Essays on Posterior

Abstract

This essay is focused on reproductive diseases, which are considered to be conditions affecting both male and female individuals. Congenital anomaly, to be specific, is a kidney disease which entails absence, hypoplasia or the presence of fluid or semisolid-filled sacs, known as cysts. Cysts can lead to urinary obstructive symptoms through local pressure. Severe penis anomalies are rare and are normally related to urinary or various other systematic defects. Even though there are no specific cases reported in the State of Florida, various reports have been filed in United States, Canada, among Asian Americans and Native Americans, in Russia ...

Effectiveness of Supported Angel Heel Treadmill Rehabilitation on hip fractured patients

Physiotherapist DECLARATION I, the undersigned Fatih Serkan YILDIRIMER (print name), a student of the Faculty of Public Health of Debrecen University, being fully aware of my legal liability, do thereby declare and certify with my signature that my thesis, entitled

EFFECTIVENESS OF SUPPORTED ANGEL HEEL TREADMILL REHABILITATION ON HIP FRACTURED PATIENT

is my own original work and that the printed and electronic literature referred to in it was used in accordance with the international rules of copyright. I understand that in the case of a thesis, it is considered plagiarism when: ● quoting word for word without quotation marks and referring to literature without proper citation. ● referring to content without citing ...

Introduction

Cruciate ligaments are arranged like the letter X hence they are also called cruciform ligaments. The ligaments are primarily found on the knee and function in not only stabilizing the joint but also in allowing a wide range of motion. In the knee, the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligaments (PCL) criss-cross to form the cruciate ligament. The two ligaments are strong round bands that extend from head of the tibia to the intercondyloid notch of the femur (Margheritini, 2011). The anterior cruciate ligament lies lateral and crosses the medial posterior cruciate ligament like the limbs ...

Evaluate And Analyze The Paper I.E. Any Improvements, Why Things were done In the Relative Manner Cibely, O., Olivan, M., Jochen Springer, S. B., Tshiner, A., Figueras, M., & Toledo, M. (2012). Theophylline is able to partially revert cachexia in tumour bearing rats. Nutrition and metabolism.

Introduction/background

Explain the background to the research and how it came to being, name any previous articles used as the basis and explain why they are important, is the article building on previous work or aiming to resolve disagreements in previous studies, state the hypothesis being tested, what is the importance of the research question?

...

With four treatment options, the patient must undergo a thorough consultation with the clinician, covering each restoration type. Each treatment presentation will include the benefits and drawbacks the that particular method, risks and/or impediments associated with placement, complications that can arise after placement and daily maintenance protocols. The presentations must be clear and concise and devoid of scientific terminology that may not be recognized by the patient. To enhance understanding, it is recommended that the presentations utilize models, photographs and/or drawings representing the final product; images of previous cases can be used if they comply with all patient confidentiality ...

Vestibular Projections

Vestibular projections in the central nervous system consist of vestibular end organs which communicate with the brain stem and the cerebellum via the vestibular branch of the eighth cranial nerve. These nerves are also connected to the auditory fibers. Thus damage caused to these structures can cause both vestibular and auditory disturbances. The vital function of the vestibular system is to coordinate head and eye movements. The ability of the eye to stay focused on an object even while the head is moving is brought about by the vestibular system.

Vestibular Cochlear Nerve

The vestibulo cochlear nerve or the auditory nerve is ...

Introduction

There are two main attributes of the centre of gravity (COG) that pose a huge impact on the stability of organisms. The location of the COG is determined by the shape of the body. As such, as the same body is assuming different forms, the position of the COG keeps varying. An individual who bends his/her legs is likely to lower his/her GOG position. This, together with other things, leads to higher stability. As strange as it may sound, at times, the COG does lie completely outside the body itself. For instance, if the body is unoccupied the COG ...

The article “Endocrine System - Everything You Need to Know” by Galan, describes the endocrine system that comprises of various glands and how these glands function in regard to enabling the body to carry out various essential functions mainly related to metabolism as well as growth. According to the article, these glands usually secrete various hormones (chemical messengers) that control as well as coordinate various body activities particularly by activating the body to carry out various essential functions that are related to metabolism as well as growth. Essentially, the endocrine system comprises two main types of glands that include; ...

