Essays on Radioactivity

Introduction

Certain factors such as the need to conserve environmental purity as well as the increasing pressure on fossil fuels have prompted the increased use of alternative sources of fuel, renewable energy to be precise. Renewable energy has been cited as not only cheap to exploit but also the most environmentally friendly sources of energy due to the reduced instances of environmental pollution associated with such energy (Pasqualetti 204). Solar energy, for instance, has been largely exploited globally due to its free availability, especially along the tropics where it is abundant throughout the year. Despite the increased preference of solar ...

The article presents the application of nuclear technologies in agriculture, medicine and industry. The numerical characteristics of the nuclear technologies in the US economy are presented. The general concepts of sterilizing medical equipment with radiation, the principles of drug testing using radioisotopes, as well as the diagnostic techniques are discussed. The therapeutic application of radiation for cancer treatment and arteria-venous malformation are described. In agriculture, radiation is applied for higher crop production, to improve animal health, and eradicate the pests. The industrial application of radiation are process control, plant diagnostics, material development and testing (Waltar, 2003). The article opens ...

Introduction

What role do information systems play in an upcoming organization? Information system plays a crucial role of transcending information from a person or one company to another. The information is mainly meant to aid the business in meeting the transactions or decisions that the executive board needs to make. To perform this, there must be a format or chain to be followed so that the information can flow as required. The chain needs to be hierarchical so that the information can be passed from one head department to the other. In today's economy, failing to embrace the culture of ...

Question 1:

Ernest Rutherford is sometimes referred to as the “Father of Radioactivity”. Rutherford made many contributions to research into radioactivity and the nature of an atom. Outline his contributions. Rutherford contributed greatly towards the experimenting, studying and understanding of radioactivity, and the atom. His initial contribution was the discovery and definition of the electron. The Nobel laureate proposed the Rutherford atom model that replaced the Thompson model. This provided an excellent basis for future work into the studying of atoms, as well as, their physical and chemical properties. He was involved in research aimed at splitting the atom leading to ...

Geography Assignment

Geography Assignment

Question one

Ernest Rutherford made remarkable contributions towards radioactivity and the nature of the atom. He was the first man on earth to discover that atoms have a small nucleus that is charged and its surrounded by space which is circled by very tiny electrons. This was what became to be known as the planetary model or Rutherford model of the atom. Rutherford collaborated with Fredrick Soddy on research on transmutation of elements. The two researched in X-ray effects based on conductivity of gasses ("Ernest Rutherford: Father of nuclear science," 2014). This is where they came up with the ...

Ernest Rutherford and his contribution in radioactivity

Ernest Rutherford is termed as the Father of Radioactivity and nuclear science. Rutherford, who born in 1871 and passed on in 1937, discovered alpha and beta rays. He set forth the law of radioactive decay, identified the alpha particles as helium nuclei. Rutherford postulated the nuclear structure of an atom. His contribution to Radioactivity came from an experiment he demonstrated by firing alpha particles into gas atoms where few particles were seen to deflect. This implied a dense, positively changed central region of an atom contained an atomic mass (Dardo, 2004). Figure 1. Top: expected results, alpha particles passing ...

Geography Assignment

Geography Assignment

Question one

Ernest Rutherford is a renown physicist who is known as the father of nuclear physics due to his enormous contribution in the field of radioactivity. Rutherford discovered the concepts on radioactive half-life which assisted in proving that radioactivity is involved with transmutation of a single chemical element to the other. The physicist also differentiated and named the beta and alpha radiations. Rutherford was the first person to design and undertake highly original experiments that had alternating currents as well as high frequency. In his second paper, which was about magnetic viscosity contained a description of time apparatus ...

Introduction

The following discussion entails three questions, which are all based on radioactivity with respect to geology. The three questions are further subdivided into three subtopics: Biography of Ernest Rutherford, weathering, and practical consultation.

One of the most recognized personalities in the world of discovery is Ernest Rutherford. This is due to his efforts in chemistry-related research which led to a number of discoveries. Ernest carried out his education mainly in New Zealand, where he was born and brought up. At first, Rutherford did research into the magnetic properties of iron when exposed to high-frequency oscillations. This made him one ...

