Essays on Bureaucracy

Lindblom is not too pessimistic regarding the ability of the administrators to make profound ‘big’ choices that will change or reshape their external environments. Lindblom considers the administrators too afraid of making choices to the extent that they find every approach that is meant to alter their external environments insecure. This means that Lindblom considers the administrators as a hindrance to the sustainable growth of public institutions. He further considers public administrators to be incredibly limited in their scope because of the political environment that exists in both private and public administration (Stillman, 2009, p. ). Lindblom suggests that the ...

Question 1

The US bureaucracy has faced a lot of criticism from its citizens, some viewing it as failed system whose mechanisms perpetrate incompetence and corruption in the pretext of serving the US citizens. However, Goodsell in his book, “The New Case for Bureaucracy” comes to the defense of the US bureaucracy, terming it as the most effective and efficient bureaucracies in the world.The central themes of this book revolve about bureaucracy, the citizens’ expectations from the bureaucracy and finally how anti-government ideas have reinforced the image of failed bureaucracy in the United States. I his defense of the US bureaucracy, ...

Abstract

Federal bureaucracy is a source of concern in America. In the decision-making process, the average citizens have always been ignored. Most decisions are made by senior officials without taking into account the needs of the citizens. Because of this, there is need to give the citizens a chance to participate in decision-making processes. In the United States of America, federal bureaucracy is a norm rather than an exception. The decision-making process has been left for state officials, contrary to the rules of democracy. As a democratic country, it is surprising that citizens and their elected leaders do not participate ...

Introduction

Bureaucracy as a management of an organization by non-elected officials has long been there in society and firms since 20th century. This form of organization is prevalent both in the public and private sector. The evidence of techno-management or technology management being usurped by bureaucracy is plentiful. For example, techno-managers need for control and domination is evidenced by their language at work by use of words and phrases such as “how many people work for you?”, “subordinates,” “my people” and “staying on top of things,” etc. These indicate the necessity of separating bureaucracy from techno-management; while doing so, one ...

Bureaucracy is a term often used as a detracting slogan and label for all public administration or any formal organization. It can be used to refer to modern organization, either public or private, according to the rationalized principles of modernity. This may include business and industrial corporations, as well as public service agencies. The term become an analytical concept through sociologist Max Weber, and sociologists or organizational design experts often use the bureaucracy to refer to an organizational form. Moreover, bureaucracy can refer to a group of workers such as civil service employees of the government of the United ...

[University] Compared with other western democracies, the United States has a far larger number of political officials at the top of the national bureaucracy. Why is this the case? What are the implications of large numbers of political appointees for good governance? One of the plausible explanations why the number of political positions has grown in number is because American democracy is still a work in progress. As much as possible, elected leaders would like to fill the gaps by creating positions for every administrative function. As observed by Kettl, “In civil service systems, each position is identified in ...

Bureaucracy otherwise referred to as the rule by office or desk refers to a system of administration whereby most of the essential administrative decisions are formulated by the state or organizational officials at the expense of the elected representatives. These officials are referred to as the bureaucrats. This system thrives well in a situation where large groups of people who need to work collectively towards a common goal are involved such as in the country, state or in learning institutions. Most of the time bureaucracy is wasteful and inefficient, but the system has proved to be helpful in ensuring ...

Arguably the most controversial approach in public administration, Max Weber’s bureaucracy model is one that has been criticized by contemporary scholars in management. Bureaucracy, which is no doubt the most rigid approach to administration, has been blamed for a multiplicity of faults in many aspects of leadership, management, administration and governance (Stillman, 2009). Bureaucracy has many basic elements as explained by Weber. The most prominent element of bureaucratic administration is that it is characterized by stringent rules and procedures, which make administration some form of predictable, fixed routine that does not provide room for independent and innovative thinking. ...

Introduction

“Organizations are (1) social entities that (2) are goal directed (3) are designed as deliberately structured and coordinated activity systems and (4) linked to the external environment.” (Daft, 2004). The study of their behavior forms an integral part of business management because it is only from their study that organizations can be designed to provide desired outputs from the most efficient combination of resources. It is important to note that organizations are not only business based but also may be of other types too. (The La Cosa Notra, the Government, councils, clubs, a school, etc. are some non-conventional organizations.) ...

