Essays on Aldosterone

Introduction

Endometrial cancer refers to a type of cancer that affects the endometrium, which is the inner lining of the womb or uterus. Endometrial cancer is one type of cancer that is somewhat different when compared to other types of cancer, as it affects others parts of the body depending on its severity. That means that poor management of this type of cancer may have significant impacts to other parts of the body attributed to the spread of this cancer to different organs. The cancer arises from an abnormal growth of cells within the womb thereby resulting in a situation ...

Introduction

The human body consists various cells that are actively involved in the maintenance of metabolism. Although, the body organs, cells as well as tissues usually carry out different functions, the body cells are similar in regard to their pertinent metabolic needs (Sherwood, 2015). Thus, maintaining the internal environment at a constant state mainly by proving the oxygen as well as nutrients and elimination of waste in the body is an essential process for the wellbeing of the cells as well as the whole body. As such, the various processes through which the human controls or regulates the internal environment ...

1. There are several components to the physical examination. Initially, the patients will have their vitals accesses (heart rate, temperature, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation) This will give the physician an overall picture of the status of the patient. Next, the doctor will consider the general appearance of the patient, noting any abnormalities. After the general appearance, the physician will assess each organ system (cardiovascular, pulmonary, GI, integument, etc.) individually. To evaluate each system, the physician will first inspect the system for any abnormalities. After the inspection is auscultation where, if applicable, the physician will use a ...

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Diuretics targets to lower sodium and water reabsorption that may lead to enhanced water excretion. The main aim of diuretics is to reduce the fluid volume inside the body and maintain the electrolyte and water equilibrium. These agents are used for managing the pathological conditions including hypertension and edema such as cardiac congestion failure, liver and kidney problems, and glaucoma. It also helps in processing and regulating the blood pressure by eliminating the excessive salt from the body which slows down the cardiac muscles to impel the ...

Disease management constitutes an important area in the clinical research where drugs possess a significant position. The effect of drugs on various organ systems has been the area of much research interest which gradually made feasible the development of several classes of drugs. Drugs may have dual role of promoting and inhibiting the vital biochemical and molecular pathways that play influential role in the disease outcome.

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are considered as anticongestive heart failure and antihypertensive agents. They have gained wide spread physician and patient satisfaction. The ACE inhibitors prevent the ...

Answers

- The differences between the cardiovascular diseases and the coronary heart diseases

The major differences between these two types of diseases relates to the vascular components of the cardiovascular system. This simply means that the cardiovascular diseases do not only involve the heart alone but also involves all the heart linked vessels. i.e all arteries, veins and lymphatics found to be associated with the heart and blood passes to and from the heart. However, the coronary heart diseases only relate to the vessels that are within the heart itself and supply the heart itself and also the muscles of ...

1) What is the pharmacodynamics effect of angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibitors (ACEI'S and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB'S) in reference to the cardiovascular system? 

The pharmacodynamics effect of angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibitors (ACEI'S) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB'S) in reference to the cardiovascular system is based on its overall function of inhibiting the function of angiotensin II and aldosterone hormone production (Woo & Wynne 12). These drugs are purposely used to control high blood pressure, and they tend to act on the renin angiotensin aldosterone system to lower blood pressure. The mechanism of action ARBs is quite different from ACE inhibitors which act by inhibiting the formation of angiotensin II, which increases blood pressure by stimulating smooth muscles and water retention ...

Introduction

Hypertension due to unknown cause or rather essential hypertension is responsible for an estimated 95% of the reported cases of hypertension. Its trend is seen in families and can be categorized as one of the genetically acquired or inheritance diseases. Numerous pathophysiological are said to causes hypertension with several experiments and research carried out to establish solid evidence. Sympathetic nervous system is one of the factors considered due to its effect on cardiovascular activities in the human body.

Blood pressure

Blood pressure is mainly as a result of vascular resistance and output of the cardiac muscles. All these actions on the human ...