Question 1

Radioactivity is the process by which unstable isotopes of elements disintegrate in the nucleus to release energy in form of gamma rays, beta radiation and alpha radiation. The disintegration occurs as a result of the stability within the cell nucleus. Some isotopes of elements have non-balancing number of the protons as compared to the neutrons, as a result of the lack of balance between the negative and the positive charges in the nucleus; the nucleus becomes unstable and disintegrates. Radioactive radiation was first discovered by Henri Becquerel in 1896 as he was working on X-ray. By then the X-ray ...

Question 1

Ernest Rutherford One of the contributions of Ernest Rutherford includes the discovery that the Becquerel rays consisted of two different rays (Sears, 2015). The discovery of the two rays came about after Ernest Rutherford focused his attention on actual radiations that are emitted by radioactive substances. The experiment consisted of evaluations of radiations that were emitted from successively layered sheets of aluminum placed over a uranium compound. A distinction made in the two forms of rays was their penetrating power. According to Sears (2015), to be able to distinguish between the two forms of rays, Rutherford named the easily ...

4 – Nitroaniline

INTRODUCTION

4-Nitroaniline is an organic nitro aromatic compound. It is a yellow powder with a pungent odor and is highly soluble in hot water, methanol, ethanol, acetone etc (Lide 1994). Its chemical formula is C6H6N2O2. It has the following chemical structure: (Courtesy: PubChem 2016) It is also known as P-Amino nitrobenzene, P-Nitraniline or Benzene amine (PubChem 2016). It explodes on decomposition to emit toxic nitrogen oxides (Lewis 1996). 4-Nitroaniline is used in the manufacture of textile dyes such as the red azo dyes. It is also used in preparation of antioxidants, fuel additives, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and poultry medicines ( ...

Introduction

According to the scientists, the earth is estimated to be about 4.55 billion years in age. This estimation is based on different assumptions and evidence carried out from specific parts of the earth. The scientists used three methods to come up with the actual age of the Earth. This paper will highlight how scientists established the actual age of the earth and all the assumptions that were made.

Methods Used to Estimate the Actual Age of the Earth

Radiometric Dating Method The scientists also used the knowledge of half-life and the decaying element concentration to estimate the age of the sampled rocks, which translate to the age of the ...

Sociology

Book Review Critical thinking is crucial for navigating through the numerous arguments people come across in daily life- in the form of advertisements, political speeches and even college level debates. Capaldi and Smit provide an essential handbook for readers to identify arguments, analyze them, present cases, attack arguments, defend cases and undertake cause-and effect reasoning. The very foundation of modern discourse rests on identifying arguments. It is necessary that people identify the premises and conclusions of arguments through their context, instead of grammatical location in sentences. The authors highlight the concept of interlocking arguments, where a conclusion acts as ...

The article under consideration is “Radiation technologies: past, present and future” by A.G. Chmielewski and M. Haji-Saeid (2004). The research in question is devoted to the problem of radiation and its sources. The authors dwell on the historic background of studying the issue as well as on more recent findings in the sphere. X-rays and natural radioactivity were discovered as early as in the XIXth century. Very soon after that, Marie Curie-Sklodowska and her husband proved the action of radioactivity on living organism and materials. Since that time the study of radiation effect has not stopped. Nuclear reactors producing ...

[Class Title]

The Manhattan Project was the name given to a massive yet clandestine project of the United States in developing the world’s first atomic bomb. Named after the Manhattan Army Corps of Engineers who pioneered the nationwide construction of the project, the project’s infrastructure is actually composed of networked facilities located in several secret locations all across the United States that includes Oak Ridge in Tennessee; Hanford in Washington; and Los Alamos in New Mexico. There were several important precedents prior to the project. In the later part of the 19th century, extensive studies regarding atoms have ...

Introduction

The recent years have seen an unmitigated growth in technology. Advances in technology have been so rapid and fast paced that scientific and medical studies on their possible effects on human beings have failed to keep track with it. Mobile phones is one such technology that has revolutionised the telecommunications industry. With declining prices, more coverage area and added benefits such as internet usage on the go, mobile phones have become quite ubiquitous. As with every technology however concerns were raised about the risk posed by the electro magnetic radiations from the mobile phones. Many studies have been conducted ...