Introduction

Bureaucracy refers to an administrative system that has a hierarchical structure and whose functions have been separated. Additionally, a bureaucratic organization relies on certain rules and procedures, which are regularly revised to enhance efficiency. Many organizations both private and public such as governments and universities often rely on bureaucratic structures. Therefore, the essay will explore the characteristics of bureaucracies as well as its advantages and disadvantages with according to Max Weber.

List the Key Characteristics of Bureaucracy

The first characteristic is that of specialization where workers carry out tasks that require training and expertise (Bond & Kevin 90). Personnel who are trained are able to complete ...

Question One

The job is purposed to offer services to Starbucks customers in the most efficient of ways. It is aimed and focused at boosting customer services. This job description provides a clean environment. Similarly, quality services are purposed to be effected by the provisions coming along with this job. It is also expected that the job shall operate along guidelines and rules that underlie Starbucks. In this regard, its summary and mission are well clear. It shall be expected that the cleaner employees shall work within the following parameters; they shall be expected to work in a manner that upholds ...

Management Theories

Beach Nuts was an extremely influential company in the food industry. It was well known f its production of children juice that was termed as healthy for children consumption. The company had had exclusive market share in the United States as well as the rest of the world. This was mainly following its uniquely manufactured juice that was fit for children consumption. However, the adulterous production behavior of the company did not last for long. It became known that the juice that the company produced was negatively influential to the body of its users. The juice was believed to ...

Organization is a complex mechanism and the larger the scope and scale of its operations the more hierarchical should be its structure to meet the needs and objectives. Business distinguishes flat and bureaucratic organizational structures. This division, however, does not mean that flat organizational structure operate without a single hierarchical level. The backbone of every company is a set of operational policies and regulatory requirements that determine the way communication and relations are built within its core. This specific set of policies and managerial reporting is what we call bureaucracy of the company (Jones, 2010). With the above in ...

Introduction

The term, ‘Bureaucracy’ is made by French word bureau (office) and Greek word kratos (rule). Bureaucracy refers to a body of administrative officials that assists the government and plays important role in running public institutions. Bureaucracy is one of the most significant bodies of modern society. This paper intends to discuss the bureaucracy and further examines what is wrong and right with it along with discussing views of eminent scholars Ralph Hummel and Charles Goodsell.

Discussion

Bureaucracy is a powerful body that affects the life of people and society in larger perspectives. Along with affecting people, it affects every other ...

‘Name’

‘Instructor’s name’ Public sector ethics is a broad topic and usually encompasses the components of the public administrator’s primary responsibility as a ‘steward’ to the general public. But nowadays we see that the bureaucracy of this country functions like an organization whose responsibility is nothing more than organizing and managing the implementation of public policies, with a detached managerial perfection. Their decisions are based on logical and operational factors rather than on ethical perspectives. Louis Gawthrop, in the chapter ‘Rediscovering Democracy: Is Anybody Listening’, criticizes the way in which public sector enterprises are viewed as modern day ...

Terry Cooper and Louis Gawthrop assume a different approach on matters of ethics especially in the public sector. They bring out the nuances that characterize operations in the public sector. Gawthrop takes us through the historical developments in the governance of the United States of America. He outlines the progress which begins with the presidency of George Washington. Interestingly, Gawthrop appreciates the bureaucracy which was formally introduced by President Wilson Woodrow. Woodrow essentially sought to distinguish between the political unit of government and the administrative unit. He considered the latter as the bureaucracy. It is this bureaucracy that is ...

The term, ‘Bureaucracy’ refers to an administrative body that administers institutions and system of a country. Members of this body are not elected like politicians but they have ample rights, duties, powers and responsibilities. Bureaucracy plays very significant role in making and administering of policies that run the government as well as the country. The whole system of any country or a society needs to be regulated in order to function smoothly and this is one of several responsibilities of bureaucracy. This paper intends to discuss bureaucracy and several other related aspects of the subject matter. I run an ...

A.H. Maslow, A Theory of Human Motivation, 1943 Thesis: In this article, Maslow discusses in depth about the basic concepts of motivation that a human mind may be subjected to and how this motivation can further affect an individual’s performance in any number of day to day activities. Maslow also discusses the use of motivation to bring out the desired performance of an individual in the administrative perspective.

