost immediate. Its presence in the blood causes the widening of blood vessels due to its vasodilation effect (Eston & Reily, 2013). This results in an increase in ...

Introduction

All cells carry out cellular respiration in order to meet their energy requirements and to form metabolic intermediates that can be used to form secondary products. Amongst those products formed as a consequence of cellular respiration, are ATP and CO2. The formation of ATP in the cells occurs through the use of organic molecules available in the form of food (Lehninger, Nelson, & Cox, 2008). When oxygen is not available, ATP formation goes through a fermentation process, usually, referred to as alcoholic fermentation. The process utilizes a number of different sugars as the starting material. These sugars include fructose, glucose, ...

Introduction

Esterification reactions refer to those processes between carboxylic acids and alcohols reacting together to produce esters (Smith, 2011). Ethyl ethanoate also referred to as ethyl acetate is one of the esters and is prepared through a reversible reaction between an alcohol and an acid. The process results in the production of an ester and water. The catalyst used in the reaction is sulfuric acid, which also works to remove water that is produced and thus to increase the yield of ester produced. The preparation of esters through this method is a good introduction of how equilibrium manipulation may help ...

After reading the Green Dreams article, the best biofuel is the cellulose-produced biofuel. This is primarily because the production is not dependent on food crops like other ethanol production processes that use corn, soybeans, or sugarcane. Accordingly, rather than use the kernels to produce ethanol, it is possible to use the cellulose that is found in corn plants. As such, cellulose-focused biofuel production does not compete with food crops. Accordingly, the production of ethanol using cellulose is safer because it reduces the rate of global warming considerably taking into consideration that it involves use of heat and acid then ...

Abstract

The purpose for this experiment was to explore the properties of Strawberry DNA. It was hypothesized that the DNA of a strawberry is red in color and soluble in ethanol. A Strawberry was placed in a self-sealing Zip Lock freezer bag from which air was removed. The bagged strawberry was mashed gently and 10 ml of extraction buffer was added. After further mashing of the bagged strawberry, the content of the bag was removed and filtered through cheesecloth into a test tube before adding alcohol. White clouds that resemble threads were seen floating on the surface of alcohol. These ...

Sugar was original derived from the French word “ Sukere” (oxford). By understand the power of sugar, as a commodity and industry, in relation with the current modern globalized market, one can better understand the impact this substance has had on both the present and in the past. I am convinced that sugar is a powerful force that has had a great impact on history. Sugar production has not only caused the physical colonization, its use has caused us to differentiate class identity around it; today we take for granted the presence on sugar around us. Examining both the social ...

Introduction

Bio-fuel is a form of energy which is obtained from renewable animal and plant materials. It includes; ethanol, biodiesel, green diesel, and biogas. Its development can be drawn into three generations; first, second and third, depending on the source of production. Bio-fuel crops such as sunflower, corn, sugarcane, rapeseed etc. are the source of first generation bio-fuels. A good example is ethanol. In the United States, ethanol is manufactured from corn whereas in Brazil sugarcane is used in the production of ethanol. In the case of second generation, bio-fuels are manufactured from agricultural waste materials, forestry, poplar, willow, perennial ...

[Writer’s Name] As we, all know that the concept of demand and supply is extremely important and powerful as far as subject of economics is concerned, as it has every bread and butter about this field of study. The study of economic inevitably associated with every occupation; hence, it is more than important for a person to have sufficient knowledge regarding this subject and its related terms (Samuelson, p.47). If the concepts of economics relate to every line of business, then it may also associated with the economy of a country as well and while making of Gross ...

As disclosed in the annual crop report, 2013, the crop of soybean and corn were quite low iin production during 2012 on account of drought in Midwestern areas of USA. With low production/supply and continued demand in the market, prices of these food crops suffered a high shock and were at high levels because of shortage in the market. However, this year the condition seem favorable with corn production expected to be record high with the increase of 28%, while production of soybean is expected to be more than 8%, as compared to last year . Now with the production ...