Godzilla is the monstrous dinosaur awakened from his deep slumber in the depths of the sea and started raising havoc in Tokyo, Japan. Godzilla is a movie set during 1954 with a baggage of controversies, issues, appreciations and critics. Godzilla is more than just the rubber monster destroying toy trains and buildings. He is more than the flames he breathes to the human population in the film He is more than just mutated dinosaur. Godzilla is a symbol of fear for something bigger. He is a shadow of the nuclear weapons. Godzilla is a film that mirrors the historical event of Japan at ...

The Navajo Nation is a semi-autonomous nation controlled by the United States of America’s government. It is located on the northeastern portion of Arizona, southeastern part of Utah, and northwestern part of New Mexico. Among all the Native American nations under the jurisdiction of the United States, the Navajo nation has one of the largest, if not the largest, land mass. One of the highlights in this native American tribal nation is the presence of public lands that possess natural sights such as the Ship rock that offers a spectacular view of a ship-shaped rock located in San Juan country, New ...

Background of the Disaster

The Chernobyl disaster is one of the historical nuclear disasters that happened in April 26, 1986. It is referred as the world’s worst nuclear accident that moved the entire earth. The accident resulted to deaths of people both from the nuclear power plant at the time of the incident and also a number of people afterwards. Accordingly, one of the four nuclear reactors of the Chernobyl power stationed exploded due to operational defects, flawed reactor design and inadequate training of personnel (Chernobyl). The nuclear power plan explosion instantly released radioactive materials into the atmosphere. This created a deep impact ...

Question 1)

According to Ede and Cormack, what was the impact of Napoleon's reign on the development of scientific and technical training in France? Napoleon's reign included a refocusing to the education of the masses, including educating women. He centralized and standardized the education system with a focus on language. Napoleon believed in women’s education, to a point. He permitted the reestablishment of the Catholic elementary schools that educated boys and girls. Napoleon’s priority was secondary education however. In this area, he saw to standards not only for students but also for teachers and the curriculum. This was in part done ...

As the population of the world grows continuously from year to year, the consumption of finished goods and services grows respectively; however, the factors of production are limited nowadays, and the humanity is currently in a desperate repeating search of more sources, technology and information. One of the main sub-divisions of the sources` question is the one of energy supply. Contemporary scholars agree that the most potential in supplying the humanity with energy has the nuclear energy; however, they accept that it should be treated with the highest possible responsibility and safety measures. The argument of implementing such energy and ...

Introduction

Prussian blue was discovered by Diesbach and Dippel between 1704 and 1707 in Berlin and was initially used as a synthetic pigment. The new pigment of Prussian blue was less expensive but readily produced unlike the other blue pigments initially used during the blue color paintings. 1 Evidential document provides that Prussian blue was produced in Berlin between 1708 to 1716 by Frisch and Diesbach. Selling of Prussian blue was initially done by Frisch. Dippel also produced the compound while he was in Netherlands until 1714. Frisch and Diesbach attempted to keep the secrecy of the production of Prussian blue ...

Question 1: Rationale and Comparative Advantages

The technology behind PET-MRI presents a major stride in terms of nuclear medicine. Since the inception of nuclear medicine as a discipline, the overall medical domain has received a huge boost in terms of precision in diagnosis and treatment (Boss at al., 2010). However, the PET-MRI is the most recent advancement in this field and is promising to impact on medicine in a very positive manner. The contemporary world is faced by a myriad of intricate health conditions that require an equally sophisticated approach. It is the technologies such as the PER-MRI that hold the key to the 21st century medicine. PET-MRI is a hybrid ...

Introduction:

The report seeks to explore the production and utilization of nuclear energy, a form of energy that is produced through a series of chemical reactions involving the atomic nuclei. In 1896, three scientists, Henrie Becquerel, Pierre Currie and Marie Curie, discovered the radioactivity in uranium salts and further pursued the experiments, and they separated radium, the highly radioactive component (Healey 37). With advanced research, the atom came to be well defined. The terms alpha, beta and gamma decay, came into existence; that is, the release of energy when the nucleus releases neutrons and electrons in the form of electromagnetic radiation. ...

Cancer is a type of disease that is also referred to as malignant tumour. It’s a class of diseases that involves the uncontrolled cell growth and multiplication in the body. These cells develop in the body to form lumps made of tissues and are called tumours. However, not all tumours are cancerous. These tumours are problematic as they disrupt normal body functions such as the circulatory system, respiration, digestion, and the hormonal balance in the body. Malignant tumours are also dangerous because the cancerous cells can enter the blood stream or the lymphatic system and spread to other parts of ...