“The integrated wholeness of the organism must be one of the foundation stones of the motivation theory.”(Page 114)

“The person who thinks he is hungry may actually be seeking more for comfort, or dependence, than for vitamins or proteins. Conversely, it is possible to satisfy hunger need in ...

Ahn, M.J., Bretschneider, S.(2011). Politics of e-government: E-government and political control of bureaucracy. Public Administration Review, 71 (3) The following article is aimed at reporting innovative public administration experiment in South Korea, which was initiated in order to reduce negative influences of bureaucracy on provision of governmental services and improve citizen participation and democratic values. The article is useful for the research as it reflects recent trends in the development of public administration and can serve as a good ground to use upside down approach, when coming to the history of the issue. Matei, L., Flogaits, S., Archmann, ...

I do believe that transparency is a key component of good governance. Absence of transparency introduces issues of corruption, which then results to mismanagement of public funds. The issue of transparency makes a great link to responsibility and accountability. The public administrators need to be accountable for their actions. Denhardt(2011, p.119) seems to support the idea of transparency by indicating that the public administrators need to be held accountable to various standards such as statutory law, professional standards and community values. The public may easily lose confidence in a government where there is no transparency. A common challenge ...

Q1. In the above video, do you find Brown's explanations for the failure of FEMA after Hurricane Katrina convincing? Why or why not? The criticism of the government on the Hurricane Katrina issue has been tagged to mismanagement and uncoordinated preparation in disaster management. The delay in response to a catastrophe of Hurricane Katrina’s magnitude is very telling of the failure of the Federal flood protection. Many stakeholders concerned with disaster management have had criticism leveled on them due to poor or lack of execution of emergency evacuation programs. Federal Emergency Management Association’s take on the storm ...

The Classical approach is one of the most influential theories of management. Its influence may be dated back to its exclusive impact during the industrial Revolution. This management approach is reliant on unique principles of balance in authority and responsibility, division of labor, delegation to build as well as unity of command. The approach is extremely critical in the definition of excellent management as well as the process of management. This approach is based on several theories that were fashioned by theorists; Weber, Taylor, and Fayol. Each of these management theorists has come up with unique arguments that are ...

Introduction

In the introductory of the chapter, bureaucracy is presented as a body of non-elective officials who are in governance or involved in decision making policy. Bureaucracy is presented as a system that has drawn a lot of negative public reaction evidenced by the attitude people have developed towards it. The Americans have referred bureaucracy a stupid, complex, aggressiveness and self-interest system. It was not until the time of Max Weber and his publications of bureaucracy that people began to see the importance of bureaucratic administration which is opposed to democracy. Max weber observed that bureaucracy promoted the activities of ...

DB6 Q1

Impression management is an objective driven action by which people try to control the perceptions or the impressions that other individuals form of them. Personally, I have in many occasions tried to use this tool myself. For example, when I first joined college, I adopted a special lifestyle that I hoped would convince my friends that I was from rich background. I used to dress in fancy clothes, most of them spent from my upkeep money and even sometimes from my tuition money. For some time, my impression management tactics yielded fruits and I was able to acquire a ...

The bureaucracy is a very important branch of the congress. It is the bureaucrats who have expertise in policy issues although their work is not majorly to make policies but to interpret and enforce the policies that have been formulated. The congress and the president have to cooperate with the bureaucracy for effective and efficient running of the government. Most people are not conversant with the legal system and that may be the reason why they do not give attention to the bureaucracy. Also there have been efforts by the president to frustrate the bureaucracy in an effort to ...

Question 1

Despite the fact that the bureaucracy gets little fanfare, it is still very important branch of the congress. Among the major reason for its importance is the fact that the bureaucrats give a clear definition of policies, make rules to interpret the law, assist the government in law enforcement and also coordinates the working of the government. Bureaucracy works hand in hand with the congress during policies formulation. Being in the iron triangle the bureaucracy has the potential to stop any bad decisions made by the executive. This therefore helps in protecting public interest and ensures that the interests ...