As disclosed in the annual crop report, 2013, the crop of soybean and corn were quite low iin production during 2012 on account of drought in Midwestern areas of USA. With low production/supply and continued demand in the market, prices of these food crops suffered a high shock and were at high levels because of shortage in the market. However, this year the condition seem favorable with corn production expected to be record high with the increase of 28%, while production of soybean is expected to be more than 8%, as compared to last year . Now with the production ...

- Yes. It will be in its flammable range to ignite since 7.8% lies within the flammable range of alcohol which is 3.3% to 19%. - The vapor density of alcohol in air will rise since it is less dense than air. - Since ethanol is less dense than water, it will form an upper layer on top of water and will continue to burn.( Doolittle, A. 658). - If heat is added to the ethanol, the vapor pressure will rise since there will be an additional energy to drive the molecules. - The material with the highest flammable ...

Chemical equilibrium refers to the condition that occurs when the both the concentration of the reactant and product in a chemical reaction have not net change over time (Helmenstine). There are many chemical reactions that do not go on to completion. These reactions go on until equilibrium is attained. However, the system at this point is not static but dynamic with the forward and the reverse reactions still in progress. Equilibrium reactions are very common throughout chemistry, and most of the biochemical processes taking place in life involve equilibria. One useful feature of an equilibrium reaction is the fact ...

Current Business Problems and Possible Solutions

Abstract The Sugar industry in Pakistan has been forced to face a number of problems in the recent years, especially for those people who are stake holders in them, most notably those of the raw material suppliers, the employees and the mill owners. Government intervention in the form of price flooring and the inability of some sugar mills such as Kohinoor Sugar mills limited in keeping up the technology pace with other larger, more technology suave sugar mills has resulted in numerous problems for the management. This paper explores some of the current problems being faced by Kohinoor Sugar ...

Purpose

The purpose of this experiment is to prepare soap through the saponification process and use it to test water hardness. Procedure The saponification process began by placing approximately 5 grams of lard in a beaker. 15 mL of sodium Hydroxide (6 M) was slowly and carefully added followed by an addition of 25 mL of ethanol. After adding ethanol, the beaker was heated while stirring until the base fully reacted with the lard. The result was a clear and homogenous solution. After cooling the solution, 20 mL of water was added. The next step involved the preparation of saturated ...

Introduction

Heat of vaporization and vapor pressure are the two essential properties of a liquid in thermodynamics. The vapor pressure of a substance is the measure of the tendency of its molecules escaping (Blauch). The heat of vaporization is defined as the amount of the attractive energy that exists between molecules in the liquid and has to be overcome in order for the molecules enter the vapor phase. When a liquid sample is put into a container, there is the tendency for the liquid to evaporate. Liquid molecules escape from their state into the gaseous state. When the liquid is ...

The following paper describes the current developments and advances in the use and application of smart packaging technology in food packaging processes. The paper focuses on the application of the technology through various methods of smart food packaging, process designs, equipment used and the current applications. The paper also gives the various applications for the smart food packaging technologies.

Oxygen Absorbers

Oxygen absorbers/scavengers refer to smart packaging technologies that work by absorbing oxygen from foods while reducing oxygen metabolism in the packaged food (Latou et al. 2010). The process is designed to decrease oxidative rancidity and stop any unintended oxidation of ...

Market Audit Report for E-cofueling Executive Summary E-cofueling company produces ‘clean’ fuel that has very minimal carbon emissions to the environment. It uses plant remains to produce ethanol which acts as an alternative source of fuel. The purpose of this report is to conduct a marketing audit report for the E-CoFueling Company. The report is detailed and ...

E85 is a fuel form that contains 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. Ethanol is a renewable fuel derived from organic matter through fermentation. In the United States, ethanol is produced from plants such as corn, grasses, and sugarcane (Ethanol par. 1). Ethanol blended fuels such as E85 are deemed desirable as they reduce overdependence on fossil fuels and lower greenhouse emissions from vehicles. The economy has been receptive to blended fuels as consumption rose from 1.7 to 13.2 billion gallons between 2001 and 2013. However, ethanol use is contentious because the fuel can only be used in flexible-fuel cars. ...