It is well understood that communication is the process of passing a message from one person to another, therefore there are always different means of communication and also different levels of communication. Cold war defines the period from 1945 and 1991, whereby there was war between Soviet Union and the United States. From time way back during the ancient times until roman empires and up to the cold war period, the adoption of communication by the military has proven to be the victory facilitator. The most proven difficult task during war is that of communicating with the allies and having ...

A forty-three year old male with cases of irritated eyes and increasingly blurry vision. The man also reports cases of skin irritation which are at certain instances severe and cases of difficulty in breathing.

His skin irritation and difficulty in breathing stared six months ago.at the onset these complications were mild and isolated in their frequency but gradually they are becoming more persistent. Irritation of the eyes started three months ago and his vision started to get blurry a month ago.

Past medical history

Noncontributory. Family history His wife, parents, and two sisters are all perfectly healthy. His three daughters are ...

Abstract. The aim of the study was to validate the existence of vesicles in gram positive bacteria, bacillus subtilis. The visualization of the vesicles was carried out by various microscopy techniques. The measurement of vesicle size was performed and the amount of vesicles compared between various strains. The laboratory cultured strains was more effective in the study as they exhibited hyper production of the vesicles. The production of vesicles was also validated in environmental strain, however in much smaller amount. The vesicles were also visualized and isolated from biofilms that act as the natural environment of the bacteria. Proteomic ...

Abstract

Eveslogite, ((Ca,K,Na,Sr,Ba)48[(Ti,Nb,Fe,Mn)12(OH)12Si48O144](F,OH,Cl)14), is a mineral found on Mt. Eveslogchorr in khibiny Massif, Kola peninsula, Russia. It derives its name from this locality, in particular from Mt. Evesglochorr. This mineral occurs as an anchimonomineral veinlet that cross-cuts poikilitic nephiline synite (Hawthorne 2012). This mineral appears to resemble Yuksporite since it forms similar placated fine-fibrous of approximately 0.05 to 0.005mm that aggregates outwardly. The color of Eveslogite is yellow or rather light brown. In addition it is a semitransparent mineral that has a white streak and a vitreous luster. ...

The theory of plate tectonics describes the wide­scale movements of the lithosphere of

the earth. The model is based on the ideas of continental drift, which first gained acceptance in the early 1900s. The geoscientific community granted the theory even more validity after the notion of seafloor spreading appeared in the late 1950s. Basically, the lithosphere is not whole but instead is separated into either seven or eight major plates, depending on the definition that you use. Every meeting point between plates has its own relative movement, either transform, convergent or divergent. Volcanic activity, mountain creation and earthquakes all occur along these edges, and the plates ...

There have been few people that have matched up to the scientific know how of the Curie family. The Curie family has received the most Nobel Prizes in history. Marie Curie, the matriarch of the family, was the first women to win a Nobel Prize and is the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two separate fields of science. Her accomplishments include describing the theory of “radioactivity” as well as coining the term; she also discovered to elements, polonium and radium. The theories of radioactivity helped during World War I where she assisted on the front lines in creating ...

An important source of “clean energy” is generated by nuclear fission. There are around 400 nuclear power plants all over the world generating as much as 15 % of the electricity that we utilize. Most nuclear reactors use radioactive or “enriched” Uranium as their fuel. The breakdown of heavy uranium atoms by neutrons or “nuclear fission” releases energy, which is then harnessed. This reaction is self-sustaining and produces large amount of heat that required coolants to control. During nuclear meltdowns, there is insufficient supply of coolant that could result in the hot Uranium melting through the steel reactor vessels and ...

Introduction

Every year, very many workers all over the world are injured, adversely affected or even die from the radiations emitted from the production processes in various industries. This has raised concern for the industrial hygienists, since radiations have posed a threat to the workforce and the community in general. Ionizing radiation has the most damaging effects to human health. Therefore, protection against such fatal radiation is necessary: the workforce should be protected as well as the community. Generally, radiation is the means through which energy travels from one point to another. Other definitions define radiation as an energy that ...