Introduction

Bureaucracy may either refer to a group of workers like he civil service employees or organizational design professionals or an ideal way of organizing the government agencies. There are several attributes or characteristics of bureaucracy. First, formal hierarchical structure is a form of central decision making whereby those levels above control and make decisions for those ones below. In bureaucracy, also there is management by rules whereby after the top levels make decisions they are executed by the lower levels in a consistent manner. The organization is also done in terms of specialty in which those professionals doing the ...

The concept of bureaucracy was advanced principally by Max Weber. Weber was a German sociologist who viewed bureaucracy as the ideal means to organize governments and large organizations both in terms of structure and function. Bureaucracy is mainly defined by formal rules and procedures to be followed at every stage of whichever process that is undertaken by the organization. In addition, bureaucracies are usually characterized by a clear chain of command which must be followed by all the members of the organization. Such attributes contribute to the low fanfare that characterizes the bureaucracy. Nevertheless, the bureaucracy can be just ...

Introduction

Organizations are able to select best structure which help them to work as per unique type of activities and their outputs. There are five most common types of structures used in different types on organizations, Simple structure, Machine bureaucracy, Professional bureaucracy, Divisional form and Adhocracy.

This simple organizational structure is widely used in small businesses organizations, in this structure the coordination of work is effectively structured in a small set of activities with less decision makers, who coordinate activities in a quickly and effectively manner.

Example: a small shop

B. Machine Bureaucracy The machine bureaucracy is found in mature organizations. Mature organization are ...

Most of the modern-day scholars claim that bureaucracy is a very inefficient phenomenon. Despite this, there are many bureaucratic organizations in the universe; the United Parcel Service is an example. Max weber, the founder of the concept of bureaucracy, believed that, a bureaucratic form of government was the most superior compared to the rest. It is said that most bureaucratic organizations shows their superiority through the immanent rationality. The problem arises due to the use of the term, rationality, because it is impossible to comfortably agree with Weber that rationality meant efficiency. The United Parcel Service works to ensure ...

Any social, economic or political system that is based on organised structures and defined rules of engagement would entertain some form of bureaucracy. In the operations of the complex American political system, bureaucracy is entertained from the very onset. It is becomes a political controversy merely in relation to a different understanding and analysis by scholars and politicians alike. However, it should be appreciated that the American bureaucracy due to its complexity can be perceived in various levels and perspectives. The fact that the political system itself entertains two tiers of government, that is the federal and the state ...

Features of a Bureaucratic organization.

Max Weber (1864-1920), a German sociologist proposed different elements found in a bureaucratic organization, which assist in resource control, aid decision making process, accomplish organizational objectives, and protect employees. Weber conceived bureaucracy as an abstract for rational decision making procedures with minimal frictions from human emotions and errors. According to Weber, bureaucratic institutions are most rational in carrying out impartial control over workers (FISCHER and SIRIANNI, 1994). The theory of bureaucracy is founded upon the nature of power and authority relationships. It is concerned with how organizations operate rather than how they function. According to Weber, there are three ...

Introduction

Undeniably, the organizational structures or rather authorities that are observed in most organizations in the modern world have evolved greatly. The kind of authority that is applicable in any given organization greatly depends on structural organization of the particular organization. Bureaucratic is one of the commonly organizational structures that are found in most organizations today. Different scholars from various fields such as sociology, political science as well as public administration have undertaken a wide research on bureaucracy. This indicates that, various individuals have tried to define this terminology differently depending on his/her viewpoint. For that ...

Max Weber, Bureaucracy

Thesis: The main focus for Weber in this article was to convey concrete ideas about the office and the office management in all the jurisdictional areas. He has also enlightened the reader with the old and the modern ways of holding office and office duties. Weber lays stress on following rules and laws in the office. He also calls holding an office as an occupation towards which an employee shall be inclined to order to survive. “ There is the principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas, which are genrally ordered by rules, that is , by laws or administrative regulations.” “ ...

Managing Sustainability in Bureaucratic Era 3

HRM’s Contributions in Managing Sustainability in Post-Bureaucratic Era 4 Cooperating 5 Captivating 5 Adjusting 5 Worker fascination and determination 5 Representative preparing, improvement and payment 5 Conclusion 7

References 8

Human Resource Management Human asset administration (HRM, or basically HR) is a capacity in associations intended to amplify worker execution in administration of their superintendent's vital targets. HR is basically concerned with how individuals are overseen inside associations, concentrating on arrangements and frameworks. “Human resources” is the department within an organization that deals with the hiring, administration, and training of staff. I believe the human resource department has changed significantly ...