Part A: Cranial Nerves:

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves emerging from the brain’s underside passing via cranial openings leading to various parts of the head, neck and body trunk. These nerves are naming, and numbering of these nerves is based on their position i.e. from the anterior to the posterior of the brain. In this case, the olfactory nerve is CN1 while CN12 is the hypoglossal nerve (Wissmann, 2013). In this paper, only four of the twelve cranial nerves shall be discussed i.e. the Olfactory nerve (CN1), Oculomotor Nerve (CN-III) which are sensory nerves, and the Trigeminal Nerve (CN-V) and ...

Liver is the largest ‘gland’ of the digestive system. It is located right under the dome of the diaphragm, coated by the capsule. It is distinguished the liver’s convex upper surface adjacent to the diaphragm, and a lower, downwardly facing and in contact with the back and abdominal organs. On the part of the upper surface of the liver it can be seen its right and left lobes, the boundary of which is the crescent liver ligament. To the lower surface of the right lobe there is a gallbladder, close to the deep groove of the liver there ...

a.

Tache noir

Tache noir is a skin condition that occurs at the posterior edge. It can manifest itself on the surface of either heels or one. It is significant since it shows the early signs of postmortem ocular. For example, the condition aid in autopsy during the medical examination to find the cause of death. b.

Tardieu spot

This is critical in assisting to establish if the death person was strangled or asphyxiated. It is significant during autopsy as it displays the tissues of the person and indicates if they were squeezed on pressed hard causing death. For example, it is a ...

In their informative poster, University of Dayton’s Biology Department researchers Ankita Sarkar, Janan Bati and Armit Singh seek to explain the complex genetic hierarchy of eye development through experiments which analyze the development of the eye of a Drosophila Fruit eye from birth to adulthood. According to the experiments, significant changes occur in the eye at the beginning of the third instar stage of development. It is at the third instar stage where the fly’s retinal gene differentiation occurs. According to the researchers, “a wave of differentiation sweeps from the posterior to the anterior margin” of the ...

The ultimate goal of every medical practitioner is to provide the most efficient services to the patients. It happens to dentists who look forward to giving satisfactory and durable restorations. For a fruitful repair, Monolithic Zirconia crowns are used. A Zirconia crown is a type of ceramic crown that is worn to give a better appearance of the tooth that has been disfigured or stained for quite some time. The crown is made from a durable material that cannot be rejected by the human body (Stober et al., 2014). Zirconia crown is also used for other medical purposes such ...

Chiari malformation is a disease of central nervous system, which affects the position of the cerebellar tonsils. It was named after the Austrian scientist Hans Chiari, who described this condition in the 1891 (Schijman, 2004). The pathoanatomic basis of this disorder is the inferior position of the cerebellum and brainstem comparatively to the anatomic standard. In a healthy person, cerebellar tonsils are located above the foramen magnum in the postcranial fossa. Due to this disorder, they are dislocated to the level of the first or second vertebra. Normally cerebrospinal fluid is constantly circulating through the cavities in the brain. ...

Background about the development of a bird

The development of a bird from an egg is the complex and speedy process which takes 21 days from the moment the embryo forms. The developments are facilitated by among other factors the presence of pores (about 7,000 of them) on the egg's surface. The pores allow transfer of gasses (oxygen diffuses in while carbon dioxide and water vapor diffuse out) through the shell (Gilbert). Before the egg is laid, it is fertilized; the living cells divide and grow wile segregating into groups. During incubation, the first sign of an embryo appears at 13 to 16 hours after ...

1. The main issue that faces the Bill Galen Development Company lies in the decision on the hiring of a consultant. It is the decision that precedes the other decisions that can be made. As such, the problem entails deciding whether hiring the consultant is the best decision and the decisions that follow the hiring or not hiring the consultant. 3. The information that was relied on in the decision tree was obtained from the data provided for in the case study. As indicated in the previous question, all the decisions made must begin with the decision whether to ...

1. The primary problem in the Bill Galen Development Company case is in deciding whether to hire a consultant or not. This is the decision that has to be made first before the other decisions follow sequentially. After the company has made its decision the other decisions that must be responded to include the application for the variance, whether to purchase the option and in purchasing the property. 3. The data used in the decision tree can be explored through the first decision on whether to hire the consultant or not; A decision not to hire the consultant has ...