Executive Summary

E-co fueling company is the first company that started producing ethanol fuel in Australia. The fuel has been found helpful in reducing carbon emission in vehicles to a minimal level thus keep the environment clean. The objective of this report is to formulate marketing and action plan for the company. The report discusses four marketing Ps: product, promotion, pricing and place. Since the product is new to the Australian market hence the emphasis will be given to generate awareness about the product and also on promotion of the product. Other components of the plan like budgeting, time lines, associated ...

The question “why countries that do not have that much natural resources to boast of often appear more progressive and financially stable than countries that are staggeringly abundant in natural resources?” has been common among citizens of both resource-rich and non-resource-rich countries for a very long time. It is actually logical to think that a country rich in natural resources, especially the point-source and non-renewable ones such as oil, diamonds, and other ores, would outperform those that are less blessed because they already have an edge to begin with. However, according to Sachs & Warner (2001), the opposite happens. Sachs and Warner stated that while natural resources-rich countries may have undeniably larger export income potential than those less fortunate with natural resources, the resource curse thesis prevents that from happening. ...

SCI 207 Dependence of man on the environment

Introduction In discussing whether alternative energy sources are the answer to ending the human dependence on oil and other fossil fuels, it is useful to look at the way we currently view the environment as a resource that should be owned or controlled by individuals. This will lead to further discussion related to how this perspective has shaped political decisions related to resource use. It is also important to look at some examples of alternative energy sources and how they might be used to reduce our dependence on oil. In highlighting the role that the government has played in ...

Introduction

Green energy comprises natural active processes which can be attained with slight pollution. Geothermal power, anaerobic digestion, wind power, small scale hydropower, biomass power, solar energy, wave power, tidal power, and certain forms of atomic power (ones that are capable to burn atomic waste by a process identified as atomic transmutation), and consequently belong to the "Green Energy". Some explanations may similarly include power consequential from the burning of waste. Some individuals, including James Lovelock and George Monbiot have precisely classified atomic power to be green energy. Whereas many others which include Greenpeace disagree while claiming that problems supplementary ...

Introduction

In discussing whether alternative energy sources are the answer to ending human dependence on oil, it is possible to look at the way we currently view the environment as an instrument that should be owned or controlled. This will lead to further discussion on how this view has shaped political ideology. It is important also to look at some examples of alternative energy sources and how they can be used to reduce dependence on oil. In highlighting the role that the government has played in the past and present, it will hopefully become apparent that individual action is often ...

Although technology has changed the world for the better, nonetheless, the technology of using corn as a fuel or source of energy, an alternative for oil, has been an ongoing debate during the last few years. Many cars in industrialized countries use biological fuel, or oil containing ethanol produced from corn, as a solution for the global energy problem. The truth is that using corn as fuel has greater consequences than the pollution from gasoline used in cars. Therefore, corn, food for humans, should not be used as an alternative for oil. Many people in industrialized countries believe that ...

Introduction

Biomass is a biological material obtained from a living organism or a recently living organism. The word biomass is derived from two Greek words; bio meaning life, and maza meaning mass (Demirbas, “Fuels from Biomass” 43). Biomass means non-fossil and bio-decomposable organic matter (originating from plants, animals and microorganisms). The products, byproducts, residues and waste from agricultural processing, all constitute biomass. Bio-waste simply means non-fossil and biodegradable waste that is composed of organic matter. Bio-wastes include food and kitchen wastes, garden and park wastes, and wastes from food processing plants. Bio-waste is therefore an element of biomass. Non-fossil wastes ...