Midterm Question

Max Weber’s model of bureaucracy has had a profound impact on the literature of contemporary public administration, as well as the justice system. In essence, bureaucracy refers to the power held by offices and refers to the rule conducted through an office or desk such as the compilation and dispatch documents. Various fields such as sociology and public administration borrow largely from bureaucracy. According to Weber, bureaucracy is both generic and scientific system capable of working in both private and public sectors. Weber defines bureaucracy as the means of moving community action through rationally organized social action (Weber, ...

Brief outline:

Administration entails the management and governance of the masses. It is a source of connect between the rulers and ruled. In the public sphere administration pertains to the handling of the issues and problems of the common man.

Critical review:

The administrative pillar is one of the most important one in the sphere of society and it determines the overall outlook of society.

Objective:

The objective of this paper is to assess and analyze the bureaucratic form of administration in a critical review. Assess its effectiveness and the possible misinterpretations and abuses.

Thesis statement:

Bureaucratic style of administration is a tool if handled properly, ...

Farley Mowat's autobiographical account Never Cry Wolf, written about his time investigating the causes of the decreasing population of caribou in Canada, is a hard-hitting and uniquely spiritual account of the Arctic Wolf. Early in his book, Mowat notes that his "original intention was to write a book satirizing another type of animal, the bureaucrat" (Mowat v). His mention of this is quite clear in its intention; Mowat equates the bureaucrat with wild animals like the wolf, though their territory and their methods are quite different. In light of the hazardous and fear-based imagery associated with the arctic wolf, ...

Introduction

In modern democracies in general and American in particular, the key principles to constitutional democracy is the separation of powers and rule of law. These principles are damaged by the administrative state where much power is vested in unelected government officials or bureaucrats. In a political system with separation of powers like that of the United States of America, the constitution divides policy making powers among the three branches of government. The Congress is charged with the responsibility of making laws, the executive branch is charged with the implementation of the laws formulated by Congress while the judiciary interprets ...

Introduction

It is a fact that the society in general has attempted to use different strategies to modify the distribution and circulation of movies. Some of these strategies have involved the tweaking of cinematographic techniques to advance the themes and aesthetic aspects of the movie, as a way of increasing film sales. Others have involved modifying the themes in the movie industry to penetrate the market and to conscientize the society towards a desired end. In itself, allegorization refers to the use of symbolic actions and figures or generalizations on human existence in literary works. Normally, allegorization is used to ...

In the bureaucratic leadership, the insistence was on a top-down paradigm where physical production was consider as a key element of the organization. In this case, the knowledge structures and the decision-making process would trickle down from the top management and filter through the hierarchy levels of management. However, with the post-bureaucratic era of organizations and business, the dynamism of the environment along which businesses operate means that there is a need to allow models that can help manage knowledge irrespective of the hierarchy level from where originate (Uhl-Bien, Marion, & McKelvey, 2007). The workers at lower levels of management ...

Introduction:

Distinctions and similarities between bureaucratic and patron-client organizations include similarities and differences between the main models of organized crime. Knowing these similarities and differences is important for understanding organized crime

Comparisons in Organizational Structures:

In order to understand the relationship between these bureaucratic, patron – client and criminal organizational models it is first necessary to define and examine them individually. In some ways they are quite similar in that the ultimate power and responsibility is concentrated in the upper echelons. How that translates down through the organization varies. Additionally, most organizations contain elements of both structural designs.

Bureaucratic organizations

Most organizations contain elements of the top ...

Question one

Bureaucracy involves coordinating people to work together in order to achieve certain objectives. Whereby, formal rules and procedures must be adhered to. Most of the crucial decisions in bureaucratic states are not made by parliamentarians but rather by the federal government (Denhardt & Denhardt, 2009). Weber’s model of bureaucracy involves the following formal elements: division of labor, adherence to the established standard and procedures, formal rules, hierarchical structure, division of labor and specialization. Whereby, division of labor entails allotment of task, where each person has specific task to execute in order to achieve the predetermined goals and objectives (Stillman, ...