Movement Assessment is an exercise that aims to assess dynamic flexibility, the structural alignment of the whole body and bilateral standing stance neuromuscular control. To squat properly one requires having the best possible knees, ankles and hips mobility. It is in knowing compensation that we can determine the underactive and overactive muscles. Form this interventions can then be determined. In case of probable overactive muscles the possible interventions include static stretching, self-myofascial release and neuromuscular stretching all of which are flexibility exercises. The muscles involved in performing squats include quadriceps, gluteus maximus, adductor magnus, soleus, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, erector spinae, ...

Ans1: Growth is defined as the increase in size and mass of a particular organism over a period of time. It is measured in terms of biomass (mass of the organic material). An organism grows by mitosis. Growth stops after certain age of the organism. Growth is quantitative and measured by taking the measurement of height, weight, size and shape of body organs like brain, etc . Development is defined as the process of cells differentiation which helps in the development of the body. It adds complexities to the body (such as organ development). Development of the organism is a ...

CAD/ CAM IN DENTISTRY

The abbreviation CAD or CAM in dentistry stands for Computer Aided Design or Computer Aided Manufacturing (European Society of Cosmetic Dentistry, 2016). The utility of CAD/ CAM has been quite extensive in the modern world of dentistry, mainly in the field of dentistry laboratory. In an article by some eminent research workers, the concept of CAM/ CAD was termed as “A novel procedure for virtual dental implant planning” (L et al., 2008). They also called the same as a meeting of the 3D X- rays with CAD/ CAM. In another article, it was said that the development of CAD/ ...

Part B – Case Study Portfolio: Students will need to work through the 2 case scenarios given.

Rhinoplasty can be performed in two ways using the external perforated method and the internal continuous method. As the patient wants a quick recovery and the least amount of swelling the latter was used. Within the case it also mentions in this case that sutures are internal so the latter was most likely. Lymphedema (swelling) around the eyes at least in the first few days up to a month is a common side effect and may persist up to a month. However, the internal perforated method may lead to increased internal mucosal tearing as opposed to the external perforated ...

Source One:

http://uofmhealthblogs.org/womens/pregnancy-childbirth/oh-body-will-change-pregnancy/8463/

Posted by Helen Kang Morgan, MD on September 24, 2013 In addition to the obvious physical changes as your belly grows during pregnancy, what other surprises may your body have in store for you? Pregnancy is an exciting time, but often one filled with many questions — is my baby healthy, can I do this/eat that, and what the heck is happening to my body?

During your first trimester, you’ll probably feel tired, perhaps more tired than you’ve ever felt before. Get as much rest as you can. About 70 percent of women will also ...

Cranial nerves refer to the nerves that emerge from the brain directly. This is in contrast to the spinal nerves that come from spinal cord segments. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves in human and only the both the first and the second cranial nerve pairs originate from cerebrum. All the other pairs originate from the brainstem. Other than the cranial nerve II, all the other cranial pairs belong to the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The cranial nerve ganglia come from the central nervous system (CNS) (Patestas and Gartner).

The seventh pair of cranial nerves is the ...

The Rotator Cuff - Overview

As defined in the article “Rotator Cuff Injury and Inflammation” the rotator cuff is in the shoulder joint, and comprises four muscles called: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Subscapularis, and Teres minor respectively. They are illustrated in Figure 1 below, reproduced from the same article: (Reproduced from “Rotator Cuff Injury and Inflammation”) As described in the referenced article, these muscles function together to help the movement of the shoulder joint and stabilise it.

Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention of Rotator Cuff Injuries

According to Wedro and Stöppler (Ed.) in their article “Rotator Cuff Disorders” (n.d.), the usual cause of a problem ...

The chicken limb (wings) develops and buds out from the lateral plate mesoderm at typical locations along the sides of the embryo. These limbs grow with regional specification that includes distinct anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral pattern. The limb buds out because of the interaction between the mesenchyme and apical ectodermal ridge (AER). The signals sent from the AER maintain the progress zone in the mesenchymal layer. The progress zone has cell in highly proliferative and undifferentiated state. This knowledge can be used to produce higher number of chicken wings from fewer chickens.

There are certain compounds that are known to ...

ByStudent’s NameCourse IDUniversityDate

Introduction This essay paper has been written to present the plan and implementation of a high performance 24 week training program to be conducted for pro boxers of state level. The program will cover performance testing of the athletes, prescreening of the athletes at the same point of time. This will also include a 24 week micro cycle that includes body session, interval running, skill enhancement, and conditioning time has been added to the performance training program to bring out the best from the boxers. The performance testing of the athletes will be validated by specific methods as described below. ...