According to scientific American, only two out of ten ears of corn are used as human food. The rest (8) are used as a source of ethanol and as animal feeds. They share the percentage of the remainder in half. In the past one year, five billion bushels have been used for human and animal consumption, while 5.5 billion other bushels were used for fuel. They continue by clarifying that the American farmers are now using little amount of corn on animal feed while the US bio fuel industry has increased its use of corn as a source of ...

Analysis of Culture Cell KU812F with Three Protocols

Abstract Protein analysis for cancer cell research has been found to be extremely reliable. The culture cell KU812F (chronicle myeloid leukemia cell line) was used for this laboratory. Globin gene switching was observed by evaluating the gene expression in the cells. Gene expression and protein folding were provoked. Gene expression is the process of transcribing DNA to cDNA and then used qPCR to study gene expression. cDNA was translated into mRNA which in turn is translated into a protein. mRNA concentration was analyzed. The three protocols were Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), Enzyme-Linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA), and ...

Introduction

Microeconomics deals with individual firms and units’ decision making in an economy while macroeconomics addresses the greater national aspects. In that respect, this analysis seeks to demonstrate the functioning of both microeconomics as well as macroeconomics concepts by analyzing two current issues in the US addressed in two articles or the news and touching on such concepts. This is achieved by the analysis first explaining the problem as presented in the article and its possible causes. The analysis further explains the significance of the issue and its possible cause of economic fluctuations as well as its effect including benefits ...

Are alternative energy sources the answer to ending human dependence on oil?

For the past couple of decades, climate change has gradually changed the course of the globe and influenced the different patterns important for maintaining the ecosystem. One of the biggest contributors to climate change is fossil fuel, more commonly known as oil. Oil has been used since the Industrial Revolution as it powered up the machines, transportation and even gave electricity to homes around the globe. At present, oil is now being exported by oil-rich countries to developed countries, causes conflicts in these countries and even becomes the bane of most consumers due to its ridiculously high prices. With ...

Freeing America from Foreign Oil Dependency

In Presidents’ Obama’s acceptance speech, one of the bold promises he pledged was to see an end to the United States of America’s ‘addiction’ to foreign oil. Judging from his words, it is understandable that he was addressing American’s oil dependency for the sake of the nation’s environment, security and economy. However, his sentiments attracted sharp criticism from all corners as debate raged on whether it was a possibility or impossibility. I beg to differ with US foreign oil dependency policy and tend to think that it ...

Waste Management

Introduction Dealing with waste has become an increasing concern nowadays, since it affects people’s life quality by impacting the health, it affects the aesthetics, it jeopardizes the ecosystems and in general, it negatively impacts the environmental sustainability. Domestic waste (generated by individuals) and commercial and industrial waste represent a quotidian aspect that authorities are aiming to handle, either through applying laws and guidelines for maintaining healthy and clean cities and villages, either by applying various technologies for actually managing the waste disposals. And the processes and technologies used to manage the various types of waste differ depending on ...

ABSTRACT:

A plasmid DNA is an extra-small circular structure commonly found in bacteria which is capable of replicating by itself in the cell. These are used in genetic engineering as vehicles to carry and make copies of a particular gene which can produce desirable effect. In this report, we discuss the isolation and purification of DNA fromEGFP-LC3 plasmidusing a modified alkaline lysis method and QIAprep spin columns. The concentration of the isolated EGFP-LC3 plasmid DNA was found to be 82.868µg/ml. The ratio of ODs taken at A260nm/A280nm was found to be 5.314 which could be because improper washing step ...

Essay

Abstract In today's fast moving constantly changing world every person might need some certain means for relaxation once in a while, thus, it will be very difficult to find a person who has never tasted alcohol in his life. Alcohol is one of the lightest forms of addictive substances, but still the danger of becoming addicted is huge, especially if drink alcoholic beverages on a usual basis. Of course it does not mean that our human body has any physical need for alcoholic beverages at all. This need, if appeared, is only psychological, that is why psychological programming is ...