Assignment Two

regulations, hierarchy, management according to written documentation (e.g. policies, procedures, and guides), office management, workers devoting all of their time to official activities, and the following of rules (Cengage Learning 54-55). Weber’s model does list the main constructs of the bureaucratic model. From personal experience, Weber’s model excludes the compartmentalization of departments or job functions. In the bureaucratic structure, workers within department A tend to become isolated from department B. Even though these departments may be interdependent, the implementation of interdependence and functional interdepartmental relations within the bureaucratic structure is poor.

Kristin’s reasons for relying on bureaucracy for protection are directly related to the

impressions that the public have about ...

James Q. Wilson recommends what guiding principles in making for the most efficient and effective public organizations? How might these recommendations be applied to your understanding of a work organization with which you have had experience? James Q. Wilson states in his book that government agencies or the public organizations are those bureaucracies which run in numerous ways. But Wilson has emphasized that the public organizations are not like the private enterprises; the major reason is that they have not the aim of maximizing their profits and achieving their goals. Wilson has given two recommendations for the bureaucratic morass ...

ARTICLE REVIEWS

Orlitzky, M., Schmidt F. L. and Rynes, S. L., 2003. Corporate social and financial performance: A meta-analysis, Organization Studies, 24 (3), pp. 403-441. [online] Available at: < http://oss.sagepub.com> [Accessed 13 February 2012]

Article Outline

This study intended to show that sufficient data could be gathered to establish a relationship between CSP (Corporate Social Performance) and CFP (Corporate Financial Performance).

The authors asserted that an organization’s operations and strategies in the non-market and market environment affected the organization’s performance. Despite the inconclusive findings of previous studies on the relationship between CSP and CFP, the authors believed that these studies provided conclusions ...

Introduction

Max Weber introduced the bureaucratic management where organizations are more structured, authoritative and rigid. The organizational theory stipulated out by Weber portrays a structure that is formal where rules, competencies, and legitimate authority constitute the characteristics of appropriate management. The idea to introduce bureaucracy was anchored on believe that the informal organization of employees and supervisors hindered business growth. The powers of the organization were misplaced by the presence of the initial organization structure since their employees were loyal to bosses and not organizations. The bureaucratic structure would change the perspective of employees to ensure they are loyal to ...

Bureaucratic organizations have rigid policies and procedures. Bureaucracies have two essential characteristics that included being hierarchical, where each level of management controls the level below, and it is in turn controlled by the level above. The second fundamental characteristic is that a bureaucratic structure of an organization is governed by laws and procedures as the base of direction and authority. Decision making is done at high levels of management through an organized system (Johnston 7). Since authority is concentrated at the top levels, information usually flows from the top down. Hence, this encourages an organization’s culture to be ...

Executive Summary

The present report delves into implications that individual freedom and organizational control will have to the future organization. The first part of the report explains the changes that are taking place in the world of business and how the use of traditional organizational control strategies by some contemporary organizations limit individual freedom. The succeeding part explains what individual freedom at work entails. The third section describes the topic of organizational control and the control strategies that are used in organizations including concertive control, bureaucratic control, cultural control, technical control, and simple control. The concertive control and cultural control promote ...

Introduction

Elaine Kamarck seeks to explain the bureaucratic approaches in keeping with the information age economy. This argument, although it seems illogical, stems from the assertions that have risen from political leaders that suggest that the government in modern days has shifted from being the necessary solution to becoming a problem. Such statements will not be taken lightly by citizens who look up to the government to provide solutions to the many problems they face. One man who is against such an opinion is Kamarck. Largely, Kamarck supports the endeavors that the government takes in order to make the citizens ...

Chapter 11 Review

On the issue of the size of federal service, the author provide figure to demonstrate that the size has been declining for the last 35 years, contrary to views expressed by politicians. Consequently, the fear that bureaucracies are expanding is misplaced because the number of people working for these agencies have been reducing. According to the author, the last time the public service was very large was in 1968 when there were 3.0 million civilian employees plus 6.0 military officers. The number declined to 2.8 million in 2010. Besides, the author argues that the ratio of federal employment to ...