List of Figures

Figure 3.0.1 Feature extraction. VIII Figure 3.0.2 Event processing. VIII Figure 3.8.1 Basic Architecture of Bayesian Enabled Network XI

The Problem

Cloud Network security is very significant when it comes to online data and transactions. Attackers often examine vulnerabilities within the cloud system. There are malwares and viruses that can be easily detected and those that cannot be detected easily. With advance technology and increase in computing knowledge, network attackers use sophisticated software that can beat most antiviruses and firewalls hence accessing the system without anyone noticing them (Kumar, 2015). Malicious code also referred to as (malware) often grow ...

The Bayesian method, also known as Bayesian method, is an inferential rule that is commonly used whenever an update is required within any probability estimate (Cohen et al. 12-57). The estimates are done on hypotheses whenever additional evidence is in the process of acquisition. This technique is majorly used in statistics and more especially mathematical statistics. In most of the cases involving the usage of Bayesian method requires, that it be derived through statistical methods. The derivation is usually automatic and ensures that the method well in combination with other competing methods that could have otherwise been used. This ...

"Parapsychologists explain a stated remote psychological effect upon human lives is the sensation of being gazed on, which is very much connected toward the idea of the “curse” (Baker). Substantial folktale supports the thought that looking at somebody transmits exceptional strengths, preferences, or effect. Legends to the side, modern surveys settle that the sensation of being gazed on is well-known in every philosophy. A usual incidence is that of a lady dining unaccompanied at a restaurant who abruptly becomes disturbed. Next the hair on the posterior of her neck elevates and she gets the sense that somebody is observing her- somebody ...

Introduction

Data is normally collected, recorded and analyzed to be presented, published or stored over time. It is targeted to being used in the future for reference purposes or act as the basic, element and foundation of other research studies thereafter. For these reasons, the data collection, presentation and storage methods have revolutionized over the ears as the computer information and technology continues to advance, and many new innovations made each day. In the essay herewith, we present a detailed comparison of the negative binomial regression and the integer valued AR model for the dataset zeger.txt. The process will involve fitting ...

Summary of article one The first article titled “An Overview of the Pituitary Gland: The Endocrine System's Master Gland’’ begins by restating the role pituitary gland. According to this article pituitary gland produces hormones which have effects on the various parts of the endocrine system. These include adrenal glands, thyroid glands, ovaries and testes. The author goes on to state that pituitary, which measures about one third of an inch is located at the base of the brain next to another important part of the brain called the hypothalamus. Both hypothalamus and pituitary gland functions overlap according to Reham. ...

Located outside Target store location

The observation is a study of altruistic behavior of adults toward strangers. One goal in the study is to determine if the presence of an audience motivates a person to be charitable. Hudson and Bruckman (2004) theorized an individual of a particular personality will respond more to the opportunity to participate in a charitable contribution if others are aware of the donation. This may be evidenced in a donation when the plate is passed n church when a person feels others are watching. Some religious organizations include an envelope to conceal the amount of the donation. In this way, the individual is acknowledged as donating ...

- Question: Identify the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg The leg is divided into three compartments by tough fasciae to hold the muscles and proper functioning of these muscles during their contraction. These compartments also contain nerves and vessels.The three main compartments are anterior (extensor), lateral (fibular) and posterior (flexor). The anterior compartment (Extensor compartment) contains muscles which are used for extension (dorsiflexion) of the foot as these muscles have origin in the leg and are inserted in the bones of foot crossing the ankle joint anteriorly. “When acting from below they pull the body ...

Introduction to Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a severe mental ailment that affects about one percent of the population worldwide. It is a major mental disorder that inflicts an enormous burden on the victim causing poor quality of life (Jones PB, Barnes TRE, Davies L, et al, 2006). It increases morbidity and mortality (Murray C J and Lopez A D, 1997), disrupts interpersonal connections and upsets family structures and adds substantial economic costs to the society (Freedman R, 2003). Typical symptoms of schizophrenia, include, delusions, disordered thinking, hallucinations, and bizarre speech or behavior. Though it is very rare to observe the onset of this disease ...

One of the most common sports-related knee injuries is medial collateral ligament (MCL), which occurs in almost every contact sport, such as football, hockey, wrestling, and martial arts. Those more at risk are intercollegiate male athletes, who can experience mild MCL sprain that could keep them away from exercising sports for an average of three weeks (DeBerardino, 2014). However, the severity of the injury has a broad spectrum, it is impossible to determine the incidence of MCL injuries, especially since minor MCL injuries are never evaluated by a physician.