Resource-Based View Analysis

Physical analysis Husky Energy Inc. is omong one of Canada's biggest incorporated vitality organizations, headquartered in Calgary, Alberta. It is merchandized on an open market on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the images HSE and Hse.pr.a. The Company works in Western and Atlantic Canada, the United States and the Asia Pacific Region, with Upstream and Downstream business sections. Husky Energy is controlled by Hong Kong elite rich person Li Ka-Shing who possesses a larger part imparts of more or less 70% as per Bloomberg and Financial Post information. Husky's establishment is in Heavy Oil and Western Canada, where it ...

Today most of the companies follow the principles of sustainable development and pay more attention to managing reputation and image assets and risks. This trend is caused by the establishment of a new type of competition between the companies: the companies compete neither in price nor in quality tactics, they compete in ideas and principles that come with this or another product. More and more people are paying attention to ethical aspects of the company’s operation (for example, in-life testing of products). This means that ethical and corporate social responsibility principles have become one of the driving forces ...

of HT22 Cells derived from Mouse Hippocampus

Sections I and II

Biology Section I 1. Introduction Fluorescent protein development research has gained increased knowledge about the range in the color palette available from the Aequorea Victoria jellyfish. The wavelength emissions in the blue to yellow range are now better understood. [1] Another area that has seen a great improvement in knowledge is the understanding of emissions of the monomeric fluorescent protein emissions in the orange to far-red spectral region. [1] The spectral region of fluorescent in the orange to far-red is derived appropriate reef coral species. [1] This area of research is particularly ...

Introduction

The most widely used model when investigating the breast cancer is T47D cell lines. These cell lines are easily spread, easily manipulated genetically and when used in the experiment, it provides good results. They have been used to examine new therapies and the and the breast cancer pathobiology1. Over many years HER2 has 25% - 30% of human breast cancers have been caused by gene amplification. The monoclonal HER2 and the EGFR are the two HER2-targeted therapies that are used for approval in the most clinics. During growth, HER2 is used to regulate the cell growth and assist in ...

Alcoholism and Pregnancy

Alcoholism increases tolerance on alcohol thus affecting an individual’s ability to control his or her alcoholic consumption. Studies have shown that a large cross-section of women is today consumers of alcohol. This affects most professional ladies more than ordinary women. Their brain is more prone to damage than that of men; for instance, the case of memory loss. The new generation women are likely to suffer from serious medical consequences such as brain, liver, and heart anomalies. According to Russell (2005), alcoholism has very adverse effects ranging from mental to psychiatric disorders, and even suicide. Children born of ...

Introduction

Renewable energy is a kind of energy whose origin is a resource that can be recycled or replenished. Examples of renewable energy include; rain, wind, geothermal heat, waves and tides.With the increasing technological progress, many companies, households and even governments are embracing renewable energy. Currently, 16 per cent of the energy used across the world renewable. The share of renewable energy is rising rapidly. For instance, energy derived from wind power is increasing at an annual rate of 20 per cent. Renewable energy is not only cheap but also environmentally friendly. This is why many organizations and governments are ...

Corn Overproduction

Introduction Corn is a plant that can thrive in numerous climatic zones making it a crop that is grown in many countries globally. Scientifically it is called Zea Mays and is commonly called Maize in Central and South America where it is native to. Because of its energy-giving capacity and quick maturity, the crop is a staple food in many countries. In addition to corn being a food crop, it is also a source of income, food for animals, and fuel. This makes corn production a demanding venture in many countries. Since 1990, many countries have invested heavily ...

Abstract

The experiment conducted is a palladium catalyzed coupling of a terminal alkyne to 4-Iodonitrobenzene. 1.25 mL of 95% ethanol was added along with 93mg of 4-Iodonitrobenzene, 80mg piperazine hexahydrate and 4 mg CuI, in a 5mL clean and dry conical vial plus spinvane. 80 µL (density 0.898 g/mL) of tetrahydro-2-(2-propynyloxy)-2H-pyran was added to the solution through an automatic pipette. To this add 3 mg of Pd(OAc)2, refluxed and stirred under a water cooled condenser for half an hour until it turned dark brown. The reaction mixture was then poured into a clean and dry evaporating ...