U.S. Department of Education

Organization

Abstract The U.S. Department of Education is responsible for developing policies regarding the educational matters concerning schools and colleges, in the U.S. Being a public agency, the Department of Education operates through fundamentals different from those of private organizations. A State agency is different through a private organization in the following ways such as a shorter time perspective of meeting goals, more turnover, conflicts regarding the agencies goals and the media plays an important role in making the policies work. The public organizations face many problems that stem of from the constraints on HR department, ...

Leadership styles are premised on the philosophy of a particular leader. A leader is motivated into using a particular style due to the surrounding circumstances that prevail in his tenure. However, it should be appreciated that the overall organizational structure, the nature of the employees and the prevailing economic situations all in one way or another contribute to the leadership style. It is noteworthy that the style adopted to contribute to the efficiency of a leader; the ultimate the successful delivery of leadership in the organization is predicated on the style of leadership. This paper seeks to examine the ...

“Both academia and industry have been continously debating the concepts of “modernism” and “post-modernism” with respect to the forms of organization that have evolved over time, constantly trying to draw the red line between them and listing down the advantages and disadvantages of each” (Loncar, 2005). However, in reality, such a clear demarcation is complicated by the level of subjectivity surrounding such organizational studies, that often causes both of them to intermingle with each other despite, their respective individual and independently differentiated status. “Modern organization or bureaucracy, is characterized by a strong focus on the structuring of processes organizations ...

Change Agents,

Bureaucracy, Communications, Job Analysis

a) Successful change agent One of the most important attribute of a leader is being a change agent – improve process or improve products or design or inspire people.

The skills of a successful change agent according to Insight Outsight, 2007 include:

Ability to identify key issues An understanding of the product and process Problem solving abilities and ability for out of the box thinking Challenging existing paradigms Ability to exercise influence even in areas where there is little or no formal authority Remain effective even then things are difficult The most important attribute of a change agent is to see beyond the present. A bent of mind to ...

1. Explain the role of each of the five components of Mintzberg’s logo.

a. Strategic apex

According to the arguments of Mintzberg, a strategic apex refers to the system that is characteristic in organizations where leadership lies with the top management. In such a system, all the power lies with the top managerial staff; often one person. In this case, this controller of power could be the sole owner of the business. Such bureaucratic establishments are also characteristic with flexible, informal and basic structures comprising of few staffs or middle-line hierarchy. ...

Introduction

Similar to most public and government organizations, the U.S. Postal Service is considered a bureaucratic organization. These types of organizations have a tendency to be structured in a hierarchical fashion, rely on rigid structure and regulations, and employ traditional or transactional management practices (Trottier, Wart, & Wang, 2008). Transformational leadership practices are not necessarily absent from bureaucratic organizations, but employees tend to rate their managers as being more proficient in transactional practices (Trottier et al., 2008). The area that employees tend to rate their supervisor the lowest is in inspirational motivation. This area of transformational leadership involves employee empowerment and ...

Introduction

Leadership theory defines transactional leadership as a style comprised of leader and follower exchanges that are needed for routine performance (Schermerhorn, Hunt, & Osborn, 2008). Leaders and followers agree upon these exchanges. Exchanges between leaders and followers take place within the constructs of four different areas. Those areas include contingent rewards, active management by exception, passive management by exception, and laissez-faire (Schermerhorn et al., 2008). Transformational leadership occurs when leaders expand and heighten their followers’ professional interests, professional skills, emphasize the organization’s (or group’s) values, mission, and purpose, and seek to inspire followers to act in the best ...

Introduction

One of the significant relationships in the post-bureaucratic era is that of effective communication management and leadership practices. There are several styles of leadership that is practiced in the post-bureaucratic era. This era believes in providing greater independence and having trust and reliance upon employees. Leaders believe that employees should be empowered to work and engage them in the decision-making process so as to garner optimum levels of performance that finally leads to organizational success. One of the pivotal functions played by leadership is to engage in effective communication tools so as to influence, motivate and direct followers to ...

Introduction

Japan is widely known worldwide as one of the most progressive nations in the East Asian region. Its inclination towards industrialization has enabled it to produce some of the most advanced technological innovations that have found great usage in contemporary times, as it triggered economic growth that has propelled it towards international prominence. The aforementioned trend Japan has started has heavy implications on its political economic development, which is the subject matter of this study. Verily, this study would explore on the way Japan has evolved in terms of its political economy. How did Japan ...