Anatomy of the Injury (structures involved)

One of the most commonly injured knee-joint ligamentous structures is the medial ...

Scenario

A patient visited the clinic and presented signs of hyperinternal rotation of the femur followed by an acute onset of pain. The patient, who is an athlete, presented with pain deep in the posterior aspect of the hip that radiated into the buttock and down the posterior aspect of the thigh. Piriformis Syndrome is suspected. While Piriformis Syndrome is not commonly-diagnosed due to better diagnostic tests for lumbar nerve root impingement and intervertebral disk disease. However, if the patient is a woman -- especially an athletic one -- this is a possible pathology worth investigating. Piriformis Syndrome, however, still remains undefined ...

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant cancer that originates from cancerous cells in the pancreas. It has been estimated that 90-95% of pancreatic cancers are adenocarcinomas that originate from the exocrine part of the pancreatic tissue. Adenocarcinomas (ductal pancreatic cancer) are tumors that exhibit glandular architecture when observed under a light microscope. Pancreatic carcinoma accounts for fourth highest occurrence of cancer related deaths in the United States. The prognosis for the various stages of pancreatic cancer is poor with an estimated 25% survival rate for a person diagnosed with stage 1, while only 5-6% survival rate estimated for a stage 5 diagnosis according ...

Pituitary

The different functions performed by the anterior and posterior pituitary in terms of sex The anterior pituitary which is also known as the adenohypophysis, is basically an interior lobe (glandular) which alongside the posterior pituitary, makes up the pituitary gland. The posterior pituitary releases oxytocin which stimulates and smooth muscle contraction in the mammary glands and the uterus. The anterior pituitary on the other hand stimulates release of thyroid hormones, FSH and LH to stimulate sex cell production and release of sex hormones; it also stimulates sex cell production as well as secretes prolactin to stimulate milk production. ...

At the level of the iliac crest, it moves to the left common iliac artery. From the left common iliac artery, it joins the left external iliac artery. The red blood cell exits the perineum through the inguinal ring and joins the left femoral artery. The left femoral artery passes through the anterior muscles of the left thigh, inside the adductor canal and enters into the popliteal fossa through the adductor hiatus. In the popliteal fossa, the red blood cell joins the left popliteal artery, which divides into an anterior and a posterior tibial arteries. The red blood cell ...

Summary

A salamander’s limbs are smaller and slimier than those of people but they are not different from those of human. Its limbs are unique in the world of vertebrates because they can regrow from a stump after an amputation. This ability has been a wonder for the humans since no scar is formed on the skin where the stump as it would in humans. The human body’s healing mechanism is not very different from that of the salamander but the amphibian shows a unique divergent healing strategies. When the salamander limb is amputated, the blood vessels contract immediately limiting bleeding ...

Introduction

The kidneys refer to the organs that are involved with several important regulatory roles in vertebrate animals. Kidneys play a crucial role in the urinary system as well as in the homeostatic functions such as electrolyte regulation, maintaining a balance between the acids and bases, and in regulating blood pressure. Kidneys filter the blood removing wastes, which are then taken to the urinary bladder as urine. During urine production, wastes such as ammonia and urea are excreted while substances such as glucose, water and amino acids reabsorbed. The kidney is also responsible for the production of hormones such as erythropoietin and ...

In the context of staged physical exercise or body movement during daily activities, one can categorize these movements into either simple or complex motions. One fact that holds constant in all body movements is that the brain coordinates contraction and relaxation of every muscle during motion. This means that our muscles cannot more without instructions from the brain. In practice, uncontrolled contraction and relaxation of muscles results during spasm attacks, especially in patients with tetanus infections. Such uncontrolled movements results in tearing of cartilages and ligaments from bones. In extreme ends, spasms can cause bone fractures in arms and ...

Anatomy deals with the study of forms and body structures (both internal and external) along different levels of organization such as molecules, cells, tissues, organs and organ system. These forms and body structures performs a corresponding function which is responsible for the growth and development of an organism. The study that deals “with the patterns and processes through which the body functions in its environment” is known as physiology (Starr, Evers and Starr, 2008). Physiology is essential in understanding how anatomical structures perform individual and group task related to the activities of the body. For instance, one segment of the ...