The extreme dependence of our present day civilization on Fossil Fuels is a matter of much debate. Coal, natural gas and oil accounted for 87 percent of the world's primary energy consumption, predominantly led by the US as the largest consumer of these fuels. (Cusick, 2013) The US leads the race in the use of these fuels with other emerging nations too vying for the spot. In the US, the recent discovery of shale gas has ensured that the US will continue to dominate the global scene in the usage of conventional fossil fuels. Further, the US has also ...

English

It would be tough to choose between the positives and negatives of an electric car, because along with the number of positives it carries, it does have its share of negatives as well. However, going by the popular view that with gasoline depleting and carbon emission increasing, electric cars would be best suited for modern transport; the positives undoubtedly outnumber the negatives. As the world population grows, the need for housing and food has slowly by surely started eating into the forests, and man finds himself fighting for space with animals. As growth has to be supplemented by development, ...

Introduction

The depletion of fossil fuels and the increased levels of vehicular that are being expressed across the world made the automobile companies to look for alternatives to the conventional internal combustible engines that run on petrol and diesel. One of the most important inventions in the field of automobile history is the hybrid engine technology. Hybrid cars combine the conventional petrol powered engines with the electric motors. A small petrol engine that is fit inside a hybrid car operates a dynamo that produces electricity (Barett nd). The electricity that produced will be in turn utilized for running the electric ...

Introduction2

The opportunities and challenges of the biofuel industry..3

The demand of farm and food products by biofuel4

Socio-political and economic factors of biofuel4 Technological impact of biofuel5 Legal and regulatory factors surrounding the development of biofuels6 The ethical debate surrounding biofuels6 Food security in a growing world population7 The future of biofuels in Canada8 Conclusion..8 Work cited..9 Biofuel Introduction The change in preference on the type of fuel needed across the globe has been influenced by the need to have enough fuel to sustain its demand. The global supply may not be enough to sustain the worldwide demand. Fuel prices have been on the increase recently. Additionally, its ...

Article Review

In this paper, I review the article Fundamentals of Beer and Hop Chemistry, authored by Keukeliere, D. (2010). In his article, Keukeliere (2010) begins by indicating that beer, an aqueous fermented drink, is based on starch, but flavored by hops. Keukelier (2010) notes that, barley, and most specifically barley malt, is the main body of beer. In order to produce one liter of beer, a few hundred grams of barley malt are needed. However, Keukeliere (2010) indicates that in the absence of barley malt, starch-rich adjuncts such as wheat, corn or rice can be used. Keukeliere (2010) notifies us ...

Abstract

Peru is the largest producer of coca in the world. A lot of land in Peru has been dedicated to the growth of coca. Coca was a very important cash crop in Peru in the 19th century. The 20th century marked a decrease in export of coca. This was as a result of the revelation that coca was being used to make cocaine. The United States has since been the major drive force for the ban of coca. Farmers needed an alternative desperately for their product. The answer was coca wine. Coca wine is wine that has coca extractions. ...

Therefore it Should be Illegal

Coffee has become the liquid gold of the world; in the article, “Coffee as a Social Drug,” it is clearly stated that coffee is a globalized drug; therefore coffee should be declared illegal and taken from the market. The first warm drink that almost all children are exposed to is chocolate and as he or she gets older and enter adolescences he or she is introduced to coffee. Once presented, with coffee a lifelong intimate relationship is formed and going without it is unthinkable. Coffee is the one drug that does not have any social barrier; the rich enjoys ...