Introduction

Irina Tumilovich Rapsi’s article, Possible Risks of eBay of Chelyabinsk Meteorite Fragments, explores the legal aspect of selling the meteorite fragments from the meteorite that fell in Russia’s Chelyabinsk Region in mid- February. The author gives the arguments that have surrounded the controversial issue. It includes different legal views from different professionals who feel that the court as well as the Russian government should determine the sale of the fragments. Among the determining factors is the potential risk to human health due to the possible presence of radioactive elements in the fragments.

How the article relates to earth/space

The article revolves about a space ...

Whenever a person hears the term isotopes, one is reminded of the negative effects of nuclear science as it is considered a medium that fosters nuclear radiation, and if handled incorrectly, it can cause massive radiation contamination on a larger scale. Although this perception is correct, this fosters the usual fear of the public whenever the idea of nuclear energy is discussed. Some would often forego the importance of both nuclear science and the use of nuclear power in various purposes. However, people do not realize that they benefit with nuclear science from the food one eats up to the items used ...

Marie Curie is polish-born French physicist. She is most famous for her work on radioactivity. Besides she is twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. Together with her husband Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for the first time in 1903. In 1911 she became the sole winner of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Thus, she became the first woman in the world history who won the Nobel Prize and the only female to win this honorable award in two different fields. Marie Curie (born Sklodowska) was a talented, thirsty for knowledge and ...

I. Natural Radioactivity

Radioactivity is a natural phenomenon occurring in isotopes of elements with atomic numbers 20 and higher. This takes place in isotopes of elements with unstable atomic nuclei. Radiation-emitting isotopes are called radioisotopes. When an atom has an unstable nucleus, the number of protons and neutrons are not balanced and there are either too many protons or there are too few of it. This imbalance causes the nuclei to spontaneously decompose to form a more stable nucleus. During this process, energy or particles are released and this is known as radiation. There are three types of radiation. These are either in ...

Introduction

There is a rumor that nuclear power plants as energy providers will make a comeback to replace diminishing supplies of fossil fuel. Not necessarily because alternative renewable methods for energy increased approximately 53 % in 2009 (The End, 2012).

A report by the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO) states that unplanned reactor shutdowns (accidents) have decreased to almost zero over the last thirty years (Heiser, 2009). Probably that won’t change the negative attitudes towards nuclear power especially after the Japanese melt downs.

Environmental Threat

The Fukushima, Japan disaster demonstrates the danger from the combination of natural disasters and poor nuclear plant design. ...

Introduction

Radiation is best described as energy which is passing through space or a medium (Khan 2010). There are two categories of radiation; non-ionizing and ionizing radiation. Non-ionizing radiation is important in the life systems and can be exemplified by heat, visible light, or radio waves; however, overexposure may be toxic. Ionizing radiation is the one commonly implied whenever the term radiation is used. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to change atoms which may result in changes in cell molecules leading to alterations within the cells and thus cell damage. Radiation is measured by the unit, rem, which is ‘roentgen equivalent ...

Letters to the editor are similar in structure as depicted in all the fourteen letters given in the appendix. Every letter shows the writer’s details i.e. name of the writer, his/her hometown, and the date of publication. The letters are also grouped according to the title. Letters under same title are grouped together in the same page. In my analysis, the first six letters discuss the same topic: “Read This Before Your Feast.” The other letters also share a common topic i.e. Letters # 7 and 8 discuss “Company Secretary, Personal Busines,” letters # 9 and 10 share the topic “The ...

Science Discovery

Nature and Structure of the Atom

In the field of science the structure of the atom has been evolving continuously ever since it was discovered to be the component of all matter in nature. In 600 B.C the concept was that it was the smallest particle of matter that could not be divided further. At the turn of the twentieth century scientists came up with experiments and theories that would revolutionize the subject of atomic structure. In 1900, Thompson proved that the atom had electrons hence setting up the foundation of coming up with the periodic table and discovery ...

Introduction

Unstable nuclei give rise to radioactive isotopes. Although there is a general belief that these isotopes are because of human activities quite a number occur naturally. Most of the radiations that we receive on earth have natural sources. The cosmic rays originate from space and other radioactive isotopes and we expose ourselves to daily. The most significant aspects of these radiations are their ability to transmit energy in terms of waves. The various forms of radiations include the visible light, radio waves and microwaves, which do not have to carry with them enough energy to ionize. Ionizing radiations are the ones, ...