1. What are the components of physical examination? Describe each component. The components of the average physical examination include vital signs check, health history updates, physical examinations and laboratory tests. In certain cases additional tests such as MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and CT (Computerized Tomography) scans are also performed. Doctors use physical tests to check how well the body is performing. Vital sign checks include heart rate, temperature, blood pressure readings and respiratory rate measurements. Updated health history includes a review of current medication, supplements, pre-diagnosed conditions and any new developments including job and relationship status. Physical examinations includes ...

MANAGEMENT OF ASCITES IN MALE ADULT PATIENTS WITH LIVER CIRRHOSIS

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ABSTRACT Ascites, the most common liver cirrhosis complication, affected approximately 85% of liver cirrhosis patients in the United States in the last 10 years. The development of ascites signifies an important landmark in the disorder that is associated with a 50% mortality rate (Gines, Quintero, Arroyo, Teres et al, 1987). It also indicates a need for liver transplantation as a surgical treatment. In UK, the true incidence and prevalence of ascites may be unknown, but its mortality has rate has increased to 12.7/100000 from 6/100000 (Fisher, Hanson, Phillips et al 1993-2000). The ...

Introduction

The kidneys refer to the organs that are involved with several important regulatory roles in vertebrate animals. Kidneys play a crucial role in the urinary system as well as in the homeostatic functions such as electrolyte regulation, maintaining a balance between the acids and bases, and in regulating blood pressure. Kidneys filter the blood removing wastes, which are then taken to the urinary bladder as urine. During urine production, wastes such as ammonia and urea are excreted while substances such as glucose, water and amino acids reabsorbed. The kidney is also responsible for the production of hormones such as erythropoietin and ...

The regulation of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis in the body occurs thorough an endocrine pathway called the renin angiotensin (RAS) pathway. This is a multistep pathway in which two step conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I by rennin and subsequent conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) occurs (Fig 1a). The RAS involves a number of peptides, receptors and enzymes partake in this highly regulated system. The angiotensin II, however, is the key biological player of this pathway. Uncontrolled activation and improper regulation of the RAS pathway leads to hypertension, organ failure and eventually death. ...

Homeostasis is dependent on the precision of the organs and organ system regulations in the body. The nervous system works together with the nervous system to regulate and offer coordination to the activities of almost all other parts of the body. Just like the nervous system, the endocrine system uses chemical known as hormones to communicate with other parts of the body. A hormone molecule is a specific messenger that is synthesized and released by specialized cells known as an endocrine gland. The endocrine glands are ductless with the hormones being released into the blood directly and taken to the ...

Renal compensatory mechanisms

Severe anemia causes the redistribution of blood supply to vital organs such as the brain and heart. This results in a decrease in renal blood flow causing the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system. Activation of this system results in increased production of aldosterone by the adrenal glands. Aldosterone causes increased retention of salt and water by the kidneys. This compensatory mechanism increases blood volume and renal blood flow without altering tissue hypoxia in other organs (Gaspad, 2005 as cited in Coyer & Lash, 2008).

Pituitary gland

The decrease in renal blood flow also stimulates the production of anti-diuretic hormone which increases ...

In Pitt et al.'s "The Effect of Spironolactone on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Severe Heart Attacks," the researchers seek to answer the question of whether or not spirinolactone has a definitive effect on reducing heart failure rates in patients. Aldosterone is identified as one of the most important components of heart failure; as a result, aldosterone-receptor blockers are considered to be a potential treatment or therapy for those with severe heart failure.

In order to test the efficacy of spironolactone on those with moderate heart conditions and heart failure, a study was performed in which 822 patients were given regular treatment ...

Congestive heart failure

Congestive heart failure is by caused by amongst other reasons heart failure occurring due to either or both systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction. The use of the term “congestive heart failure” is used to imply that the patient in question is having some form of fluid overload. Congestive heart failure is a major cause of morbidity and mortality accounting for a significant proportion of hospitalizations. Of further note is that its incidence increases with advancing age (Tansley, 2010, p.1396). Although the presenting signs and symptoms of CHF have remained the same over time, great advances have been made in terms of ...