Posture analysis can be referred to as an evaluation of person's posture in search of signs of injuries, and poor habits of posture that can result in trauma in the future. In a set up of a clinic, such evaluations of a patient can be important for determination of the sources of postural strain as well as development of a suitable program of treatment. This technique may as well be applied for things such as assisting a person grow a more ergonomic workspace, right athletic shoes, and so on (Toronto Chiropracter, 2013). There has been carried out an extensive study on human posture in ...

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT HYPOTHESES

Multiple Choice Test. Chapter 1 - It is the sending and receiving of information, ideas, feelings, or messages. (page 3) - Language - Communication (answer) - Speech - Voice - Dialogue - What do you call an area on the roof of the mouth just behind the upper teeth that produces the s sound? (page 5) - Pragmatics - vocal-auditory channel - tongue - alveolar ridge (answer) - larynx - This the first design-feature made by Hockett, That is, human beings communicate by forcing air ...

Discussion and Comparison of Laparoscopic and Open Surgical Inguinal Hernia Repair in Adults.

Abstract There is an ever increasing number of hernia repair surgeries required likely due to decreasing levels of physical activity amongst young adults and concurrent muscle wastage in the abdomen. Time off from work, staffing issues at hospitals, and cost of hospital bed space are some of the issues associated with the high cost of open surgical methods. Wound infection, decreased mobility, and recurrence of the hernia are problems associated with all surgeries. The last thirty years has seen the advent of laparoscopy and minimally invasive techniques of surgical repair. These methods offer the promises of decreased surgical ...

` Literature Review Will the implementation of strict count process and other means lower the retention of surgical items (foreign bodies) in patients and during surgery and how does it help to increase patient safety? Ali, A., Omar, B., Okacha, N., Abderrahmane, A., & Mohamed, B. (2012). Paraspinal Textiloma. After Posterior Lumbar Surgery: A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing. World Neurosurgery, 77(2)375-380. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2011.07.017 Paraspinal Textiloma is a complication that is common after posterior lumbar surgery. This study aims to inform spinal surgeons and radiologists on the experience of Paraspinal Textiloma so as to minimize unnecessary death that is ...

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine benefits of ultrasound over MRI as an imaging modality for assessing fetal brain. This study establishes that these two imaging modalities mainly play matching roles. Several differences exist in relation to the laws, abilities, technology and guidelines governing abortion. These differences have a significant effect on how pathologists use prenatal imaging in their treatment procedures. Based on the roles that each method plays and other predetermined factors, a person has to select the most suitable and applicable imaging modality. The benefits and confines of the two imaging modalities when establishing a fetal brain are ...

The pituitary gland is one of the glands that are involved in the secretion of hormones in the body. The gland is located in the brain and is divided into two, an anterior and a posterior lobe. The hormones secreted by the anterior lobe include thyroid - stimulating hormone (TSH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Prolactin, Adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH), Growth hormone(GH), Melanocyte-stimulating hormones(MSH). Thyroid-stimulating hormone is a hormone, which triggers the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine, and then triiodothyronine which triggers almost every tissue’s metabolism in the body. It is a glycoprotein hormone that is made and ...

Abstract:

Strokes are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Key to prevention and control of strokes is a thorough understanding of their etiology and the pathophysiologic processes that occur. A review of the literature regarding cerebrovascular disease was undertaken to more fully understand the changes that lead to strokes. The causes are manifold and there are many risk factors that may lead to pathology causing a stroke. The third leading cause of death in the United States is stroke, it is also the cause of significant neurologic disorders and morbidity. A pathological process involving the blood vessels ...

Introduction

Speech and articulation disorders do not necessarily lead to disability but these disorders definitely affect an individual in a multitude of ways. An individual suffering from the congenital disorder cleft palate for example, would most likely exhibit obvious signs and symptoms of speech and articulation impairments, mainly because of the anatomical distortion of the muscles and other facial structures used in articulation. These individuals’ speech may well be distorted for the rest of their lives if left untreated because there is no natural way of repairing damaged articulation structures. There is a statistically significant portion of the infant population suffering from ...

Detailed Anatomy of the Hip Joint

A joint is described as a place where two bones meet. The body has many joints. However, this paper will focus on the hip joint. The hip joint supports the whole body. It is regarded as a ball and socket joint. The hip joint is formed when the femur meets with the bones of the pelvis. These bones are ilium, ischium and pubis. The ilium, ischium and pubis are located at the rear, lower front and above respectively. The thighbone is the one that forms the ball. The hip joint comprises of several structures that assist it to function properly; that ...