Bio-fuels

Bio-fuel is a form of energy which is obtained from renewable animal and plant materials. They include; Ethanol, biodiesel, green diesel and biogas. The development of bio-fuels can be categorized into three generations; the first, second and third. Bio-fuel crops such as sunflower, corn, sugarcane, and rapeseed are used to directly produce and process the first generation of bio-fuels. A good example is ethanol. In the United States, ethanol is manufactured from corn, whereas in Brazil sugarcane is used. In the case of second generation, bio-fuels are manufactured from plant lingo-cellulosic materials. Agricultural waste materials, forestry, poplar, willow, perennial ...

Abstract

Oxidation is a common problem in olive oil due to its high content of unsaturated fatty acid, this leads to nutritional losses and quality degradation, especially under microwave heating. A number of studies have been done to add natural antioxidants to reduce oxidation. This project examines the possible application of olive leaves to reduce or inhibit olive oil oxidation under microwave heating. Olive leaves were able to increase the total polyphenol content as well as reducing the peroxide value in olive oil. However, the microwave heating caused severe quality degradation (increasing peroxide value and reducing total polyphenol) especially after ...

The experiment essentially investigates the association between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.

Introduction

Mitochondrion is a cell organelle, which moves along actin filaments. They are also calcium storage sites in the cell. The positioning and movement is influenced by membrane-cytoskeleton interactions. Reports suggest that the release of calcium from mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum is influenced by structural changes in microtubules.

Materials used.

1. YFP-HDEL/atp-mito-CFP line. 2. 2μM Latrunculin-B 3. Ethanol control. 4. Arabidopsis Sail359/Aequroin line expressing atp-GFP-Aequorin.

Procedure

Actin depolymerization affects mitochondrial clustering and movements. In the experiment, YFP-HDEL/ atp-mito-CFP line was treated with 2μM lat-B for 3 hours and 24 ...

Environmental Science Unit #3

Law of Conservation

The law of conservation describes the way that energy is not lost or created but cycled through the energy system. That means that energy moves in a closed system unless energy is added or subtracted. Even though energy moves through a closed system it can be converted from one type of energy into a different type of energy. Kinetic energy is the amount of energy minus the potential energy. When a car sits at the top of a hill there is potential energy present, when the car gets shoved down the hill that is kinetic energy. ...

There has been a sudden growth in the production of biofuels recently. This is being mostly witnessed in relations to those types of biofuels that are being produced to replace the ethanol. Biofuels is one of the renewable source of energy that scientist are advocating for us as regards to the effect of non-renewable fuels on the environment and climate. The effects of those non-renewable fuels are so detrimental, that it has resulted in great changes in the climate and our environment. Biofuel is a form of fuel that has its energy derived from the process of biological carbon ...

Introduction

Baker's yeast is the ordinary term known of certain generic classes of yeast normally utilized as a baking agent in bread and bakery commodities production, wherein it translates the fermentable glucose and sucrose otherwise found in dough into two products that are carbon dioxide and ethanol. Scientifically, this yeast is categorized under species Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sonnleitner, 2006). This is the same species frequently employed in the fermentation of alcohol hence the tag brewer's yeast is also accorded to it. In this experiment, we attempted to produce yeast through the process of fermentation (Kristiansen, 2004). The fermentation process is powerfully ...

1. Compare and contrast organic, inorganic and solid phase approaches for DNA isolation

Organic isolation takes place after the DNA has been released from the cell and a further purification is to be conducted. The purification is done in order to remove the contaminating proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and cell debris. Organic isolation makes use of a combination of high salt, low pH and an organic mixture of phenol and chloroform. The mixture dissolves hydrophobic contaminants and then strips away most of the DNA associated proteins. The DNA precipitate in this method is collected by centrifugation. The DNA pellet is ...

Introduction

The United States of America is one of the leading countries where fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are used to satisfy more or less 80% of the energy needs. Fossil fuels are utilized extensively for heating homes, running vehicles, providing power to the industrial sector, and for other significant purposes, especially the provision of electricity. However, it is also not an untold secret that the fossil fuels will eventually reduce considering the known reserves of the mentioned fossil fuels. It is also apparent that there has been a considerable increase in the costs related to ...