The respiratory system of humans comprises of a complex set of tissues and organs, which gets oxygen from the surrounding and carry it to the lungs. The basic role of the respiratory system is to provide the blood with oxygen so that the blood can convey oxygen to every body part. The respiratory system achieves this through inhalation and exhalation. When one breathes, oxygen is inhaled while carbon dioxide is exhaled. This gaseous exchange is the means of the respiratory system to get oxygen to the blood. The tissues and organs, which constitute the respiratory system of humans, are the ...

A condition affecting the system of veins in legs with venous hypertension resulting in different pathologies that involve swelling, ulcerations, pain, skin changes, and edema is called chronic venous insufficiency (Eberhardt and Raffetto, 2005). It is necessary to understand normal venous function and anatomy to analyze the venous insufficiencies pathology. The peripheral venous system serves as a conduit returns blood into the heart and as a reservoir where blood is stored. Appropriate operation of the peripheral venous system is dependent on a series of muscle pumps and valves (Eberhardt and Raffetto, 2005). Blood entering the venous system of lower extremities has ...

Discrepancy Index and treatment time

Introduction During the past many decades, considerable efforts have been made to develop reliable and standardized measurement tools in orthodontics. Quantitative indices like the peer assessment rating (PAR) and the objective grading system (OGS) have been successfully used so far to assess outcomes of an orthodontic treatment, but these are limited to occlusal aspects only (Cangialosi, 2004).

ABO’s DI

The American Board of Orthodontics’ (ABO’s) main goal is clinical excellence as it aims to deliver high quality orthodontics. With this goal in mind, it has devised a tool, the Discrepancy Index (DI) with an intention of providing an objective evaluation ...

Chapter 12

- One of the features of the text is the bonding and connection between the texts and this feature is exclusively known as Cohesion. It is easy to create a cohesive text and connect sentences but it can be difficult to understand such text. Coherence is a feature that exists in people, and a person’s understanding of the text that is linked to their experiences is called Coherence. - During a conversation, speakers wait for the other person to complete the speech. After completing the speech the speakers mark the completion points in the following ways, by indulging others with a question ...

Abstract

In this condition, which affects one in every 8,500 people the chest and/or abdominal organs have their position inverted on the saggital plane, constituting a perfect mirror image. The relations between the organs are the same, so normally it won’t bring any harm to the patient with such condition. The onset of the situs inversus begins in the embryonic stage, when the tubular structure that will be the heart forms its loop. However, there are situations of heart defects associated with this condition (or of other organs) and such represent much more severe risks for the patient. ...

According to Knight (114) Aristotle is known as the Greek Philosopher who left a mark in the philosophical word. He learnt most of his philosophical ideas from Plato. In fact together with Socrates and his teacher Plato, most of the western philosophy is attributed to them. His philosophies were the first to left a mark in the western philosophy physics. Indeed even his student Alexander the Great became just as good as he was. Aristotle’s writing covered a wide range of topics including politics, morality, metaphysics, logic, aesthetic and science. Aristotle’s physics was quite impressive and they shaped the medieval ...

*Boyd, C. J., McCabe, S. E., Cranford, J. A., et al. (2008). Heavy episodic drinking and its consequences: The protective effects of same-sex, residential living-learning communities for undergraduate women. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 987-993. In their article “Heavy episodic drinking and its consequences: The protective effects of same-sex, residential living-learning communities for undergraduate women”, Boyd et. al. examines group differences in alcohol consumption between undergraduate women in for different types of on campus living environments. This is an important research area because alcohol consumption especially heavy episodic drinking (5 or more drinks within a two hour period) is a growing phenomenon ...

The Left versus the Right Sides of the Brain: Their Impact on Learning

The higher brain – the cerebral cortex – is anatomically divided into two hemispheres – the right and the left. Although the two hemispheres are basically similar in structure, microscopic differences exist, and their functional abilities and propensities are different. These functional differences are described as ‘hemispheric asymmetry’ (Hellige, 1993). The left hemisphere controls sensory and motor functions of the right side of the body, and vice versa. The layman’s percept is that the left hemisphere is responsible for symbolic processes, production and perception of language, and rational thinking, while the right is involved in artistic, intuitive, and creative thinking. This ...